Anti-racism
Anti-racism encompasses a range of ideas and political actions which are meant to counter
History
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European origins
In December 1511,
Quaker initiatives
In 1688, with the "
During and after the
Abolitionist movement
Later successes in opposing racism were won by the
Due to resistance in the Southern United States, however, and a general collapse of idealism in the North, Reconstruction ended, and gave way to the nadir of American race relations. The period from about 1890 to 1920 saw the re-establishment of Jim Crow laws. President Woodrow Wilson, who regarded Reconstruction as a disaster, segregated the federal government.[7] The Ku Klux Klan grew to its greatest peak of popularity and strength. D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation was a movie sensation.
In 1911 the First Universal Races Congress met in London, at which distinguished speakers from many countries for four days discussed race problems and ways to improve interracial relations.[8]
Scientific anti-racism
Friedrich Tiedemann was one of the first people to scientifically contest racism. In 1836, using craniometric and brain measurements (taken by him from Europeans and black people from different parts of the world), he refuted the belief of many contemporary naturalists and anatomists that black people have smaller brains and are thus intellectually inferior to white people, saying it was scientifically unfounded and based merely on the prejudiced opinions of travelers and explorers.[9] The evolutionary biologist Charles Darwin wrote in 1871 that ‘[i]t may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant’ and that ‘[a]lthough the existing races of man differ in many respects, as in colour, hair, shape of skull, proportions of the body, &c., yet if their whole structure be taken into consideration they are found to resemble each other closely in a multitude of points.’[10]
German ethnographer Adolf Bastian promoted the idea known as "psychic unity of mankind", the belief in a universal mental framework present in all humans regardless of race. Rudolf Virchow, an early biological anthropologist criticized Ernst Haeckel's classification of humanity into "higher and lower races". The two authors influenced American anthropologist Franz Boas who promoted the idea that differences in behavior between human populations are purely cultural rather than determined by biological differences.[11] Later anthropologists like Marcel Mauss, Bronisław Malinowski, Pierre Clastres, and Claude Lévi-Strauss continued to focus on culture and reject racial models of differences in human behavior.
The Jena Declaration, published by the German Zoological Society, rejects the idea of human "races" and distances itself from the racial theories of Ernst Haeckel and other 20th century scientists. It claims that genetic variation between human populations is smaller than within them, demonstrating that the biological concept of "races" is invalid. The statement highlights that there are no specific genes or genetic markers that match with conventional racial categorizations. It also indicates that the idea of "races" is based on racism rather than any scientific factuality.[12][13]
Interwar period: Racial Equality Proposal
After the end of seclusion in the 1850s, Japan signed
The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord, as soon as possible, to all alien nationals of States Members of the League equal and just treatment in every respect, making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality.
After Makino's speech, Lord Cecil stated that the Japanese proposal was a very controversial one and he suggested that perhaps the matter was so controversial that it should not be discussed at all. Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos also suggested that a clause banning religious discrimination should also be removed since that was also a very controversial matter. That led to objections from a Portuguese
Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes clarified his opposition and announced at a meeting that "ninety-five out of one hundred Australians rejected the very idea of equality. Hughes had entered politics as a trade unionist and, like most others in the working class, was very strongly opposed to Asian immigration to Australia. (The exclusion of Asian immigration was a popular cause with unions in Canada, the US, Australia, and New Zealand in the early 20th century.)[citation needed]
The Chinese delegation, which was otherwise at daggers drawn with the Japanese over the question of the
Although the proposal received a majority (11 out of 16) of votes, the proposal was still problematic for the
Mid-century revival in the United States
Opposition to racism revived in the 1920s and 1930s. At that time, anthropologists such as
In the 1940s Springfield, Massachusetts, invoked The Springfield Plan to include all persons in the community.
Beginning with the
1960s expansion
The struggles against racial segregation in the United States and South African apartheid including Sharpeville massacre saw increased articulation of ideas opposed to racism of all kinds.[16]
During the
21st century
Mass mobilization around the Black Lives Matter movement have sparked a renewed interest in antiracism in the U.S. Mass movement organizing has also been accompanied by academic efforts to foreground research regarding antiracism in politics, criminal justice reform, inclusion in higher education, and workplace antiracism.[17][18][19][3]
Intervention strategies
Anti-racism has taken various forms such as
Proponents of anti-racism claim that
Microintervention strategies aim to provide the tools needed to confront and educate racial oppressors. Specific tactics include: revealing the hidden biases or agendas behind acts of discrimination, interrupting and challenging oppressive language, educating offenders, and connecting with other allies and community members to act against discrimination.[22] The theory is that these microinterventions allow the oppressor to see the impact of their words, and provide a space for an educational dialogue about how their actions can oppress people marginalized groups.[23]
Microaggressions can be conscious acts where the perpetrator is aware of the offense they are causing, or hidden and
Antiracist strategies also include confronting the racial microaggression by outwardly challenging and disagreeing against the microaggression that harms a person of color. Microinterventions such as a verbal expression of "I don't want to hear that talk" and physical movements of disapproval are ways to confront microaggressions. Microinterventions are not used to attack others about their biases, but instead they are used to allow the space for an educational dialogue. Educating a perpetrator on their biases can open up a discussion about how the intention of a comment or action can have a damaging impact. For example, phrases such as "I know you meant that joke to be funny, but that stereotype really hurt me" can educate a person on the difference between what was intended and how it is harmful to a person of color. Antiracist microintervention strategies give the tools for people of color, white allies, and bystanders to combat against microaggressions and acts of discrimination.[22]
It is important that white racial justice activists are mindful in not causing activism burnout for activists of color. According to Gorski and Erakat (2019),
Influence
Egalitarianism has been a catalyst for
Criticism
Some of these uses have been controversial. Critics in the
Opposition
White genocide conspiracy theory
The phrase "Anti-racist is a code word for anti-white", coined by
Organizations and institutions
International
- European Commission against Racism and Intolerance
- International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
- UN Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance[40]
- World Conference against Racism
Europe
- Aktion Courage (Germany)
- Anti-Nazi League (United Kingdom)
- Aktion Kinder des Holocaust (Switzerland)
- Anti-Fascist Action (United Kingdom)
- Black Equity Organisation (United Kingdom)
- Campaign Against Racism and Fascism (United Kingdom)
- Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism (Belgium)
- Félag Anti-Rasista (Iceland)
- Forever Family (United Kingdom)
- Hepimiz Zokorayız (Turkey)
- Institute of Race Relations(United Kingdom)
- In IUSTITIA (Czech Republic)
- Les Indivisibles (France)
- Love Music Hate Racism (United Kingdom)
- Mouvement contre le racisme et pour l'amitié entre les peuples(France)
- National Assembly Against Racism (United Kingdom)
- "Never Again" Association (Poland)
- Newham Monitoring Project (United Kingdom)
- Racist and Xenophobic Behaviour Monitoring Centre (Poland)
- Residents Against Racism (Ireland)
- Rock Against Racism (United Kingdom)
- Show Racism the Red Card (United Kingdom)
- SOS Racisme (France)
- Stand Up To Racism(United Kingdom)
- Unite Against Fascism (United Kingdom)
- UNITED for Intercultural Action (all of Europe)
North America
- Anti-Racism and Hate (United States)
- By Any Means Necessary (BAMN) (United States)
- Anti-Racist Action (North America)
- Black Lives Matter (United States)
- Catalyst Project (United States)
- Friends Stand United (United States)
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(United States)
- One People's Project (United States)
- Roots of Resistance (Canada) [defunct]
- Red and Anarchist Skinheads(United States)
- Redneck Revolt (United States)
- Showing Up for Racial Justice (United States)
- Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice (United States)
- Stop AAPI Hate (United States)
- The People's Institute for Survival and Beyond (United States)
- Vera Institute of Justice
Academic
- American University - Antiracist Research and Policy Center
- Boston University - Center for Anti-Racist Research, headed by Ibram X. Kendi
- Georgetown University - Racial Justice Institute
- Temple University - Center for Anti-Racism
- Rutgers University - Institute for the Study of Global Racial Justice
- Ohio State University - Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity
- University of California, Berkeley - Othering & Belonging Institute
Other
- All Together Now (Australia)
- Fight Dem Back (Australia and New Zealand)
- People's Front of Anti Racism (Japan)
See also
- Allophilia
- Anti-antisemitism (countering racism against Jewish people)
- Anti-bias curriculum
- Anti-fascism (countering Fascism)
- Approaches to prejudice reduction
- Cancel culture
- Color blindness (race) in the United States
- Critical race theory
- Environmental justice
- Index of racism-related articles
- International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
- Internal resistance to apartheid
- Multiculturalism
- Political correctness
- Stop Asian Hate
- Social justice
- Woke
- Abolitionist Teaching
References
- ^ "Being Antiracist". National Museum of African American History and Culture. 2019-10-01. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
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- ^ "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow . Jim Crow Stories . Segregation in the U. S. Government". PBS.
- .
- JSTOR 108042.
- ^ Darwin, Charles. "Chapter VII: On the Races of Man". The Descent of Man.
- ISBN 978-0-674-41731-1.
- ^ Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology (2019-09-10). "Jenaer Erklärung". www.shh.mpg.de. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ^ Nachrichten Informationsdienst Wissenschaft (2019-09-10). "'Human races' do not exist". nachrichten.idw-online.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ^ Kluyver, Clasina Albertina (1920). Documents on the League of Nations. Netherlands: A.W. Sijthoff Leiden. p. 35.
- ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-33794-6.
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- ^ "UK anger over Zimbabwe violence". BBC News. 1 April 2000.
- ^ McGreal, Chris (2 April 2007). "Corrupt, greedy and violent: Mugabe attacked by Catholic bishops after years of silence". The Guardian.
- ^ Bentley, Daniel (17 September 2007). "Sentamu urges Mugabe action". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07.
- ^ Silverstein, Jason (January 11, 2015). "Billboard from 'white genocide' segregation group goes up along highway near Birmingham, Ala". New York Daily News.
- ^ AL.com.
- ISBN 9780742503403. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
- ISBN 9780761986485. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
- ^ Capehart, Jonathan (January 18, 2013). "A petition to 'stop white genocide'?". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
- ^ "'White Genocide' Billboard Removed". NBC News. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
- ISBN 978-0816651047. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
white genocide.
- ISBN 978-0-415-94415-1.
- ISBN 9781409498575.
- Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
- ^ "Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance".
Further reading
- Bonnett, Alastair (2005). Anti-Racism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-69590-4.
- Hughey, Matthew (2012). White Bound: Nationalists, Antiracists, and the Shared Meanings of Race. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8331-6.
- Michael, Ali (2014) Raising Race Questions, Teachers College Press.
- Wright, William D. (1998). Racism Matters. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96197-8.
- Gil-Riaño, Sebastián (7 May 2018). "Relocating anti-racist science: the 1950 UNESCO Statement on Race and economic development in the global South". The British Journal for the History of Science. 51 (2): 281–303. PMID 29730996.
- Binhas, Adi; Cohen, Nissim (28 June 2019). "Policy entrepreneurs and anti-racism policies". Policy Studies. 42 (4): 327–345. S2CID 198739874.
- May, Stephen (1999). Critical Multiculturalism: Rethinking Multicultural and Antiracist Education. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7507-0768-8.
- Gilroy, Paul (1990). "The End of Anti-Racism". Race and Local Politics. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 191–209. ISBN 978-1-349-21028-2.
- Kailin, Julie (2002). Antiracist Education: From Theory to Practice. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-1824-7.
- Derman-Sparks, Louise; Phillips, Carol Brunson (1997). Teaching/learning Anti-racism: A Developmental Approach. Teachers College Press. ISBN 978-0-8077-3637-1.
- Slocum, Rachel (March 2006). "Anti-racist Practice and the Work of Community Food Organizations". Antipode. 38 (2): 327–349. .
- Katz, Judy H. (2003). White Awareness: Handbook for Anti-racism Training. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3560-1.
- Gillborn, David (2006). "Critical Race Theory and Education: Racism and anti-racism in educational theory and praxis". Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education. 27: 11–32. S2CID 6105266.
- Kobayashi, Audrey; Peake, Linda (June 2000). "Racism out of Place: Thoughts on Whiteness and an Antiracist Geography in the New Millennium". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 90 (2): 392–403. S2CID 128707952.
- Carrim, Nazir (6 July 2006). "Anti‐racism and the 'New' South African Educational Order". Cambridge Journal of Education. 28 (3): 301–320. .
- Kendi, Ibram X. (2019). How to Be an Antiracist. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-525-50929-5.
- Nelson, Jacqueline K.; Dunn, Kevin M.; Paradies, Yin (December 2011). "Bystander Anti-Racism: A Review of the Literature". Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. 11 (1): 263–284. .
- Berman, Gabrielle; Paradies, Yin (February 2010). "Racism, disadvantage and multiculturalism: towards effective anti-racist praxis". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 33 (2): 214–232. S2CID 38546112.
External links
The dictionary definition of Anti-racism at Wiktionary Media related to Anti-racism at Wikimedia Commons