Andranik

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Andranik
Armenian National Liberation Movement
Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery
Khanasor Expedition
Sasun Uprising
First Balkan War
Battle of Kardzhali
Siege of Adrianople (1912-1913)
Battle of Merhamli
Battle of Bulair
World War I
Battle of Bitlis
Battle of Robat Karim

Armenian–Azerbaijani War

Awardssee below
Signature

Andranik Ozanian,[B] commonly known as General Andranik[4][C] or simply Andranik;[D] (25 February 1865 – 31 August 1927),[E] was an Armenian military commander and statesman, the best known fedayi[1][5][7] and a key figure of the Armenian national liberation movement.[8] From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, he was one of the main Armenian leaders of military efforts for the independence of Armenia.

He became active in an armed struggle against the Ottoman government and Kurdish irregulars in the late 1880s. Andranik joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktustyun) party and, along with other fedayi (militias), sought to defend the Armenian peasantry living in their ancestral homeland, an area known as Western (or Turkish) Armenia—at the time part of the Ottoman Empire. His revolutionary activities ceased and he left the Ottoman Empire after the unsuccessful uprising in Sasun in 1904. In 1907, Andranik left Dashnaktustyun because he disapproved of its cooperation with the Young Turks, a party which years later perpetrated the Armenian genocide. Between 1912 and 1913, together with Garegin Nzhdeh, Andranik led a few hundred Armenian volunteers within the Bulgarian army against the Ottomans during the First Balkan War.

From the early stages of

Turkish armies, and helped to keep it within Armenia.[9]

Andranik left Armenia in 1919 due to disagreements with the Armenian government and spent his last years of life in Europe and the United States seeking relief for Armenian refugees. He settled in Fresno, California in 1922 and died five years later in 1927. Andranik is greatly admired as a national hero by Armenians; numerous statues of him have been erected in several countries. Streets and squares were named after Andranik, and songs, poems and novels have been written about him, making him a legendary figure in Armenian culture.[10]

Early life

Undated photo of Andranik. The text on the flag is from a Mikayel Nalbandian poem, "The Song of an Italian Girl", which became Armenia's national anthem): "Death is the same everywhere / A man dies but once / Blessed is the one that dies / For the freedom of his nation."

Andranik Ozanian was born on 25 February 1865,

Sivas Vilayet, Ottoman Empire, to Mariam and Toros Ozanian.[12] Andranik means "firstborn" in Armenian. His paternal ancestors came from the nearby village of Ozan (now Ozanlı) in the early 18th century and settled in Shabin-Karahisar to avoid persecution from the Turks.[12] His ancestors took the surname Ozanian in honor of their hometown. Andranik's mother died when he was one year old and his elder sister Nazeli took care of him. Andranik went to the local Musheghian School from 1875 to 1882 and thereafter worked in his father's carpentry shop.[13] He married at the age of 17, but his wife died a year later while giving birth to their son—who also died days after the birth.[12]

The situation of the

anti-Armenianism—on 9 February.[19] Andranik once again escaped from prison.[15] In 1892, he joined the newly created Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or Dashnaktsutyun).[16][17] During the Hamidian massacres, Andranik with other fedayi defended the Armenian villages of Mush and Sasun from attacks of the Turks and the Kurdish Hamidiye units.[17][20] The massacres, which occurred between 1894 and 1896 and are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, killed between 80,000 and 300,000 people.[21]

In 1897, Andranik went to

Tiflis—the largest city of the Caucasus and a major center of Armenian culture at the time—where the ARF headquarters was located.[17] Andranik returned to Turkish Armenia "entrusted with extensive powers, and with a large supply of arms" for the fedayi.[20] Several dozen Russian Armenians joined him, with whom he went to the Mush-Sasun area where Aghbiur Serob was operating.[22] Serob's forces had already established semi-independent Armenian areas by expelling the Ottoman government representatives.[8]

Leader of the fedayi

Andranik on his horse, early 1900s
See also:
Armenian national liberation movement

Aghbiur Serob, the main leader of the fedayi in the 1890s, was killed in 1899 by a Kurdish chieftain, Bushare Khalil Bey.[17] Months later, Bey committed further atrocities against the Armenians by killing a priest, two young men and 25 women and children in Talvorik, a village in the Sasun region.[22] Andranik replaced Serob as the head of the Armenian irregular forces "with 38 villages under his command" in the Mush-Sasun region of Western Armenia,[8] where a "warlike semi-independent Armenian peasantry" lived.[17] Andranik sought to kill Bey; he captured and reportedly decapitated the chieftain, and took the medal given to Bey by Sultan Abdul Hamid II.[22][23][20] Andranik thus earned an undisputed authority among his fedayi.[24]

Although small groups of Armenian fedayi conducted an armed struggle against the Ottoman state and the Kurdish tribes, the situation in

Armenian Question. Article 61 of the 1878 Treaty of Berlin intended the Ottoman government to "carry out, without further delay, the improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by the Armenians, and to guarantee their security against the Circassians and Kurds" remained unimplemented.[25] According to Christopher J. Walker, the attention of the European powers was on Macedonia, while Russia was "in no mood for reactivating the Armenian question."[26]

The New York Times report on the battle
Holy Apostles Monastery
of Mush

Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery

In November 1901 the fedayi clashed with the Ottoman troops in what later became known as the Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery. One of the best-known episodes of Andranik's revolutionary activities, it was an attempt by the Ottoman government to suppress his activities. Since Andranik had gained more influence over the region, more than 5,000 Turkish soldiers were sent after him and his band. The Turks chased and eventually circled him and his men, numbering around 50, at the Arakelots (Holy Apostles) Monastery in early November. A regiment under the command of Ferikh Pasha and Ali Pasha besieged the fort-like monastery. The Turkish generals leading the army of twelve hundred men asked the fedayi to negotiate their surrender.[27]

After weeks of resistance and negotiations—in which Armenian clergy and the headman of Mush and foreign consuls took part—Andranik and his companions left the monastery and fled in small groups. According to Leon Trotsky, Andranik—dressed in the uniform of a Turkish officer—"went the rounds of the entire guard, talking to them in excellent Turkish," and "at the same time showing the way out to his own men."[17][28] After breaking through the siege of the monastery, Andranik gained legendary stature among provincial Armenians.[4][29] He became so popular that the men he led came to refer to him always by his first name.[30] Andranik intended to attract the attention of the foreign consuls at Mush to the plight of the Armenian peasants and to provide hope for the oppressed Armenians of the eastern provinces.[30] According to Trotsky, Andranik's "political thinking took shape in a setting of Carbonarist activity and diplomatic intrigue."[20]

1904 Sasun uprising and exodus

See also: 1904 Sasun uprising

In 1903, Andranik demanded the Ottoman government stop the harassment of Armenians and implement reforms in the Armenian provinces.[31] Most fedayi were concentrated in the mountainous region of Sasun, an area of about 12,000 km2 (4,600 sq mi) with an overwhelming Armenian majority—1,769 Armenian and 155 Kurdish households—which was traditionally considered their main operational area.[32] The region was in "a state of revolutionary turmoil" because the local Armenians had refused to pay taxes for the past seven years.[8][33] Andranik and tens of other fedayi—including Hrayr and Sebouh—held a meeting at Gelieguzan village in the third quarter of 1903 to manage the future defense of the Armenian villages from possible Turkish and Kurdish attacks. Andranik suggested a widespread uprising of the Armenians of Taron and Vaspurakan; Hrayr opposed his view and suggested a small, local uprising in Sasun, because the Armenian irregulars lacked resources. Hrayr's suggestion was eventually approved by the fedayi meeting. Andranik was chosen as the main commander of the uprising.[34][33]

Bitlis Vilayet
(yellow).

The first clashes took place in January 1904 between the fedayi and Kurdish irregulars supported by the Ottoman government.[34] The Turkish offensive started in early April with an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 soldiers and 7,000 Kurdish irregulars put against 100 to 200 Armenian fedayi and 700 to 1,000 local Armenian men.[35][36] Hrayr was killed during the intense fighting; Andranik survived and resumed the fight.[37] Between 7,000 and 10,000 Armenian civilians were killed during the two months of the uprising, while about 9,000 were left homeless.[38] Around 4,000 Sasun villagers were forced into exile after the uprising.[35]

After weeks of fighting and cannon bombardment of the Armenian villages,[35] the Ottoman forces and Kurdish irregulars suppressed the uprising by May 1904; they outnumbered the Armenian forces several times.[8][38] Minor clashes occurred thereafter.[38] According to Christopher J. Walker, the fedayi came "near to organising an uprising and shaking Ottoman power in Armenia," but "even then it was unthinkable that the empire would lose any of her territory, since the idea of intervention was far from Russia."[26] Trotsky wrote that international attention was on the Russo-Japanese War and the uprising went largely unnoticed by the European powers and Russia.[35]

In July–August 1904, Andranik and his fedayi reached

Aghtamar Island with sailing ships.[39][35] They escaped to Persia via Van in September 1904,[39] "leaving little more than a heroic memory."[8] Trotsky states that they were forced to leave Turkish Armenia to avoid further killings of Armenians and to lower the tensions,[35] while Tsatur Aghayan wrote that Andranik left the Ottoman Empire because he sought to "gather new resources and find practical programs" for the Armenian struggle.[15]

Immigration and conflict with the ARF

Andranik in the Bulgarian army, Sofia c. 1912

From Persia, Andranik moved to the Caucasus,[17] where he met the Armenian leaders in Baku and Tiflis. He then left Russia and traveled to Europe, where he was engaged in advocacy in support of the Armenians' national liberation struggle.[15][39] In 1906 in Geneva, he published a book on military tactics.[40] Most of the work was about his activities and the strategies he used during the 1904 Sasun uprising.[29]

In February–March 1907, Andranik went to Vienna to participate in the fourth ARF Congress. The ARF, which had been collaborating with Turkish émigré political groups in Europe since 1902, discussed and approved the negotiations with the Young Turks—who later perpetrated the Armenian genocide—to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Andranik strongly denounced this cooperation and left the party.[8][41] In 1908, the ARF asked Andranik to move to Constantinople and nominate his candidacy in the Ottoman parliament election, but he declined the offer, saying "I don't want to sit there and do nothing."[11][42] Andranik distanced himself from active political and military affairs for several years.

First Balkan War

Armenian volunteers under Andranik during the Balkan War

In 1907 Andranik settled in Sofia, where he met the leaders of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization—including revolutionary Boris Sarafov—and the two pledged to work jointly for the oppressed peoples of Armenia and Macedonia.[35][43] During the First Balkan War (1912–13), Andranik led a company of 230 Armenian volunteers— part of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps of Aleksandar Protogerov within the Bulgarian army—against the Ottoman Empire.[17][44][45] He shared the command with Garegin Nzhdeh.[46] On the opposite side, approximately 8,000 Armenians fought for the Ottoman Empire.[47] Andranik was given the rank of a first lieutenant by the Bulgarian government.[39] He distinguished himself in several battles, including in the Battle of Merhamli, when he helped the Bulgarians to capture Turkish commander Yaver Pasha.[48][49] Andranik was honored with the Order of Bravery by General Protogerov in 1913.[49][50] However, Andranik disbanded his men in May 1913,[51] and foreseeing the war between Bulgaria and Serbia he "retired to a village near Varna, and lived as a farmer until August 1914."[39]

World War I

Andranik as the commander of the first Armenian volunteer battalion
Andranik with his men during World War I

With the outbreak of

Iranian Azerbaijan.[49][53]

Through 1915, the Armenian genocide was underway in the Ottoman Empire.

Theodore G. Chernozubov, the successes of Russian army in numerous locations were significantly associated with the fighting of the first Armenian battalion, headed by Andranik. Chernozubov praised Andranik as a brave and experienced chief, who well understood the combat situation; Chernozubov described him as always at the head of militia, enjoying great prestige among the volunteers.[59]

The situation drastically changed in 1916 when the Russian government ordered the Armenian volunteer units to be demobilized and prohibited any Armenian civic activity.

Richard Hovannisian wrote that because the "Russian armies were in firm control of most of the Armenian plateau by the summer of 1916, there was no longer any need to expend niceties upon the Armenians."[61] According to Tsatur Aghayan, Russia used the Armenian volunteers for its own interests.[57] Andranik and other Armenian volunteers, disappointed by the Russian policy, left the front in July 1916.[57]

Russian Revolution and Turkish reoccupation

Russian occupation of Turkish Armenia
during World War I, September 1917. The area was reoccupied by the Turks between February and April 1918.

The

Hayastan (Armenia) in Tiflis.[59][62] Vahan Totovents became the editor of this non-partisan, Ottoman Armenian-orientated newspaper.[63] Until December 1917, Andranik remained in the South Caucasus where he sought to help the Armenian refugees from the Ottoman Empire in their search for basic needs.[57] The provisional government decree of 9 May 1917 put Turkish Armenia under civil administration, with Armenians holding key positions. About 150,000 local Armenians began to rebuild devastated Turkish Armenia; however the Russian army units gradually disintegrated and many soldiers deserted and returned to Russia.[61]

After the 1917

Soviet Russian government formally acknowledged the right of self-determination of the Ottoman Armenians in January 1918, but on 3 March 1918, Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, ceding Western Armenia and large areas in Eastern Europe to concentrate its forces against the Whites in the Russian Civil War.[65]

In December 1917, because the Russian divisions were deserting the region en masse, the Russian command authorized the formation of the Armenian Army Corps under the Transcaucasian Commissariat. Under the command of General Nazarbekian, the Corps was positioned in the front line from Van to Erzincan—a city of around about 20,000 people. Two of the Corps' three divisions were made up of Russian Armenians, while Andranik commanded the Turkish (Western) Armenian division.[66] The Georgian forces patrolled the area between Erzincan and the Black Sea. Hovannisian states that the only "several thousand men now defended a 300-mile front formerly secured by a half million Russian regulars."[67] Since December 1917, Andranik commanded the Armenian forces in Erzurum. In January 1918, he was appointed commander of the Western Armenian division of the Armenian Army Corps and given the rank of major-general by the Caucasus Front command.[3][11] Andranik was unable to defend Erzurum for long and the outnumbering Turks captured the city on 12 March 1918, forcing the Armenians to evacuate.[66][17]

While the Transcaucasian delegation and the Turks were holding a

Alexandropol and Jalaloghly, and arrived in Dsegh by 18 May.[11][69] By early April 1918, the Turkish forces had reached the pre-war international borders.[68] Andranik and his unit in Dsegh were not able to take part in the battles of Sardarabad, Abaran and Karakilisa.[69]

First Republic of Armenia

Andranik in 1919.
Republic of Armenia delegation to the United States. Andranik is second from the bottom right.

After the Ottoman forces were effectively stopped at Sardarabad, the Armenian National Council declared the independence of the

Stepan Shahumyan and Vladimir Lenin.[17][73]

Zangezur

Andranik with the commanders of the Special Striking Division in Zangezur, 1918

As the Turkish forces moved towards Nakhichevan, Andranik with his Armenian Special Striking Division moved to the mountainous region of Zangezur to set up a defense.[11] By mid-1918, the relations between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Zangezur had deteriorated.[74] Andranik arrived in Zangezur at a critical moment with around 30,000 refugees and an estimated force of between 3,000 and 5,000 men. He established effective control of the region by September. The role of Zangezur was crucial because it was a connection point between Turkey and Azerbaijan. Under Andranik, the region became one of the last centers of Armenian resistance after the Treaty of Batum.[71]

Andranik's irregulars remained in Zangezur surrounded by Muslim villages that controlled the key routes connecting the different parts of Zangezur.

Hovhannes Katchaznouni said he had no control over Andranik and his forces.[78]

Karabakh

Andranik with the Military Council of Goris, 1918

The Ottoman Empire was officially defeated in the First World War and the

Shushi—the main city of Karabakh and a major Armenian cultural center. After an intense fight against the local Kurds, his forces broke through Abdallyar (Lachin) and the surrounding villages.[79]

By early December, Andranik was 40 km (25 mi) away from Shushi when he received a message from British General

peace conference in Paris.[80] Trusting the British, Andranik returned to Zangezur.[81]

The region was left under limited control of the Armenian

pan-Turkist" Khosrov bey Sultanov was soon appointed the governor of Karabakh and Zangezur by Thomson to "squash any unrest in the region."[81] Christopher J. Walker wrote that "[Karabakh] with its large Armenian majority remained Azerbaijani throughout the pre-Soviet and Soviet period" because of "Andranik's trust of the word of a British officer."[82]

Departure

Andranik with his men and two archbishops in Etchmiadzin Cathedral just before leaving Armenia, April 1919

During the winter of 1918–19, Zangezur was isolated from Karabakh and Yerevan by snow. The refugees intensified the famine and epidemic conditions and gave way to inflation. In December 1918, Andranik withdrew from Karabakh to Goris. On his way, he met with British officers who suggested the Armenian units stay in Zangezur for the winter. Andranik agreed to such a proposal and on 23 December 1918, a group of Armenian leaders met in a conference and concluded that Zangezur could not cope with the influx of refugees until spring.[83] They agreed that the first logical step in relieving the tension was the reparation of more than 15,000 refugees from Nakhichevan—the adjoining district that had been evacuated by the Ottoman armies.[84] Andranik and the conference called upon the British to provide for the refugees in the interim. Major W. D. Gibbon arrived with limited supplies and money donated by the Armenians of Baku, but this was not enough to support the refugees.[85]

Tiflis

At the end of February 1919, Andranik was ready to leave Zangezur. Gibbon suggested Andranik and his soldiers leave by Baku-Tiflis railway at

Ararat plain with his few thousand irregulars.[84] After a three-week march, his men and horses reached the railway station of Davalu. He was met by Dro, the Assistant Minister of Military Affairs and Sargis Manasian, the Assistant Minister of Internal Affairs, who offered to take him to visit Yerevan, but he rejected their invitation as he believed the Dashnak government had betrayed the Armenians and was responsible for the loss of his homeland and the annihilation of his people. Zangezur became more vulnerable to Azerbaijani threats after Andranik left the district. Earlier, before Andranik's and his soldiers' dismissal, the local Armenian forces had requested support from Yerevan.[85]

On 13 April 1919, Andranik reached

Georgian–Armenian War. The Tbilisi-based writer Hovhannes Tumanyan served as their interpreter.[88]

Last years

Hovhannes Katchaznouni
and Armenian military personnel in the United States, 1919

From 1919 to 1922, Andranik traveled around Europe and the United States seeking support for the Armenian refugees. He visited Paris and London, where he tried to persuade the Allied powers to occupy Turkish Armenia.

Hovhannes Katchaznouni.[93] In Fresno, he directed a campaign which raised US$500,000 for the relief of Armenian war refugees.[94]

Andranik's wedding in Paris, 1922

When he returned to Europe, Andranik married Nevarte Kurkjian in Paris on 15 May 1922; Boghos Nubar was their best man.[95] Andranik and Nevarte moved to the United States and settled in Fresno, California in 1922.[96] In his 1936 short story, Antranik of Armenia, Armenian-American writer William Saroyan described Andranik's arrival. He wrote, "It looked as if all Armenians of California were at the Southern Pacific depot at the day he arrived." He said Andranik "was a man of about fifty in a neat Armenians suit of clothes. He was a little under six feet tall, very solid and very strong. He had an old-style Armenian mustache that was white. The expression of his face was both ferocious and kind."[97] Andranik lived with the family of Armen Alchian, who later became a prominent economist, in Fresno for several months.[98]

In his novel Call of the Plowmen («Ռանչպարների կանչը», 1979), where Andranik is called Shapinand, Khachik Dashtents describes his life in Fresno:

After clashing with the leaders of the

papakhi, the black boots, and lion-like steed – this was the personal wealth he had come to possess throughout his life. His business no longer had to do with weapons. Shapinand spent his free time making small wooden chairs in his hotel. Many people, refusing to buy the quality American armchairs, bought his simple ones, some for use, others as souvenirs.[99]

Death

Andranik's grave in Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris
Andranik's grave at Yerablur cemetery

In February 1926, Andranik left Fresno to reside in San Francisco in an unsuccessful attempt to regain his health.

angina on 31 August 1927 at Richardson Springs, California.[100][101] On 7 September 1927, citywide public attention was accorded to him for his funeral in the Ararat Cemetery, Fresno.[102] On October 9 more than 2,500 members of the Armenian community attended memorial services at Carnegie Hall in New York.[103]

He was initially buried at Ararat Cemetery in Fresno. After his first funeral, it was planned to take Andranik's remains to Armenia for final burial; however, when they arrived in France, the Soviet authorities refused permission to allow his remains to enter Soviet Armenia.[6][17] Instead they remained in France and, after a second funeral service held in the Armenian Church of Paris, were buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris on 29 January 1928.[104][105] In early 2000, the Armenian and French governments arranged the transfer of Andranik's body from Paris to Yerevan. Asbarez wrote that the transfer was initiated by Armenia's Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan.[106] Andranik's body was moved to Armenia on 17 February 2000.[107] It was placed in the Sport & Concert Complex in Yerevan for two days and was then taken to Etchmiadzin Cathedral, where Karekin II officiated the funeral service.[106] Andranik was re-interred at Yerablur military cemetery in Yerevan on 20 February 2000, next to Vazgen Sargsyan.[106][108][109] In his speech during the reburial ceremony, Armenia's President Robert Kocharyan described Andranik as "one of the greatest sons of the Armenian nation."[110] Prime Minister Aram Sargsyan, Foreign Minister Vartan Oskanian, and one of Andranik's soldiers, 102-year-old Grigor Ghazarian, were also in attendance.[111] A memorial was built on his grave with the phrase Zoravar Hayots—"General of the Armenians"—engraved on it.

Legacy and recognition

Public image

"General Andranik, the great Armenian leader, who is our national hero [...] For many years General Andranik kept alive the courage of all Armenians. He promised them freedom and constantly endangered his life to keep up the spirits of my people."

 —Aurora Mardiganian, Ravished Armenia (1918)[112]

Andranik was considered a hero during his lifetime.[113][114] The Literary Digest described Andranik in 1920 as "the Armenian's Robin Hood, Garibaldi, and Washington, all in one."[115] The Independent wrote that he is "worshiped by his countrymen for his heroic fighting in their defense against the Turks."[116] Andranik was praised by the noted Armenian writer Hovhannes Tumanyan,[59] while Armenian Bolshevik Anastas Mikoyan wrote in his memoirs that "the name Andranik was surrounded by halo of glory."[117] Gerard Libaridian described Andranik as the "most famous of the Armenian guerrilla fighters, although not necessarily the most important. He represented the emerging new image of the Armenian who could fight."[118]

General Andranik on the cover of the French magazine L'Image, 1919

Andranik is considered a national hero by Armenians worldwide.[108][119][120] He is also seen as a legendary figure in Armenian culture.[11][121] In a series of polls in 2006–08, Andranik consistently placed second after Vazgen Sargsyan in the list of Armenian national heroes and leaders.[122]

During the Soviet period, his legacy and those of other Armenian national heroes were diminished and "any reference to them would be dangerous since they represented the strive for independence," especially prior to the Khrushchev Thaw.[123] Paruyr Sevak, a prominent Soviet Armenian author, wrote an essay about Andranik in 1963 after reading one of his soldier's notes. Sevak wrote that his generation knew "little about Andranik, almost nothing." He continued, "knowing nothing about Andranik means to know nothing about modern Armenian history."[124] In 1965, Andranik's 100th anniversary was celebrated in Soviet Armenia.[11]

Criticism

Andranik's activities have also attracted occasional criticism. Andranik, generally seen as a pro-Russian (and pro-Soviet) figure,

Rafael Ishkhanyan for his constant reliance on Russia.[126] Ishkhanyan characterized Andranik and Hakob Zavriev as leaders of the stream within Armenian political thought unconditionally reliant on Russia. He contrasted them with Aram Manukian and his self-reliant stance.[126] The poet Ruben Angaladyan [hy] spoke out against the erection of Andranik's statue in Yerevan. He opined that Andranik "doesn't have the right" to have a statue in the capital, because he did not do "anything real" for the First Republic and left Armenia. He called Andranik a popular hero and finds calling him a national hero unacceptable.[127]

Memorials

Statues and memorials of Andranik have been erected around the world, including in Bucharest, Romania (1936),[128] Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris (1945), Melkonian Educational Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus (1990),[129] Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris (2005),[130][131] Varna, Bulgaria (2011),[132] and Armavir, Russia.[133][134] A memorial exists in Richardson Springs, California, where Andranik died.[135] In May 2011, a statue of Andranik was erected in Volonka village near Sochi, Russia;[136] however, it was removed the same day, apparently under pressure from Turkey, which earlier announced that they would boycott the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics if the statue remained standing.[137][138]

An equestrian statue of Andranik near the Saint Gregory Cathedral in central Yerevan
An equestrian statue of Andranik in Gyumri.

The first statue of Andranik in Armenia was erected in 1967 in the village of

Tavush, in Gyumri's Victory Park (1994), Arteni, and Angeghakot, among other places.[143][144][145][146]

Numerous streets and squares both inside and outside Armenia, including in

General Andranik Station of the Yerevan Metro was opened in 1989 as Hoktemberyan Station and was renamed for Andranik in 1992.[2][153] In 1995, General Andranik's Museum was founded in Komitas Park of Yerevan, but was soon closed because the building was privatized.[154] It was reopened on 16 September 2006, by Ilyich Beglarian as the Museum of Armenian Fedayi Movement, named after Andranik.[155]

According to Patrick Wilson, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War Andranik "inspired a new generation of Armenians."[156] A volunteer regiment from Masis named "General Andranik" operated in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh during the conflict.[157]

Many organizations and groups in the

Gurgen Margaryan, who was murdered in 2004 by Azerbaijani lieutenant Ramil Safarov. The text on the poster read, "Andranik's children are also heroes ... The work will be done."[162] In the Armenian Youth Federation Eastern Region, the Granite City
chapter is named "Antranig" in Andranik's honor.

The 65 page manuscripts of General Andranik, the only known memoir written by him, were returned to Armenia in May 2014 and sent to the History Museum of Armenia through Culture Minister Hasmik Poghosyan, almost a century after Andranik had parted with them.[163]

In culture

Lord Kitchener Wants You-influenced poster depicting Andranik. The caption reads "Chase the holy dream of your people."
Stookie Allen depicting Andranik, New York Journal-American
, 1920

Andranik has been figured prominently in the

Entente-occupied Constantinople.[121] The famed Armenian-American writer William Saroyan wrote a short story titled Antranik of Armenia, which was included in his collection of short stories Inhale and Exhale (1936).[165] Another US-based Armenian writer Hamastegh's novel The White Horseman (Սպիտակ Ձիավորը, 1952) was based on Andranik and other fedayi.[166][167] Hovhannes Shiraz, one of the most prominent Armenian poets of the 20th century, wrote at least two poems about Andranik; one in 1963 and another in 1967. The latter one, titled Statue to Andranik (Արձան Անդրանիկին), was published in 1991 after Shiraz's death.[168] Sero Khanzadyan's novel Andranik was suppressed for years and was published in 1989 when the tight Soviet control over publications was relaxed.[169][170] Between the 1960s and the 1980s, author Suren Sahakyan collected folk stories and completed a novel, "Story about Andranik" (Ասք Անդրանիկի մասին). It was first published in Yerevan in 2008.[171]

Andranik's name has been memorialized in numerous songs.[31] In 1913, Leon Trotsky described Andranik as "a hero of song and legend."[16] Italian diplomat and historian Luigi Villari wrote in 1906 that he met a priest from Turkish Armenia in Erivan who "sang the war-song of Antranik, the leader of Armenian revolutionary bands in Turkey."[172] Andranik is one of the main figures featured in Armenian patriotic songs, performed by Nersik Ispiryan, Harout Pamboukjian and others. There are dozens of songs dedicated to him, including Like an Eagle by gusan Sheram, 1904[173] and Andranik pasha by gusan Hayrik.[174] Andranik also features in the popular song The Bravehearts of the Caucasus (Կովկասի քաջեր) and other pieces of Armenian patriotic folklore.[175]

Several documentaries about Andranik have been produced; these include Andranik (1929) by Armena-Film in France, directed by Asho Shakhatuni, who also played the main role;

Public Television of Armenia.[178]

Awards

Legion of Honour Officer
certificate of Andranik

Through his military career, Andranik was awarded with a number of medals and orders by governments of four countries.[179] Andranik's medals and sword were moved to Armenia and given to the History Museum of Armenia in 2006.[180][181]

Country Award Rank Year
Bulgaria Kingdom of Bulgaria Order of Bravery
IV grade,
"For Bravery"
 1913[182][50]
 Russian Empire
Order of St. Stanislaus
II class
with Swords
 1914–16[183]
Order of St. Vladimir
IV class
 1914–16[183][184]
Cross of St. George
I, II, III class
 1914–16[49][183]
Order of St. George
II, III, IV classes
 1914–16[185][183]
France French Republic
Legion of Honor
Officier
 1919[115]
Greece Kingdom of Greece War Cross
II class
 1920[186][187]

Published works

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andranik Ozanyan.
  • Մարտական հրահանգներ: Առաջարկներ, նկատողութիւններ եւ խորհուրդներ [Combat Commands: Suggestions, Remarks, Recommendations]. Geneva:
    OCLC 320038626.[40]
  • Հայկական առանձին հարուածող զօրամասը [The Armenian Special Striking Division]. Boston: Azg. 1921.
    OCLC 49525413.[188]
  • Զորավար Անդրանիկը կը խոսի [General Andranik Speaks]. Paris: Abaka weekly. 1921.
    OCLC 234085160
    .
  • Առաքելոց վանքին կռիւը (Հայ յեղափոխութենէն դրուագ մը) [The Battle of Arakelots (An Episode of Armenian Revolution)]. Boston: Baikar. 1924. Memoirs of Andranik written down by Levon K. Lyulejian.[189]

References

Notes
  1. ^ Andranik was given the rank of a major-general by the command of the Caucasus Front, a formation of the army of the dissolved Russian Republic.[3]
  2. reformed orthography his name is spelled Անդրանիկ Օզանյան and pronounced [ɑndɾɑnik ɔzɑnjɑn] in Eastern Armenian
    .
  3. ^ Զօրավար Անդրանիկ in classical spelling, Զորավար Անդրանիկ in reformed, Zoravar Andranik.
  4. ^ Armenian: Անդրանիկ. Also spelled Antranik or Antranig
  5. ^ Some sources mistakenly indicate 1866 as Andranik's date of birth.[5] 1866 is also engraved on his grave in the Père Lachaise Cemetery. Some sources also erroneously indicate 1928 as his date of death, perhaps because Andranik's body was moved to France and reburied there in 1928.[6]
Citations
  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-9628715-1-1
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-1-84162-163-0
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-520-00574-7
    .
  4. ^ a b Adalian 2010, p. 79.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-56859-130-8
    .
  6. ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 191.
  7. OCLC 8305411.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Walker 1990, p. 178.
  9. ISBN 978-0-231-51133-9
    .
  10. ^ Ghaziyan, Alvard (1984). "Զորավար Անդրանիկը որպես վիպա-հերոսական կերպար [General Andranik as a heroic character]" (in Armenian). Yerevan: Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Armenian National Academy of Sciences: 25–26. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^
    Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing
    . p. 392.
  12. ^ a b c Chalabian 1988, p. 3.
  13. ^ Aghayan 1968, p. 40.
  14. ISBN 978-0-520-00914-1
    .
  15. ^ a b c d Aghayan 1968, p. 41.
  16. ^ a b c Trotsky 1980, p. 247.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Walker 1990, p. 411.
  18. ^ Mouradian 1995, p. 12.
  19. ^ Haroutyunian 1965, p. 109.
  20. ^ a b c d Trotsky 1980, p. 249.
  21. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7
    .
  22. ^ a b c New Armenia 1920, p. 82.
  23. ^ Mouradian 1995, p. 103.
  24. ^ Vardanian, Mikayel (1931). Մուրատ (Սեբաստացի ռազմիկին կյանքն ու գործը) [Murad (The Sebastatsi Fighter's Life and Case] (in Armenian). Boston: Hairenik Association. p. 96.
  25. ^ "Treaty between Great Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, and Turkey for the Settlement of Affairs in the East: Signed at Berlin, July 13, 1878", American Journal of International Law Volume II, 1908, p. 422
  26. ^ a b Walker 1990, p. 177.
  27. ISBN 978-0-88206-508-3
    .
  28. ^ Trotsky 1980, pp. 249–250.
  29. ^ a b Kharatian 1990, p. 8.
  30. ^
    Military History Monthly
    . 12 (2): 10.
  31. ^ a b New Armenia 1920, p. 83.
  32. ^ Hambarian 1989, p. 22.
  33. ^ a b Chalabian 2009, p. 17.
  34. ^ a b Hambarian 1989, p. 24.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g Trotsky 1980, p. 250.
  36. ^ Hambarian 1989, p. 26.
  37. ^ Mouradian 1995, p. 88.
  38. ^ a b c Hambarian 1989, p. 31.
  39. ^ a b c d e New Armenia 1920, p. 84.
  40. ^ a b "1906" (in Armenian). National Library of Armenia. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  41. ^ Chalabian 1988, p. 170.
  42. ^ Kharatian 1990, p. 10.
  43. ^ Aghayan 1968, p. 42.
  44. ^ Trotsky 1980, p. 251.
  45. ^ Trotsky 1980, p. 252.
  46. ^ Trotsky 1980, p. 253.
  47. ^ Walker 1990, p. 194.
  48. ^ Chalabian 1988, p. 202.
  49. ^ a b c d e Aghayan 1968, p. 43.
  50. ^ a b Chalabian 1988, p. 203.
  51. ^ Kharatian 1990, p. 11.
  52. ^ Chalabian 2009, p. 45.
  53. ^ a b c Payaslian 2007, p. 136.
  54. ISBN 978-90-420-2129-7
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  55. ISBN 978-0-7734-9613-2
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  56. ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 14.
  57. ^ a b c d e f Aghayan 1968, p. 44.
  58. ^ a b Chalabian 2009, p. 52.
  59. ^ a b c d Aghayan 1968, p. 45.
  60. ^ Hovannisian 1971, pp. 14–15.
  61. ^ a b c Hovannisian 1971, p. 15.
  62. ISBN 978-1-903656-09-9
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  63. ^ Kharatian 1990, p. 12.
  64. ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 20.
  65. ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 21.
  66. ^ a b c Walker 1990, p. 250.
  67. ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 22.
  68. ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 24.
  69. ^ a b c d Aghayan 1968, p. 46.
  70. ^ Walker 1990, p. 256.
  71. ^ a b c d e Hovannisian 1971, p. 87.
  72. ^ Walker 1990, p. 272-273.
  73. ^ Aghayan 1968, p. 47.
  74. ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 86.
  75. ISBN 978-0-19-927356-0
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  76. ^ Chalabian 2009, p. 409.
  77. ^ Chalabian 2009, p. 545.
  78. ^ Hovannisian 1971, pp. 87–88.
  79. ^ Hovannisian 1971, pp. 88–89.
  80. ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 89-90.
  81. ^ a b Walker 1990, p. 270.
  82. ^ Walker 1990, pp. 270–272.
  83. ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 189.
  84. ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 190.
  85. ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 193.
  86. ^ a b Blackwood's 1919, p. 476.
  87. ^ Chalabian 2009, p. 119.
  88. ^ a b Chalabian 2009, pp. 119–120.
  89. ^ The Armenian Review, Hairenik Association, 1976, p. 239
  90. Imprimerie nationale
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  187. ^ "Министр обороны Армении передал саблю и ордена выдающегося армянского полководца Андраника Музею истории (Defense Minister of Armenia handed Andranik's sword and medals to the Museum of History)". Novosti Armenia (in Russian). 29 November 2006. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014.
  188. ^ "1921". National Library of Armenia. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  189. ^ "1924". National Library of Armenia. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.

Bibliography

Further reading

Articles

Books
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