Almería
Almería | |
---|---|
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 04001-04090 |
Area code | (+34) 950 |
Vehicle registration | AL |
Website | http://www.aytoalmeria.es (in Spanish) |
Almería (
Etymology
The name "Almería" comes from the city's former Arabic name, Madīnat al-Mariyya, meaning "city of the watchtower".[9] As the settlement was originally the port or coastal suburb of Pechina, it was initially known as Mariyyat al-Bajjāna (Bajjāna being the Arabic name for Pechina).[10]
History
The origin of Almería is connected to the 9th-century establishment of the so-called Republic of Pechina (Bajjana) some kilometres to the north, which was for a time autonomous from the
In the wake of the
Contested by the emirs of Granada and Valencia, Almería experienced many sieges, including one especially fierce siege when Christians, called to the Second Crusade by Pope Eugene III, were also encouraged to counter the Muslim forces on a more familiar coast. On that occasion Alfonso VII, starting on 11 July 1147, at the head of mixed armies of Catalans, Genoese, Pisans and Franks, led a crusade against the rich city, and Almería was captured on 17 October 1147,[20] marking the breakup of the city's period of splendor in the Middle Ages.[21]
Within a decade, in 1157, Almería had passed to the control of Muslim
Following the rebellion against Almohad rule heralded by the likes of the Banu Hud and the Banu Mardanis, Almería submitted to the authority of Ibn Hud, who had raised the black banner and pledged nominal allegiance to Abbasid authorities by 1228.[25] After Ibn Hud's assassination in Almería in 1238,[26][24] the bulk of the remaining Muslim-controlled territories in the Iberian Peninsula passed to the control of rival ruler Ibn al-Aḥmar (sultan since 1232), who had set the capital of his emirate in Granada by 1238,[26] constituting the Emirate of Granada, to which Almería belonged from then on. While relatively languishing throughout the Nasrid period, Almería still remained a key strategic port of the emirate together with Málaga, as well as a haven for pirates and political dissidents.[27] It sustained intense trading relations with Aragon and the African port of Honaine.[27] Almería endured a brutal siege by Aragonese forces in 1309 that, while eventually unsuccessful, left the city battered.[27]
The city submitted to the sovereignty of the
The 16th century was for Almería a century of natural and human catastrophes; for there were at least four
During the
In the second half of the 20th century, Almería witnessed spectacular economic growth due to tourism and intensive agriculture, with crops grown year-round in massive invernaderos – plastic-covered "greenhouses" – for intensive vegetable production.
After Franco's death and popular approval of the new Spanish Constitution, the people of southern Spain were called on to approve an autonomous status for Andalusia region in a referendum. The referendum were approved with 118,186 votes for and 11,092 votes against in Almería province,[31] which represented 42% of all registered voters.[32]
Main sights
- The Alcazaba, a medieval fortress that was begun in the 10th century but destroyed by an earthquake in 1522. It includes a triple line of walls, a majestic keep and large gardens. It commands a city quarter with buildings dressed in pastel colors, of Muslim-age aspect. It is the second largest among the Muslim fortresses of Andalusia, after the Alhambra.[citation needed]
- Almería air raid shelters, underground galleries for civilian protection during the Spanish Civil War, currently the longest in Europe open for tourists.
- The Cathedral has a fortress-like appearance due to its towers, merlons and protected paths, created to defend it from Mediterranean pirates. Originally designated as a mosque, it was later converted into a Christian church, before being destroyed in the 1522 earthquake. In the 16th century it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style, whilst keeping some of its defensive features.
- Renaissance church of Santiago, built in 1533, with tower and portal decorated with reliefs.
- Chanca, a group of houses carved into rocks.
- Castle of San Cristobal, now in ruins. It is connected to the Alcazaba by a line of walls.
- Museum of Almería. Includes findings from Prehistoric, Iberic, Roman, Greek ages and Muslim objects, mostly from the Alcazaba.
- Paseo de Coches, a modern seaside promenade with gardens and palms.
- Cable Inglés (English Pier), 1904 iron railway pier built to transfer iron ore, copper, and silver produced by British- and French-run mines in Granada from trains to waiting cargo ships.
-
Cable Inglés, at night
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Alcazaba of Almería
-
The ancient walls of Jayrán
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The statue of San Cristóbal
-
The former train station
Demographics
Year | 1999 | 2001 | 2003 | 2005 | 2007 | 2009 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 169,027 | 170,994 | 176,727 | 181,702 | 189,798 | 188,810 | 190,349 | 191,443 | 192,697 | 193,251 | 195,389 | 196,851 | 198,533 | 201,322 |
People and culture
Famous natives of Almería include Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso, who in 1873 was the third president of the First Spanish Republic, as well as several musicians, including the composer José Padilla Sánchez, whose music was declared of "universal interest" by Unesco in 1989, the popular folk singer Manolo Escobar, renowned Flamenco guitar player José Tomás "Tomatito" and Grammy Award winner David Bisbal; the champion motorcyclist Antonio Maeso moved to Almería as a child.
The Irish folk-rock group The Pogues paid tribute to Almería in "Fiesta", a song on the band's third album, If I Should Fall from Grace with God.
In 1989, English electronic band Depeche Mode filmed the video for their song "Personal Jesus" in Almería.
The tourism increased and hotels were all occupied from January to February during the filming of the
Sports
Almería hosted the Mediterranean Games in 2005. The city has 2 football teams: UD Almería, which was promoted to La Liga, the top tier of Spanish football, in 2022 and CP Almería, which plays in the División de Honor, the sixth tier.
The Plaza de toros de Almería is the main bullring in Almería. It has a capacity of 10,000 and it opened in 1882.
Films
Economy
Intensive agriculture has been the most important economic sector of Almería for the last 50 years.[34] Nowadays, greenhouse's production, handling and commercialisation of vegetables, and the supply industry of the sector, represent almost 40% of Almería's GDP. Directly, agricultural production accounts for 18.2% of the provincial GDP. In Andalusia, the average contribution is 6.6% and in Spain it is only 2.9%.[35]
This situation is the result of a great dynamic model, which can continually incorporate new technologies: using soil sanding, plastic covers, drip irrigation systems, hybrid seeds, soil-less cultivation, irrigation programs, new greenhouse structures, and so on. They all allowed to improve production and increase commercialisation calendars, assuring the profitability and quality of the crops and the competitiveness of the markets.[36] Moreover, Almería's economy has an important exporting vocation:[37] 75% of production was sold abroad in 2018, with a value of 2.400 million euros.[38]
This development is explained by familiar investment, as subsidies have been limited or non-existent. In this sense, the horticultural sector receives the least European aids from the Common Agricultural Policy: 1.9% of total income. This figure is much lower than that received by other sectors such as olive groves (33%) or cereals (53%).[39]
The production of this area is based on a fair competition with officially a just remuneration of employees, with similar salaries than the ones in the same sector in Europe: 8% higher than Italy and 11% than Belgium.[40] This avoids the social dumping exerted by non-EU countries, like Morocco, with salaries up to 90% lower than those of Almería. However, there is well-documented widespread exploitation of workers from North Africa who work and live in terrible conditions, earning much lower than the minimum wage.[41]
From a social point of view, Almería and Granada are an example of familiar agriculture, with small farms and little concentration of land.[42] This social nature generates high equity in the level of income and welfare, that is, social cohesion is produced, and inequality is reduced.[43] Concretely, Almería is made up of 12,500 farms with an extension of 2,5 hectares and a 30% of familiar labour. It is also important the high education levels of the farmers, who shows an innovative and receptive character when it comes to continuing learning: 81,2% have some type of official academic training.[42]
At the same time, a commercial system based on social economy enterprises has been developed, e.g. as cooperative societies. These companies represent the 62% of production and sales.[44] They assure the access to the market in optimal conditions, because they increase its position inside the agri-food supply chain, facilitate financing, technical advice, and incorporation of technology. Moreover, local ties increase environmental sustainability.[45]
Transport
By land, Almería can be reached by the
By sea, the port of Almería has connections to Melilla, Algeria, Morocco, and tourist cruises in the Mediterranean. It also has a marina with moorings for pleasure boats. Currently the port of Almería is being expanded with new docks and transformed into a container port to take large-scale international shipping and thereby increase its freight traffic. It normally connects with the following destinations:
By air, Almería is served by Almería Airport, the fourth largest in Andalusia.[citation needed] The winter timetable includes flights to Madrid, Barcelona, Melilla, London, and Seville, with international connections to Manchester, Birmingham, Brussels, Dublin and Swiss, German and other EU airports being added during the summer.
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Almería rail station
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Harbour of Almería
Geography
Due to its arid landscape, numerous Spaghetti Westerns were filmed in Almería and some of the sets still remain as a tourist attraction.[46][47] These sets are located in the desert of Tabernas. The town and region were also used by David Lean in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), John Milius in The Wind and the Lion (1975) and others.
One of Almería's most famous natural spots is the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park. This park is of volcanic origin,[48] and is the largest and most ecologically significant marine-terrestrial space in the European Western Mediterranean Sea.[citation needed] The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park runs through the municipal areas of Níjar, Almerimar and Carboneras. Its villages, previously dedicated to fishing, have become tourism spots. The beaches of Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park are also an attraction.[49]
Almería has one islet that it administers as a part of its territory in the Alboran Sea, Alboran Island. The island has a small cemetery, a harbor, and a lighthouse, built in the 19th century.
Climate
According to the
The BWh climate is present in the city of Almería, in nearby areas of Almería province (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, the Andarax/Almanzora river valleys), the only region in Europe to have this climate. This arid climatic region spreads along the coastline around Almería to Torrevieja, in the northeast. The nearby Faro del Cabo in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, has the lowest annual precipitation on the European continent (156mm).[52] Almería enjoys about 3,000 hours of sunshine with over 320 sunny days per year on average (6 hours of sunshine in January and 12 in July) so it is one of the sunniest cities in Europe.
Almería is the only city in Continental Europe that never registered temperature under the freezing mark in its recorded weather history.[53][54] The coldest temperature recorded was 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) at the airport in January 2005.[55] Before that, the previous record was 0.2 °C (32.4 °F) on 9 February 1935.[56] Settled snow is unknown since 1935, although during the 20st century, light flurries (without settling) occurred on few occasions.[a] The most important settled snowfall event occurred in 1926 and the snow arrived even at the coastline of the city.[59] The last event with settled snowfall happened on 9th February 1935.[60]
During the winter, daily maximum temperatures tend to stay around 17–18 °C (63–64 °F). At night, the minimum temperature is usually around 8–10 °C (47–50 °F). This makes Almería the city with the second warmest winters in
Inland areas of the Almería province are believed to have reached temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F) in summer.[62] Though temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) are very rare in the city of Almería.
During the summer, the skies are usually sunny and almost no rainfall occurs. The typical daily temperatures are around 30 °C (86 °F) during the day while the minimum temperatures stay around 22 °C (72 °F) during July and August. As is the case for most of coastal Iberia, heatwaves in Almería are much less common than in the interior because of its coastal location; The hottest temperature recorded was 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) in August 2022.[63] The highest minimum temperature ever recorded was 33.2 °C (91.8 °F) in 31 July 2001, which is also the highest ever recorded in Spain and Iberian Peninsula.[64]
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 25.7 (78.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
32.4 (90.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
36.3 (97.3) |
40.8 (105.4) |
41.6 (106.9) |
42.0 (107.6) |
38.4 (101.1) |
34.5 (94.1) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
42.0 (107.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) |
17.5 (63.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.3 (70.3) |
24.3 (75.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
30.5 (86.9) |
31.2 (88.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
23.3 (73.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.8 (55.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
23.4 (74.1) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.9 (80.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
16.3 (61.3) |
12.2 (54.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
1.0 (33.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.8 (58.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
3.4 (38.1) |
3.1 (37.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
0.1 (32.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 20.8 (0.82) |
23.3 (0.92) |
20.7 (0.81) |
15.2 (0.60) |
10.9 (0.43) |
5.5 (0.22) |
0.6 (0.02) |
2.3 (0.09) |
16.1 (0.63) |
25.2 (0.99) |
25.1 (0.99) |
31.8 (1.25) |
197.5 (7.78) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 25 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 195.2 | 198.2 | 239.3 | 267.5 | 306.2 | 335.0 | 353.5 | 326.8 | 261.2 | 224.9 | 191.2 | 184.7 | 3,083.7 |
Source 1: NOAA[65] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Météo Climat (extremes)[66] |
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 25.7 (78.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
32.4 (90.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
36.3 (97.3) |
40.8 (105.4) |
41.6 (106.9) |
42.0 (107.6) |
38.4 (101.1) |
34.5 (94.1) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
42.0 (107.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
27.9 (82.2) |
30.5 (86.9) |
31.0 (87.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
23.4 (74.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.7 (67.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
13.8 (56.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.6 (51.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.3 (61.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
14.7 (58.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
1.0 (33.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.8 (58.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
3.4 (38.1) |
3.1 (37.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
0.1 (32.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 24 (0.9) |
25 (1.0) |
16 (0.6) |
17 (0.7) |
12 (0.5) |
5 (0.2) |
1 (0.0) |
1 (0.0) |
14 (0.6) |
27 (1.1) |
28 (1.1) |
30 (1.2) |
200 (7.9) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 25.4 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
67 | 67 | 65 | 62 | 63 | 61 | 60 | 63 | 65 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 65 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 7 (45) |
7 (45) |
9 (48) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
16 (61) |
18 (64) |
20 (68) |
18 (64) |
15 (59) |
10 (50) |
8 (46) |
13 (55) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 194 | 191 | 232 | 261 | 297 | 325 | 342 | 315 | 256 | 218 | 183 | 178 | 2,994 |
Mean daily daylight hours | 10.5 | 11.3 | 12.4 | 13.6 | 14.6 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 14 | 12.8 | 11.7 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 12.7 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 1985−2015)[71] Weatherbase(length of day)[72] |
Crystal cave
In 2000, a team of geologists found a cave filled with giant gypsum crystals in an abandoned silver mine near Almería. The cavity, which measures 8 by 1.8 by 1.7 metres (26.2 ft × 5.9 ft × 5.6 ft), may be the largest geode ever found.[73] The entrance of the cave was blocked by five tons of rocks, and was under police protection (to prevent looters from entering). According to geological models, the cave was formed during the Messinian salinity crisis 6 million years ago, when the Mediterranean sea evaporated and left thick layers of salt sediments (evaporites). The site is currently open for tourists under guided tours.
Festivities
The festive events that occur in the municipality are listed below:[74]
- Carnival
- Holy Week
- Cruces de mayo
- Saint Joan's Eve
Notable people
- José Tomás "Tomatito" (born 1958), flamenco guitar player[75]
- Lita Baron (1923–2015), actress, singer and dancer, born in Almería[76]
- David Bisbal (born 1979), Grammy Award winner[77]
- Francisco Losada (1612–1667), composer
- Nieves Navarro (born 1938), actress[78]
- Manuel Lao Hernández, founder of Cirsa, Spain's largest casino operator
- Spanish Air Force
- Juan Martínez Oliver (born 1964), road bicycle racer[79]
- Eduardo del Pino Vicente, journalist and writer[80]
- Chus Lampreave (1930–2016), actress who died in Almería[81]
- Jimena Quirós (1899–1983), Spanish scientist, considered the first female oceanographer in the country and the first female staff scientist of the Spanish Institute for Oceanography (IEO)[82]
See also
- Solar Almeria Platform
- Helianthemum almeriense
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{{cite journal}}
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Aznar Sánchez, J. A.; Galdeano Gómez, E.; Godoy Durán, A.; Tapia León, J. J. (2013): "Caracterización y desafíos del sector de la comercialización"; en J. A. Aznar Sánchez (coord.) El sector de la comercialización hortícola en Almería (pp. 17-46). Ed. Caja Rural Intermediterránea, Cajamar. Almería.
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Notes
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