Anorectic
An anorectic or anorexic is a drug which reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss.[1] These substances work by affecting the central nervous system or certain neurotransmitters to create a feeling of fullness or reduce the desire to eat. The understanding of anorexiant effects is crucial in the development of interventions for weight management, eating disorders, and related health concerns. The anorexiant effect can be induced through diverse mechanisms, ranging from hormonal regulation to neural signaling. Ghrelin, leptin, and peptide YY are among the hormones involved in appetite control. Additionally, neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine in the central nervous system contribute significantly to the regulation of food intake.
By contrast, an appetite stimulant is referred to as
The term is (from the
History
Used on a short-term basis clinically to treat obesity, some appetite suppressants are also available over-the-counter. Several appetite suppressants are based on a mix of natural ingredients, mostly using green tea as its basis, in combination with other plant extracts such as fucoxanthin, found naturally in seaweed. Drugs of this class are frequently stimulants of the phenethylamine family, related to amphetamine.[citation needed]
The German and Finnish
Public health concerns
Epidemics of fatal
Non-pharmacological alternatives
List of anorectics
Numerous pharmaceutical compounds are marketed as appetite suppressants.
The following drugs are listed as "centrally-acting antiobesity preparations" in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System:[11]
- Amfepramone (also known as diethylpropion)
- Bupropion and naltrexone (combination)
- Cathine
- Clobenzorex
- Dexfenfluramine† (the D-enantiomer of fenfluramine; withdrawn for the same reason as its racemate)
- Ephedrine (combinations)
- Etilamfetamine
- Fenfluramine† (one of the two components [the other being phentermine] of Fen-phen. Since discontinued to its potential for causing valvulopathies and pulmonary hypertension)
- Lorcaserin (withdrawn in the United States by the FDA due to an increased risk of cancer)[12]
- Mazindol
- Mefenorex
- Phentermine
- Sibutramine† (in some countries withdrawn from the market because of concerns regarding its cardiovascular effects)
- Topiramate
The following are listed as appetite depressants by MeSH, an index of medical journal articles and books.[13]
- Benfluorex (removed from the market by the EMA due to increased risk of heart disease)[14]
- Butenolide
- Diethylpropion
- FG-7142
- Phenmetrazine† (withdrawn in some countries due to the danger of addiction)
- Phentermine
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine
- Sibutramine
Other compounds with known appetite suppressant activity include:
- Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine is known to hamper appetite. Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine is used to treat Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is usually under the trade name "Adderall" or "Mydayis".[15][16]
- exogenous obesity under the brand name "Evekeo".[17]
- Methylphenidate
- Cocaine[18]
- Caffeine[19]
- Glucomannan[20][21]
- Leptin[22]
- Lisdexamphetamine - US FDA approved for the treatment of binge-eating disorder in adults under the brand name "Vyvanse".[23]
- Methamphetamine hydrochloride – USFDA-approved for the treatment of obesity (as a short-term) under the brand name "Desoxyn".[24]
- Nicotine[25]
- Liraglutide as brand name Saxenda
- GLP-1agonist
- Metformin
- Opiates/opioids such as heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl, etc.
See also
References
- ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0.
- ^ fi:Pervitiini
- ^ Ulrich, Andreas (May 6, 2005). "The Nazi Death Machine: Hitler's Drugged Soldiers". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- PMID 20997404.
- PMID 23539642.
- PMID 8692238.
- PMID 9884392.
- PMID 23826600.
- PMID 19661958.
- PMID 25097411.
- ^ ATC/DDD Index
- ^ "FDA requests the withdrawal of the weight-loss drug Belviq, Belviq XR (lorcaserin) from the market". Center for Drug Evaluation and Researcher. FDA. 2020-02-13.
- ^ MeSH list of agents 82001067
- ^ "European Medicines Agency recommends withdrawal of benfluorex from the market in European Union". European Medicines Agency. December 12, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
- ^ "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Treatment". nhs.uk. 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
- ^ "Adderall Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD". www.webmd.com. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
- ^ "Evekeo Prescribing Information" (PDF). Arbor Pharmaceuticals LLC. April 2014. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
- S2CID 1105026.
- PMID 28446037.
- S2CID 225213522.
- ISSN 0268-005X.
- S2CID 24266123.
- ^ "FDA approves multiple generics of ADHD and BED treatment". Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. FDA. August 28, 2023.
- ^ "Desoxyn Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. December 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
- ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
External links
- Anorectics at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Mitchell, Kari (January 1997). "Anorexiant Agents: Considerations for Use" (PDF). Drug Therapy Topics. University of Washington Medical Center. Retrieved 25 December 2013.