Tsarist officers in the Red Army
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During the
Overview
Following the
"You have heard about the series of the brilliant victories won by the Red Army. There are tens of thousands of old colonels and other officers in its ranks. If we had not taken them into service and them work for us, we could not have created the Army...only with their help was the Red Army able to win the victories that it did."
Immediately following the conflict the former Tsarists made up the majority of the General Staff Academy's faculty and constituted over 90 percent of all instructional and administrative staff at military schools. The Stavka was organised in a manner very similar to its Tsarist predecessor, and much of the military curriculum was copied from the Imperial General Staff Academy.[1]
The Bolsheviks reformed the Red Army in the mid-1920s. In an attempt to reduce the reliance on the mistrusted ex-Tsarists they reduced the officer corps and educated new cadets.[1] Leon Trotsky's removal from the Commissariat of Defence was in part driven by his perceived over-reliance on Tsarist officers. His replacement, Mikhail Frunze, further decreased their number in army. By 1930, ex-Tsarists made up only about 10 percent of the officer corps.[3]
Flag officers
- Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy.[4]
- Leningrad, there he died in 1932.
- Latvian Army. After the occupation of Latvia in 1940 he did not collaborate with the Nazis or the Soviets. In 1944 he was allowed to emigrate and he died in Stockport, Englandin 1953.
- Savage Division in 1914. He was twice an acting commander of the division and became a lieutenant-general in 1916. After the fall of the Russian monarchy in the February Revolution, Bagration played a role in the Kornilov affair in August 1917, in which he stepped back from supporting General Aleksandr Krymov's planned march against the Russian Provisional Government in Petrograd. Under the Soviet regime, he joined the Red Army in December 1918. In 1919, he directed the High Cavalry School and took part in organizing cavalry units of the Red Army. He died the same year and was buried at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
- Estonian Army.
- Pyotr Baluyev - General in the Imperial Russian Army, commanding the Southwestern Front from 24 July 1917 to 31 July 1917. He became an inspector and an instructor in the Red Army under Bolshevik command after the Russian Revolution of 1917.
- Kolchak's army and government in the Far East and stayed in Vladivostok, and after the capture of the city by the Red Army on 5 November 1922 he was arrested. In prison, he declared his willingness to serve the Soviet government. In the summer of 1923 he was released. After that, he became a teacher and a research assistant at the West-Siberian Institute of Industrial Economic Research.
- Brusilov Offensive of 1916. Joined the Red Army in 1920[5]and died in 1926.
- Brusilov's son, a cavalry lieutenant, joined the Red Army in 1917, but was killed by White Army counterrevolutionaries early in Russia's civil war.
- Imperial Russian army August 1917. Lieutenant general in the Red Army 1944–45.[6]
- Lieutenant-generalin 1911, corps and army commander in World War I. After the October Revolution, he entered the service of the Soviet Red Army.
- Paris, France, where he remained until his death on 3 November 1937.
- Colonel-General of artillery 1944.[7]
- Russo-Turkish War (1877-78), the Russo-Japanese War, and commander of the 11th Army Corps in World War I. After the October Revolution he settled in Tbilisi, and after the Soviet invasion of Georgiahe served in the Red Army in 1921–22.
- Aleksei Gutor - Lieutenant-general (1914) of noble origin, he was distinguished in the Brusilov offensive in 1916. Shortly before the Bolshevik Revolution he was commander of the Southwestern Front. He voluntarily placed himself at the disposal of the Red Army in 1918. A military specialist during the Civil War, he became a Professor of Strategy and Tactics at the Military Academy of the Red Army afterwards.[8]
- Yevgeni Iskritsky - Long-serving General of the Imperial Army, commanded many armies and fronts during World War I and decorated multiple times for bravery. After joining the Red Army, he took command of the 7th Army amongst other commands in the Civil War. He died in 1949, having earned 10 medals (Imperial and Soviet).[9]
- Fyodor Kostyayev - Major-General, chief of staff of 1st Siberian Army Corps in 1917, after the revolution chief of staff of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Soviet Republic, teacher of tactics in the Frunze Military Academy until his death.
- mine clearing for Soviet Navy during Great Patriotic War.[10]
- Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Russian Army. Voluntarily joined the Red Army in 1918.[11]
- Lenin.[12]
- Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Commander of the 1st Armyin World War I, he was dismissed from the service with uniform and pension in 1917. From 1918 he served in the Red Army.
- Azerbaijan SSRuntil his retirement in 1928.
- Great Patriotic War.[14]
- Tsarist and Red Armygeneral.
- Fyodor Ogorodnikov - Lieutenant-General in the Tsarist Army. He commanded successively the 26th Infantry Division, the 17th Army Corps and the Southwestern Front, where he succeeded Anton Denikin. After joining the Red Army, he was head of department at the Military Transport Academy and Professor at the Frunze Military Academy. Author of books on history and tactics. He died in Moscow in 1939. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.
- Dmitri Parsky - The first Tsarist general to join the Bolsheviks, commanded Northern Front during Russian Civil War.
- during the talks.
- Nikolay Potapov - Major General during World War I, one of the first generals to join the Bolsheviks, became the first Chief of Staff in the Red Army in 1918.[18]
- Nikolay Rattel - Major General during World War I, veteran of the Russo-Japanese War, Chief of Staff of the Red Army 1919–1921. Executed on Stalin's orders in 1939.
- Aleksandr Vladimirovich Razvozov - Imperial rear admiral and commander of the Baltic Fleet in the summer of 1917. He was dismissed from service in late 1917 and then re-instated and finally dismissed and arrested in March 1918. Razvozov was soon released and worked in the naval archive during the remainder of 1918 and 1919. He was arrested by the Cheka in September 1919 on suspicion of conspiracy with the White Russian forces of General Nikolai Yudenich. He was imprisoned in the Kresty Prison and died of infection following an appendectomy. He is buried in the Smolensky Cemetery in Saint Petersburg.
- Alexander Samoylo - Major General of General Staff in Tsarist Army 1916–17. Lieutenant general of aviation in Red Army 1940–45.[19]
- Counteroffensive of Southern Frontagainst the White Army. He died in 1919 of typhus or poisoning.
- Sergei Sheydeman - General in command of the Second Army after the suicide of Alexander Samsonov in September 1914. He organized the army's retreat from East Prussia and commanded the army for almost three years. Recipient of nine major Imperial medals, after the October Revolution, he went over to the Bolsheviks.
- Ali-Agha Shikhlinski - Lieutenant-General of Artillery from Azerbaijan, known as the God of Artillery. He served in the Boxer Rebellion in China, in the Russo-Japanese War, and in World War I. Inventor of the "Shiklinski triangle" target-finding device. He was the last commander of the 10th Russian Army in 1917. In 1918-20 he led the army of independent Azerbaijan against the Ottomans. After the Soviet invasion of Azerbaijan in 1921, he was seconded to Moscow, where he was an adviser to the artillery inspection department of Red Army and taught in Higher Artillery School. On 18 July 1921, Shikhlinski was transferred back to Baku, where he taught at a military school and became a deputy to the chairman of the military science society of Baku garrison. He retired in 1929 and died in 1943.
- Dmitry Shuvayev - Infantry General (1912) and Minister of War of the Russian Empire in 1916–17. After the October Revolution, Shuvayev served in the Red Army as a commander from 1918 to 1926 and taught at different military schools. He retired from military service in 1926.
- Transcaucasian SFSR, Silikyan was appointed to a number of positions with the Soviets until 1937, when he was arrested and executed in Stalin's purges.
- Nikolai Skoblin - Tsarist general turned NKVD spy, responsible for the capture of Yevgeny Miller. Killed by a bombing raid on Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War.[20]
- Yakov Slashchov - Major-General in the Tsarist Army and lieutenant-general in Wrangel's White Army, fled to Constantinople in 1920 but returned to Soviet Russia in 1921 to join the Red Army. Taught tactics in the Frunze Military Academy and was assassinated in 1929 by the brother of one of his Civil War victims.
- Military Academy of the Red Army.
- major-general in 1908, served in the Boxer Rebellion in China and in the Russo-Japanese War. In World War I he commanded the Eighth Army. In 1918 he voluntarily joined the Bolsheviks and held various posts in the Red Army during the Civil War. Taught tactics in military academies in the 1920s and 1930s. He died in Moscow in 1943 and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
- Lieutenant-General during World War I, replaced Potapov as Chief of Staff of the Red Army in 1918. The next year he deserted to Wrangel's White forces, in 1920 he fled to Yugoslavia and died in France.
- Alexander Andreyevich Svechin - Major-General in Tsarist army from 1916, Chief of Staff of the 5th Russian Army in World War I, veteran of the Russo-Japanese War. Joined the Red Army in March 1918, became leader of General Staff of the RSFSR, wrote important documents on Soviet military strategy. Executed on Stalin's orders in 1938.
- Pavel Sytin - Major general, commander of many imperial infantry divisions in World War I. After joining the Bolsheviks he was made commander-in-chief of the entire Southern Front in 1918, where Joseph Stalin was political commissar, and won the Battle of Tsaritsyn against Denikin and Krasnov.
- Alexander von Taube - A baron, he had served as major-general in the Russo-Japanese War and lieutenant-general in World War I, commanding the 5th Siberian infantry division. Conscripted in the Red Army in 1918 as a military specialist, his service was planning strategic operations in Siberia. Captured by the Volunteer Army of Alexander Kolchak, he died in 1919 of typhus in captivity.
- Pyotr Telezhnikov - Major general in 1909, commander of the 2nd Army in 1917. After the October Revolution, he offered his services to the Soviet Red Army, where he was stationed at Yaroslavsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast from January to December 1919. He retired on 7 August 1920.
- Special Army of the South-Western Front in December 1917. From January 1918 he commanded the troops of the South-Western Front. From March to September 1918 he was the military leader of the Western Curtain. Regarded as a military expert, he continued teaching in Soviet military academies after his retirement from active service. He died in 1948.
- Rear Admiral, he was head of mine defence on the Baltic Sea and the head of the Staff of the Baltic Fleet in 1917. Famous for being one of the commanders of the Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet in 1918. He became commander of the Baltic Fleet in 1919 and took part in the defence of Petrograd against Yudenich during the Russian Civil War. Zelenoy died of natural causes in September 1922 and was buried in the Kazachye Cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Senior officers
- Military Intelligence until 1917. After joining the revolution he became the first head of the Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army. He fought in the Great Patriotic War, was discharged in the age of 66 in 1946 and died in 1969.[22]
- Battle of Sardarapat in 1918 against the Turks. After the Soviet invasion of Armenia in 1921, he joined the Red Army and took a position as head assistant of a rifle division. Later he was appointed as head of military chairs at Yerevan State Universityand then at National Economy Institute.
- Josef Bashko - Colonel in Tsarist Air Force and Sikorsky Ilya Muromets bomber pilot during World War I. Joined Red Army in 1918, dismissed in 1921, and later became a general in Latvian Air Force.[24]
- Mikhail Batorsky - A member of the nobility and son of an officer, he served in Her Majesty's Lifeguard Cuirassier Regiment. In World War I he was a colonel and adjutant to the staffs of many armies. Joining the Red Army in 1918, he became chief-of-staff of the Western Front in 1921.
- Russian Special Army. Joining the Bolsheviks, he commanded several divisions in the Civil War and was then promoted to Komkor. in 1939 he was executed.
- Yevgeny Berens - Captain in Tsarist navy. Served on Soviet naval general staff 1917–28.[25]
- Stepan Bogomyagkov - Lieutenant-Colonel (regimental commander) in the Imperial Army. He was promoted to Komkor on 11 November 1935. During the Great Purge, he was arrested in February 1938. Unlike many of his colleagues, he was not executed. In 1941, he was sentenced to 10 years in a Gulag labor camp. He was released in 1948 after seven years and lived in retirement in his home region of Perm Oblast. He was not reinstated in the army but did receive a pension.
- Finnish Red Guards in 1918 as a military specialist, fought in the Battle of Tampereand was arrested and executed by counter-revolutionary Finnish forces.
- Lev Galler - Executive officer on Russian battleship Slava 1916–17, later a Soviet admiral during Russian Civil War and Great Patriotic War. Died in prison in 1950.[26]
- Order of St. Vladimir and the last Chief of Staff of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces in 1920. After occupation of Azerbaijan by Bolsheviks, he was appointed Chief of General Staff of the Red Army Corps in Azerbaijan. However, in June 1920 he was executed by firing squad for his alleged role in Ganja revolt.
- Polish-Soviet War.[27]
- Stalin era.
- Vladimir Grendal - Veteran of the 1905 Battle of Mukden and much-decorated Colonel (polkovnik) of the Imperial Army in World War I. He joined the Red Army as inspector of artillery in many fronts in the Civil War, an he directed the Soviet artillery's successful breach of the Mannerheim Line in the Winter War in 1940.
- Vladimir Kachalov - The last commander of the 58th "Prague" infantry regiment of the Russian Army in World War I. In the Red Army a lieutenant general. He was killed in 1941 fighting in the Battle of Smolensk against the Germans.
- Sergey Sergeyevich Kamenev - Regimental commander in the Tsarist army in World War I. Member of the Revolutionary Military Council Commander in Chief of the Red Army from July 1919 to 1924, head of the Red Army's Air Defence Department from 1934 to his death, Hero of the Soviet Union.
- Battle of Bialystok-Minskand was captured by the Germans. He led many resistance movements inside Nazi concentration camps, and on the night of 17 February 1945, together with other 500 prisoners, he was doused with cold water and left to expire in the frost. Posthumously awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union.
- Nikolai Kashirin - Regimental commander in World War I, receiving the Order of Saint Vladimir and the Order of Saint Anna. In the Red Army he reached the rank of komandarm and headed the North Caucasus Military District from 1931 to 1937, when he was arrested and executed.
- hydrodynamics.[28]
- August Kork - Lieutenant Colonel in Tsarist army, later commander of the 6th Army[29]
- Valerian Kuibyshev. Wounded three times in World War I, in 1918 he joined the Red Army and became commander of the 3rd and 9th Rifle Divisions on the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War. During the 1920s, Kuibyshev commanded a corps, courses for Red Army commanders, the group of Soviet advisors in China, and the Siberian Military District. He became secretary for Rabkrin, the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, and a member of the Party Control Commission during the 1930s. Kuibyshev became commander of the Transcaucasian Military Districtin 1937. During the Great Purge, he was arrested in February 1938 and executed in August. Posthumously pardoned in 1956.
- Gavril Kutyrev - Cossack yesaul, Chief of Staff of the 84th Infantry Division in the Russian Imperial Army during World War I, then commander of the 8th Red Army in the Civil War.
- Poles. In 1921 as commander of the Turkestan Front he put down the Basmachi rebellion in Central Asia. After the war he was director of the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academyfrom 1925 to 1927.
- Ivan Loiko - Flying ace and colonel in the Tsarist Air Force, fought for the White Army during Russian Civil War. Joined Red Army in 1924, later imprisoned during the Stalin era for espionage.
- Kievin August 1941, a month before its occupation by the Germans.
- Sergei Mezheninov - Much-decorated Captain of the Life Guards in World War I, commander of the 12th and 15th Red armies during the Civil War. At the time of the Great Purge, Mezheninov was arrested after a suicide attempt on 20 June 1937. He was accused of spying for Nazi Germany, convicted and later executed.
- Don Cossack, veteran of the Russo-Japanese War, and a much-decorated Deputy Commander of the 32nd Don Regiment in 1916. In the Red Army, he commanded the 2nd Cavalry Army between 6 September and 6 December 1920, with which he participated in the Siege of Perekop (1920). Loyal to the Revolution, he was condemned to death at a show-trial organized by Trotsky. He was pardoned on the eve of this execution, but later re-arrested and shot in 1921.
- Purge of the Red Army in 1941.
- Left SR Uprisingand was shot by the Bolsheviks.
- Eduard Pantserzhanskiy - Naval officer in the Baltic Fleet in World War I, promoted to Vice admiral after joining the Revolution, Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy 1921–24.
- Max Reyter - Latvian colonel in the Tsarist Army, lieutenant general in the Red Army. He commanded the Bryansk Front in 1942, becoming the first officer of non-Slavic origin to command a Front of the Red Army.
- Alexey Schastny - Captain 1st rank in the Tsarist Navy and commander of the Baltic Fleet after the October Revolution. He had disagreements with Trotsky and was arrested in 1918 and shot as a "counter-revolutionary".
- East Karelian uprising in 1922 and rose to the rank of Komkor(corps commander). Killed in 1938 during Stalin's purges.
- Great Patriotic War.
- Cossackcavalry divisions and the 8th Mechanized Brigade in the 1930s. He was executed in 1937.
- Perm and Ekaterinburg operations.
- Polish-Soviet War. He died in 1943.
- Pēteris Slavens - Latvian regimental commander in the Imperial Army in World War I. Retiring due to health issues in 1917, he came back to service in 1918 for the Red Army and was given command of the Southern Front. He died in 1919 of pneumonia.
- Quartermaster-General of the 1st Army in the Russian Empire. He voluntarily joined the Red Army and became chief-of-staff of the Western Front. He was regarded as one of the most skilled officers of the Red side during the Civil War.[30]
- Finnish Red Guards in the Finnish Civil War in 1918. Commander of the Caspian-Caucasian Frontin 1919, and teacher/lecturer in the Frunze Academy in the 1920s and 1930s. He was accused of fascist conspiracy during the Great Purge of 1937-38 and executed.
- Alexander Todorsky - He was the last commander of the 5th Siberian Corps of the Imperial Army in November 1917. In the Red Army he commanded the 13th Rifle Corps and reached the rank of lieutenant general. He was a recipient of the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of the Red Star. He was a graduate of the Frunze Military Academy. He retired from the military at the age of 61. He died in 1965 and is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.
- TT-33 during the Communist era.[31]
- Fedor's son Nikolai Tokarev also designed arms for the Red Army.
- Fedor's son
- Red Latvian Riflemenin 1917, first Commander in Chief of the Red Army (until July 1919). Executed in 1937 during Stalin's purges.
- Vice Admiral in the Soviet Navy. He was awarded the Order of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner, Order of the Patriotic War(1st Class), and numerous medals. He died in 1955.
- 25th Rifle Divisionuntil 1937, when he was executed in Stalin's purge.
- anti-Jewish pogromsin the early 1920s.
- Alexander Yegorov[29] - Lieutenant colonel during World War I before joining Bolsheviks in 1917. Executed on Stalin's orders in 1939.
Junior officers
- Maksim Antoniuk - Lieutenant in the Tsarist army during World War I, Komkor during Russian Civil War, and Red Army general during World War II.
- USSR General Staff Academyduring 1940–1941 and 1943–1945, and served as the chief of USSR Supreme Command Courses 1945–1947.
- North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War.[33]
- Russian battleship Tsarevich and later submarine commander during Russian Civil War. Introduced radar and cybernetics to the USSR.[34]
- poruchik in World War I, joined the Bolsheviks and fought against the revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion. In 1924 he retired from the Red Army and worked in the military industry. He was executed in 1938 during Stalin's purges.
- 24th Rifle Division in the Battle of Warsaw.[35]
- Polish-Soviet War, Sino-Japanese War, and Great Patriotic War.[37]
- Ivan Naumovich Dubovoy - Ukrainian praporshchik in the Imperial Army, then commander of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Army and general in the Red Army. He was killed in Stalin's purges.[38]
- Ilya Garkavyi - Company commander in the 260th infantry regiment of the Imperial Army, then Corps commander in the Red Army.[40]
- Leonid Govorov - Artillery podporuchik since 1917. Conscripted into White Army in 1918 and deserted to the Reds the following year. Awarded the Order of the Red Star for breaching the Mannerheim Line during the Winter War of 1940, and promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1944.[41]
- Don Cossack, Senior sergeant in the 9th Don Cossack Cavalry regiment of the Imperial Army in World War I, commander of the 2nd Cavalry Army of the Red Army in the Civil War. He also participated in World War II as inspector-general and then deputy commander of the cavalry.[42]
- Tsarist Air Force during World War I, and colonel general in Red Air Force during Great Patriotic War.[43]
- Tsarist Navy during World War I. Admiral in Soviet Navy during Great Patriotic War.[44]
- Yakov Korotayev - He was a Baikal Cossack and participant of World War I in the Persian Campaign. Joining the Bolsheviks in 1918, he organized volunteer partisan detachments in Transbaikal to fight against ataman Grigory Semyonov. After Pavel Zhuravlev's death he was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Eastern Transbaikalian Front.
- Jewish gangster and former associate of Mishka Yaponchik.[45]
- Yuriy Kotsiubynsky - Ukrainian praporshchik in 1916–17, he took part in the Bolshevik storming of the Winter Palace in October 1917. In January 1918 he was made Chief of Staff of the Soviet Ukrainian People's Republic. In this capacity he fought against Kerensky and Krasnov. He was executed in Stalin's purges.[46]
- Yepifan Kovtyukh - Staff-captain under the Tsar, then leader of the Taman Army in the Civil War and komkor in the Red Army.
- Minister of Justicein the USSR.
- Vasily Kuznetsov - Commissioned as a lieutenant in 1916, and commanded Red Army troops during Russian Civil War. Lieutenant general during Great Patriotic War.[47]
- Leningrad.
- Vasily Malyshkin - Praporschik during World War I, later became a Red Army general. Executed for treason after the war for collaborating with the Nazis.
- Mikhail Meandrov - Tsarist captain during World War I, commanded the Sixth Army during the Great Patriotic War until captured in 1941. Hanged in 1946 for joining Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army.
- Armenian SSR. He was instrumental in the formation of state institutions and economy of the republic and in eradicating the illiteracy and developing local manufacturing in Armenia. He died in 1925 in a mysterious plane crash. He is still celebrated as a national heroin Armenia.
- Alexander Nikonov - Lieutenant in the 55th Infantry division in World War I, joined the Red Army and became division commander and head of the Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff.
- Vladimir Mitrofanovich Orlov - Navigating officer in the battleship Bogatyr in World War I, joined the revolution and reached the rank of admiral and Commander-In-Chief of the Soviet Navy from 1931 to 1937, when he was killed in Stalin's purges.
- Petrograd, commanded many armies in the Civil War, crushed the Tambov Rebellion in 1921 and ended his career as a Soviet diplomat.[48]
- Semyon Pugachov - Captain in the Tsarist Army, chief of staff of the Caucasian Front in the Red Army. Suppressed the August Uprising in Georgia. He died in prison in 1943.[49]
- Praporschikin Tsarist Army 1915–18. Chief of Staff on southwestern front 1941–43.
- Enzeli as commander of the Caspian Flotilla. Escaped to France during the purges, and was murdered by NKVD agents in 1939.[50]
- Prokofy Romanenko - Sergeant in Tsarist Army, promoted to Praporschik in 1917. Red Army general during Russian Civil War, Spanish Civil War and Great Patriotic War.[51]
- Left SRs in 1917 and the Bolsheviks in 1918. He fought in Ukraine against Denikin and Wrangel commanding the 16th Cavalry Division and the 41st Rifle Division. In 1921 he participated in extinguishing the Kronstadt rebellion. By the end of the Russian Civil War, Sablin finished the Military Academy and Higher academic courses in 1923 and pilot school in 1925. Since 1931 he headed administration of military engineering works and commandant of a fortified districtin Ukraine. In 1936 Sablin was commander of the 97th Rifle Division, but on 25 September 1936 he was arrested and killed by a firing squad in 1937.
- Andrei Sazontov - Poruchik (lieutenant) in Tsarist Army, corps commander in the Red Army, executed in Stalin's Great Purge of 1938.
- Alexander Sedyakin - Commissioned officer 1915, joined soldiers' committee after the Revolution. Fought against the forces of Kolchak and Wrangel during the Russian Civil War. Executed during Stalin's Great Purge of 1938.[52]
- Petr Efimovich Shchetinkin - Much-decorated staff captain in the 59th Siberian Regiment in World War I, famous Red partisan leader in Siberia, commanded the 35th Rifle Division and defeated the forces of Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg in Mongolia in 1921.[53]
- Great Patriotic War, the Order of Suvorov. He died in 1965.
- 11th Red Armyin the early stages of the Civil War. He was assassinated in November 1918.
- Soviet Air Force in 1917. Deserted to the Whites in 1918, and in 1920 joined Yugoslav Air Force.
- Pyotr Sobennikov - Cornet in Tsarist cavalry since 1916. Red Army general during Great Patriotic War.
- Viktor Spiridonov - Lieutenant during Russo-Japanese War and World War I. Served as a martial arts coach in the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War.
- Mavriky Slepnyov - Staff captain 1915–17. Colonel in Soviet Air Force, awarded Hero of the Soviet Union for rescuing crew of SS Chelyuskin in 1934.
- Vladimir Triandafillov - Captain in Tsarist Army from 1915–17. Joined Red Army during Russian Civil War, killed in a plane crash in 1931.
- Fyodor Truhin - Praporschik during World War I, and Red Army commander 1918–41. Executed for treason in 1946 for defecting to the Nazis.[55]
- Fyodor Tolbukhin Tsarist army captain during WWI. Red Army general during WWII.
- Mikhail Tukhachevsky - Second lieutenant 1914–17. Commanded Fifth Army during Russian Civil War, executed during Stalin's purge of 1937.[56]
- Odessa Red Guards in 1918, fought in the Civil War and took part in suppressing the Kronstadt rebellionin 1921. From 1935 to 1937 he was head of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army. He was killed in Stalin's purges.
- Matvei Vasilenko - Ukrainian company-commander in the Tsarist Army, joined the Red Army and commanded the 9th, 11th and 14th armies in the Civil War.
- Great Patriotic War.[57]
- Soviet Pacific Fleet. Became Commander-In-Chief of the Soviet Navy in 1937, but was executed the same year in Stalin's purges.
- Kaunas Polytechnic Instituteuntil retirement in 1954.
- Yekaterinoslav Bolshevik Uprising in 1918. He also fought in World War II and died in 1965.[58]
- Bogdat battle. He reached the rank of Commander-in-chief of the Eastern Transbaikalian Front, but was deadly wounded in 1920.
- Cross of St. George in World War I, he joined the Red Army in the Civil War and was made a komkor on 23 November 1935. He died in a Moscow military hospitalduring a surgical operation in 1938.
References
- ^ a b c d Taylor 2003, p. 140.
- ^ a b Kokoshin 1998, p. 13.
- ^ Taylor 2003, p. 141.
- ^ Admirals of the world
- ^ Moroz, Vitaly (22 February 2011). "Под орлом и звездой" [Under the Eagle and the Star]. Krasnaya Zvezda (in Russian). Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ The foe within
- ^ "Biography of Colonel-General of Artillery Nikolai Fedorovich Drozdov - (Николай Федорович Дроздов) (1862 – 1953), Soviet Union". www.generals.dk. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
- ^ Other fronts, other wars
- ^ Evgeni Iskritsky
- ^ Kitkin
- ^ Klembovsky biography
- ^ Historical dictionary of Russian civil war
- ^ Estonian war of independence
- ^ Russians in WWI
- ^ European powers in WWI
- ^ The rise and fall of the Soviet navy in the Baltic
- ^ Stalins oceangoing fleet
- ^ Potapov
- ^ Samoylo
- ^ Nikolai Skoblin
- ^ Zayonchovski
- ^ Leaders of Soviet military intelligence
- ^ Voldemar Aussem
- ^ Bashko
- ^ Britannia and the bear
- ^ Lev Galler
- ^ Vlad Gittis
- ^ Alexei Krylov
- ^ a b Kokoshin 1998, p. 14.
- ^ Nikolai Sollogub
- ^ Fedor Tokarev
- ^ Avtonov biography
- ^ Russian WWII database
- ^ Cyber heroes of the past
- ^ Gai
- ^ Chaikovsky
- ^ Cherepanov
- ^ Division chiefs and commanders
- ^ Eidemann
- ^ Soviet encyclopedia
- ^ Govorov
- ^ 100 great Cossacks
- ^ Gromov
- ^ Heroes of the USSR
- ^ Kotovsky
- ^ Kotsyubinsky
- ^ Heroes of the USSR
- ^ Ovsyenko
- ^ Pugachev
- ^ Tales of Lt Ilyin
- ^ Romanenko
- ^ Sedyakin
- ^ Schetenkin
- ^ Schors
- ^ The Organization and Order of Battle of Militaries in World War II: Volume V
- ^ Red Bonaparte
- ^ Stalin's Folly
- ^ Yegorov
Bibliography
- Kokoshin, Andreĭ Afanasʹevich (1998). Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917-91. ISBN 9780262611381.
- Taylor, Brian D. (2003). Politics and the Russian Army: Civil-Military Relations, 1689-2000 (illustrated ed.). ISBN 9780521016940.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-7139-9944-0.
- ISBN 978-1-59420-380-0.