Blissymbols
Blissymbols | |
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Ideographic
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Time period | 1949 to the present |
Direction | Varies |
Languages | Blissymbols |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Blis (550), Blissymbols |
Blissymbols | |
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Augmentative and Alternative Communication | |
Purpose |
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Official status | |
Regulated by | Blissymbolics Communication International |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | zbl |
ISO 639-3 | zbl |
zbl | |
Glottolog | blis1239 |
IETF | zbl-bciav (subset defined in the BCI Authorized Vocabulary), zbl-bcizbl (version curated by the BCI).[1] |
Blissymbols or Blissymbolics is a
Semantography was published by Charles K. Bliss in 1949 and found use in the education of people with communication difficulties.
History
Semantography was invented by
Bliss graduated as a chemical engineer at the
Bliss devised the symbols while a refugee at the
Bliss published his system in Semantography (1949,[3] exp. 2nd ed. 1965,[4] 3rd ed. 1978.[5]) It had several names:
In 1942 I named my symbols World Writing, then chose in 1947 an international scientific term Semantography (from Greek semanticos significant meaning, and graphein to write) … My friends argued that is customary to name new writing systems after the inventors … Blissymbolics, or Blissymbols, or simply Bliss[4] (1965, p. 8)
As the "tourist explosion" took place in the 1960s, a number of researchers were looking for new standard symbols to be used at roads, stations, airports, etc. Bliss then adopted the name Blissymbolics in order that no researcher could plagiarize his system of symbols.
Since the 1960s/1970s, Blissymbols have become popular as a method to teach disabled people to communicate. In 1971, Shirley McNaughton started a pioneer program at the Ontario Crippled Children's Centre (OCCC), aimed at children with cerebral palsy, from the approach of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). According to Arika Okrent, Bliss used to complain about the way the teachers at the OCCC were using the symbols, in relation with the proportions of the symbols and other questions: for example, they used "fancy" terms like "nouns" and "verbs", to describe what Bliss called "things" and "actions".[6] (2009, p. 173-4). The ultimate objective of the OCCC program was to use Blissymbols as a practical way to teach the children to express themselves in their mother tongue, since the Blissymbols provided visual keys to understand the meaning of the English words, especially the abstract words.
In Semantography, Bliss had not provided a systematic set of definitions for his symbols (there was a provisional vocabulary index instead [4] (1965, pp. 827–67)), so McNaughton's team might often interpret a certain symbol in a way that Bliss would later criticize as a "misinterpretation". For example, they might interpret a tomato as a vegetable —according to the English definition of tomato— even though the ideal Blissymbol of vegetable was restricted by Bliss to just vegetables growing underground. Eventually the OCCC staff modified and adapted Bliss's system in order to make it serve as a bridge to English.[6] (2009, p. 189) Bliss' complaints about his symbols "being abused" by the OCCC became so intense that the director of the OCCC told Bliss, on his 1974 visit, never to come back. In spite of this, in 1975, Bliss granted an exclusive world license, for use with disabled children, to the new Blissymbolics Communication Foundation directed by Shirley McNaughton (later called Blissymbolics Communication International, BCI). Nevertheless, in 1977, Bliss claimed that this agreement was violated so that he was deprived of effective control of his symbol system.[2]
According to Okrent (2009, p. 190), there was a final period of conflict, as Bliss would make continuous criticisms to McNaughton often followed by apologies.[6] Bliss finally brought his lawyers back to the OCCC, reaching a settlement:
In 1982, the OCCC got an exclusive, noncancelable, and perpetual license to use Blissymbolics, and he [Bliss] got $160,000. Easter Seals, the charitable foundation .... paid the settlement. .... Bliss spent the money on a big publication run of his own Blissymbols teaching manual.[6] (2009, pp. 192–4)
Blissymbolic Communication International now claims an exclusive license from Bliss, for the use and publication of Blissymbols for persons with communication, language, and learning difficulties.[2]
The Blissymbol method has been used in Canada, Sweden, and a few other countries. Practitioners of Blissymbolics (that is, speech and language therapists and users) maintain that some users who have learned to communicate with Blissymbolics find it easier to learn to read and write traditional orthography in the local spoken language than do users who did not know Blissymbolics.
The speech question
Unlike similar constructed languages like aUI,[6] Blissymbolics was conceived as a written language with no phonology, on the premise that "interlinguistic communication is mainly carried on by reading and writing". Nevertheless, Bliss suggested that a set of international words could be adopted, so that "a kind of spoken language could be established – as a travelling aid only".[4] (1965, p. 89–90).
Whether Blissymbolics constitutes an unspoken language is a controversial question, whatever its practical utility may be. Some linguists, such as John DeFrancis[7][8] and J. Marshall Unger[9] have argued that genuine ideographic writing systems with the same capacities as natural languages do not exist.
Semantics
Bliss' concern about
Another vital referent is Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's project of an ideographic language "characteristica universalis", based on the principles of Chinese characters. It would contain small figures representing "visible things by their lines, and the invisible, by the visible which accompany them", adding "certain additional marks, suitable to make understood the flexions and the particles."[4]: 569 Bliss stated that his own work was an attempt to take up the thread of Leibniz's project.
Finally there is a strong influence by
Grammar
The grammar of Blissymbols is based on a certain interpretation of nature, dividing it into matter (material things), energy (actions), and human values (mental evaluations). In a natural language, these would give place respectively to nouns, verbs, and adjectives. In Blissymbols, they are marked respectively by a small square symbol, a small cone symbol, and a small V or inverted cone. These symbols may be placed above any other symbol, turning it respectively into a "thing", an "action", and an "evaluation":
The main manifestations of our world can be classified into matter, energy, and...mind force. Matter is symbolised by a square to indicate that the structure of matter is not chaotic...The symbol for energy indicates...the primeval [first age] action of our planet, the throwing-up of volcano cones...The symbol for human evaluation...suggests a cone standing on its point, a position which in physics is termed labile [likely to fall, unstable]....All words relating to things and actions refer to something real, which exists outside of our brain. But human evaluations...depend upon the mind of each individual.[4] (1965, p. 42-43)
When a symbol is not marked by any of the three grammar symbols (square, cone, inverted cone), it may refer to a non-material thing, a grammatical particle, etc.
Examples
The preceding symbol represents the expression "world language", which was a first tentative name for Blissymbols. It combines the symbol for "writing tool" or "pen" (a line inclined, as a pen being used) with the symbol for "world", which in its turn combines "ground" or "earth" (a horizontal line below) and its counterpart derivate "sky" (a horizontal line above). Thus the world would be seen as "what is among the ground and the sky", and "Blissymbols" would be seen as "the writing tool to express the world". This is clearly distinct from the symbol of "language", which is a combination of "mouth" and "ear". Thus natural languages are mainly oral, while Blissymbols is just a writing system dealing with semantics, not phonetics.
The 900 individual symbols of the system are called "Bliss-characters"; these may be "
Sentence on the right means "I want to go to the cinema.", showing several features of Blissymbolics:
- The pronoun "I" is formed of the Bliss-character for "person" and the number 1 (the first person). Using the number 2 would give the symbol for singular "You"; adding the plural indicator (a small cross at the top) would produce the pronouns "We" and plural "You".
- The Bliss-word for "to want" contains the heart which symbolizes "feeling" (the classifier), plus the serpentine line which symbolizes "fire" (the modifier), and the verb (called "action") indicator at the top.
- The Bliss-word for "to go" is composed of the Bliss-character for "leg" and the verb indicator.
- The Bliss-word for "cinema" is composed of the Bliss-character for "house" (the classifier), and "film" (the modifier); "film" is a composite character composed of "camera" and the arrow indicating movement.
Towards the international standardization of the script
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2014) |
Blissymbolics was used in 1971 to help children at the Ontario Crippled Children's Centre (OCCC, now the
BCI is an international group of people who act as an authority regarding the standardization of the Blissymbolics language. It has taken responsibility for any extensions of the Blissymbolics language as well as any maintenance needed for the language. BCI has coordinated usage of the language since 1971 for augmentative and alternative communication. BCI received a licence and copyright through legal agreements with Charles K. Bliss in 1975 and 1982. Limiting the count of Bliss-characters (there are currently about 900) is very useful in order to help the user community. It also helps when implementing Blissymbolics using technology such as computers.
In 1991, BCI published a reference guide [14] containing 2300 vocabulary items and detailed rules for the graphic design of additional characters, so they settled a first set of approved Bliss-words for general use. The
A proposal was posted by
BCI would cooperate with the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC) and the ISO Working Group. The proposed encoding does not use the lexical encoding model used in the existing ISO-IR/169 registered character set, but instead applies the Unicode and ISO character-glyph model to the Bliss-character model already adopted by BCI, since this would significantly reduce the number of needed characters.[citation needed] Bliss-characters can now be used in a creative way to create many new arbitrary concepts, by surrounding the invented words with special Bliss indicators (similar to punctuation)[citation needed], something which was not possible in the ISO-IR/169 encoding.However, by the end of 2009, the Blissymbolic script was not encoded in the UCS. Some questions are still unanswered, such as the inclusion in the BCI repertoire of some characters (currently about 24) that are already encoded in the UCS (like digits, punctuation signs, spaces and some markers), but whose unification may cause problems due to the very strict graphical layouts required by the published Bliss reference guides.[citation needed] In addition, the character metrics use a specific layout where the usual baseline is not used, and the ideographic em-square is not relevant for Bliss character designs that use additional "earth line" and "sky line" to define the composition square. Some fonts supporting the BCI repertoire are available and usable with texts encoded with
See also
- Egyptian hieroglyphs
- Esperanto
- iConji
- Isotype
- Kanji
- Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A/Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B
- Sitelen Pona
- LoCoS (language)
References
- ^ "Language Subtag Registry". IETF. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ a b c Grant Stott (1997). A Great Australian. The Inventor of Semantography (Blissymbolics). Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ Bliss, C. K. (1949). Semantography, a non-alphabetical symbol writing, readable in all languages; a practical tool for general international communication, especially in science, industry, commerce, traffic, etc., and for semantical education, based on the principles of ideographic writing and chemical symbolism. Sydney: Institute for Semantography. OCoLC: 26684585.
- ^ a b c d e f Bliss, C. K. (1965). Semantography (Blissymbolics). 2d enlarged edition. A simple system of 100 logical pictorial symbols, which can be operated and read like 1+2=3 in all languages (...) Archived October 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Sydney: Semantography (Blissymbolics) Publications. OCoLC: 1014476.
- ISBN 0-9595870-0-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-385-52788-0.
- ISBN 0-8248-0866-5.
- ISBN 0-8248-1207-7.
- ISBN 978-0-8248-2760-1. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ Locke, J. (1690). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. London.
- ^ C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richard (1923). The meaning of meaning; a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd; New York, Harcourt, Brace & company, inc. LC: 23009064.
- ^ "The Fundamental Rules of Blissymbolics: creating new Blissymbolics characters and vocabulary" (PDF). Blissymbolics.org. Blissymbolics Communication International (BCI). September 28, 2004. Retrieved 1 January 2014. (pp. 7–9)
- ^ Rules of Blissymbolics pp. 11–18
- ISBN 0-9690516-9-7.
- ^ Everson, Michael (1998). Encoding Blissymbolics in Plane 1 of the UCS. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
External links
- Official website
- An Introduction to Blissymbols (PDF file)
- Standard two-byte encoded character set for Blissymbols Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine, from the ISO-IR international registry of character sets, registration number 169 (1993-01-21).
- Michael Everson's First proposed encoding into Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 of Blissymbolics characters, based on the decomposition of the ISO-IR/169 repertoire.
- Preliminary proposal for encoding Blissymbols (WG2 N5228)
- Radiolab program about Charles Bliss – Broadcast December 2012 – the item about Charles Bliss starts after 5 minutes and is approx 30 mins long.