Architecture of Scotland
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The architecture of Scotland includes all human building within the modern borders of Scotland, from the
Castles arrived in Scotland with the introduction of
After the
The most significant Scottish architect of the early twentieth century,
Prehistoric era
Groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on what is now Scottish soil around 9500 years ago, and the first villages around 6000 years ago. The stone building at
Roman and post-Roman constructions
The Romans began military expeditions into what is now Scotland from about 71 AD. In the summer of AD 78
Beyond the area of Roman occupation, wheelhouses, a round house with a characteristic outer wall within which a circle of stone piers (bearing a resemblance to the spokes of a wheel)[12] were constructed, with over sixty sites identified in the west and north.[13] Over 400 souterrains, small underground constructions, have been discovered in Scotland, many of them in the south-east, and although few have been dated those that have suggest a construction date in the 2nd or 3rd centuries AD. They are usually found close to settlements (whose timber frames are much less well-preserved) and may have been for storing perishable agricultural products.[14] After the departure of the Romans we have evidence of a series of forts, often smaller "nucleated" constructions compared with Iron Age constructions,[15] sometimes utilising major geographical features, as at Dunadd and Dumbarton.[16]
Middle Ages
Medieval vernacular architecture made use of local materials and styles. As in England, cruck construction was used, employing pairs of curved timbers to support the roof, however they were usually hidden from view. In rural areas there was extensive use of turf to fill in the walls, sometimes on a stone base, but they were not long lasting and had to be rebuilt perhaps as often as every two or three years. In some regions, including the south-west and around Dundee, solid clay walls were used, or combinations of clay, turf and stray, rendered with clay or lime to make them weatherproof.[17] With a lack of long span structural timber, the most common building material was stone, employed in both mortared and dry stone construction. Different regions used broom, heather, straw, turfs or reeds for roofing.[18]
The introduction of Christianity into Scotland from Ireland, from the sixth century, led to the construction of basic masonry-built churches beginning on the west coast and islands.
Scotland is known for its dramatically placed castles, many of which date from the late medieval era. Castles, in the sense of a fortified residence of a lord or noble, arrived in Scotland as part of David I's encouragement of Norman and French nobles to settle with feudal tenures, particularly in the south and east, and were a way of controlling the contested lowlands.
After the Wars of Independence, new castles began to be built, often on a grander scale as "
Early modern
Renaissance
The impact of the Renaissance on Scottish architecture has been seen as occurring in two distinct phases. First, from the early fifteenth century the selective use of
The extensive building and rebuilding of royal palaces probably began under
Reformation
From about 1560, the Reformation revolutionised church architecture in Scotland. Calvinists rejected ornamentation in places of worship, with no need for elaborate buildings divided up by ritual, resulting in the widespread destruction of Medieval church furnishings, ornaments and decoration.
The unique style of great private house in Scotland, later known as
Restoration
During the turbulent era of
Industrial revolution
Eighteenth century
After the
Colen Campbell was influenced by the Palladian style and has been credited with founding Georgian architecture. Architectural historian Howard Colvin has speculated that he was associated with James Smith and that Campbell may even have been his pupil.[58] He spent most of his career in Italy and England and developed a rivalry with fellow Scot James Gibbs. Gibbs trained in Rome and also practised mainly in England. His architectural style did incorporate Palladian elements, as well as forms from Italian baroque and Inigo Jones, but was most strongly influenced by the interpretation of the Baroque by Sir Christopher Wren.[68]
Nineteenth century
Urban growth and planning
Vernacular architecture of this period continued to depend on local materials and styles,[18] increasing making use of locally mined stone. While Edinburgh made extensive use of yellow sandstone, the commercial centre and tenements of Glasgow were built in distinctive red sandstone.[63] After a major fire in the largely wooden Aberdeen in the 1740s, the city fathers decreed that major buildings should be in the locally abundant granite, beginning a new phase in large scale mining and leading to the "granite city", as a port, becoming a centre of a major industry in the nineteenth century, which supplied Scotland and England with faced stone, pavement slabs and pillars.[77]
Often built by groups of friends and family, the homes of the poor were usually of very simple construction. Contemporaries noted that cottages in the Highlands and Islands tended to be cruder, with single rooms, slit windows and earthen floors, often shared by a large family. In contrast many Lowland cottages had distinct rooms and chambers, were clad with plaster or paint and even had glazed windows. Urban settings also included traditional thatched houses, beside the larger, stone and slate roofed town houses of merchants and urban gentry.[18] The Industrial Revolution transformed the scale of Scottish towns, making Glasgow the "second city of the Empire".[78] The other side of growing wealth and planned architecture for the aristocracy and middle classes was the growth of urban sprawl, exemplified by sub-urban tenements like those of the Gorbals in Glasgow, where overcrowding, lack of sanitation and general poverty contributed to disease, crime, and very low life expediency.[79]
The sometimes
Gothic Revival
The Gothic Revival in architecture has been seen as an expression of
Important for the adoption of the style in the early nineteenth century was
In ecclesiastical architecture, a style with more in common to that in England was adopted. Important figures included
Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism continued to be a major style into the nineteenth century.
David Rhind (1808–83) employed both neoclassical and Baronial styles and his work included many branches of the Commercial Bank of Scotland, including their headquarters in Edinburgh.[90] He also designed a number of churches, local government buildings, and houses. One of his grandest schemes was Daniel Stewart's Hospital, now Stewart's Melville College, Edinburgh. In 1849, he was commissioned to design the lay-out of the Pollokshields area of Glasgow, in what until then had been farmland 2 miles (3.2 km) south of the city centre.[91] Rhind formed a partnership with Robert Hamilton Paterson (1843–1911) who executed major works for brewers, malters and warehouse-men (for which Edinburgh was a centre), including design of the Abbey, James Calder & Co., Castle, Holyrood, Drybrough's, Caledonian and Clydesdale Breweries; and also work for McVitie and Price.[92] The partnership was to execute important projects such as the Queen Victoria Memorial at Liverpool[93] and the Royal Scots War Memorial in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh.[94]
New engineering
The nineteenth century saw some major engineering projects including
Twentieth century to the present
The most significant Scottish architect of the early twentieth century, having a considerable influence on European architecture, was
In the 20th century the distinctive Scottish use of stone architecture declined as it was replaced by cheaper alternatives such as
After the First World War, Miller and his chief designer Richard Gunn (1889–1933) along with others, adapted to the growing needs of the office block. In Glasgow, with its central gridiron plan, this followed the practice in the United States of filling up entire blocks and building steel framed buildings as high as the fire marshal would allow, as in the heavily American-influenced
During World War I the government became increasingly aware of Scotland's housing problems, particularly after the Glasgow rent strike of 1915. A royal commission of 1917 reported on the "unspeakably filthy privy-
In the post-war period Scotland continued to produce important architects, including
From the 1980s Scottish architecture began to recover its reputation with works such as the building to house the
List of Scottish architects and master masons
- James Adam (1732–1794), son of William Adam
- John Adam (1721–1792), eldest son of William Adam
- Robert Adam (1728–1792)
- William Adam (1689–1748), father of Robert; architect and builder
- John Macvicar Anderson (1835–1915)
- Robert Rowand Anderson (1834–1921)
- Public Works Department of Malaysia
- George Ashdown Audsley (1838–1925), architect, artist, illustrator, writer, and pipe organ designer
- William James Audsley (1833–1907)
- Ormrod Maxwell Ayrton(1874–1960), FRIBA
- Victorian Architecture
- Andrew Balfour (1863–1943), architect, work including Holmlea Primary School, Glasgow
- Isobel Hogg Kerr Beattie (1900–1970), possibly the first woman to practise architecture in Scotland
- John Begg (1866–1937), architect who practised in London, South Africa and India, and taught at Edinburgh College of Art
- William Bryce Binnie (c. 1885–c. 1963)
- Alexander Black (c.1790–1858)
- Hippolyte Blanc (1844–1917)
- Thomas Bonnar (c.1770–1847), interior designer and architect
- James MacLellan Brown (c. 1886–1967), city architect of Dundee, designer of the Mills Observatory
- Thomas Brown (1781–1850), architect, works including Bellevue Church, Edinburgh
- Thomas Brown (1806–1872), architect notable for prison design
- Sir George Washington Browne (1853–1939)
- Sir William Bruce (c. 1630–1710)
- David Bryce (1803–1876)
- William Burn (1789–1870)
- John Burnet (1814–1901), architect who lived and practised in Glasgow
- Sir John James Burnet(1857–1938), Edwardian architect, son of John Burnet
- James Burton, famous London property developer and architect; father of Decimus Burton and James Burton (Egyptologist)
- James Byres of Tonley (1733–1817), architect, antiquary and dealer in Old Master paintings and antiquities
- Edward Calvert (c. 1847–1914)
- Charles Cameron (1743–1812)
- Alexander Buchanan Campbell (1914–2007)
- Alexander Lorne Campbell (1871–1944), architect, who practised across Scotland, founder of Scott & Campbell
- Colen Campbell (1676–1729)
- Colin Robert Vaughan Campbell, 7th Earl Cawdor (born 1962)
- John Campbell (1857–1942)
- John Chesser (1819–1892), architect largely based in Edinburgh
- Jack Coia (1898–1981) of Gillespie, Kidd and Coia.
- Ninian Comper (1864-1960)
- George Corson (1829–1910)
- David Cousin (1809–1878), architect, landscape architect and planner
- James Craig (1739–1795)
- James Hoey Craigie (1870–1930)
- Alexander Hunter Crawford (1865–1945), architect and businessman, owner of Crawford's Biscuits
- Alexander Davidson (1839–1908), architect active in Australia
- William Gordon Dey (1911–1997), architect who specialised in college buildings
- John Douglas of Pinkerton (c.1709–1778), architect who designed and reformed several country houses
- Sir Robert Drummond of Carnock (died 1592), Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
- Sir James Duncan Dunbar-Nasmith, (born 1927), leading conservation architect
- Alan Dunlop (born 1958)
- John Murray Easton (1889–1975), architect, winner of the Royal Gold Medal for architecture
- Alexander Edward (1651–1708), Episcopalian clergyman, draughtsman, architect and landscape designer
- Archibald Elliot (1760–1823)
- Reginald Francis Joseph Fairlie (1883–1952), architect of the National Library of Scotland
- James Fergusson (1808–1886)
- Claude Waterlow Ferrier(1879–1935), architect, specialising in the Art Deco style
- James Leslie Findlay (1868–1952)
- Kathryn Findlay (born 1954)
- Robert Findlay (1859–1951)
- George Topham Forrest (1872–1945)
- William Fowler (1824–1906), 19th-century Scottish architect linked to Golspie and area
- Malcolm Fraser (born 1959)
- Patrick Allan Fraser (1812–1890), was architect and painter
- Andrew Frazer (died 1792)
- Thomas Gildard (died 1895), architect of Britannia Music Hall
- James Gibbs (1682–1754)
- Charles Lovett Gill (1880–1960)
- James Gowan (1923–2015), postmodernist architect of the "engineering style"
- Sir James Gowans (1821–1890), maverick Edinburgh architect and builder
- James Gillespie Graham (1776–1855)
- John Edgar Gregan (1813–1855)
- David Hamilton (1768–1843)
- Sir James Hamilton of Finnart (c1495–1540), Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
- Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858)
- John Henderson (1804–1862), architect chiefly remembered as a church architect
- William Hastie (1753/1763–1832)
- Gareth Hoskins (1967–2016), architect, UK Architect of the year 2006
- Edith Mary Wardlaw Burnet Hughes (1888–1971), considered Britain's first practising woman architect, who established her own firm in 1920
- Ernest Auldjo Jamieson (1880–1937), architect specialising in country houses, largely for wealthy family friends
- George Meikle Kemp (1795–1844), carpenter, draughtsman, and architect, best known as the designer of the Scott Monument
- Architectural Association
- Sir William Hardie Kininmonth (1904–1988), architect whose work mixed a modern style with Scottish vernacular
- William Leiper (1839–1916)
- David Lennox (1788–1873), bridge-builder and master stonemason, working in Australia
- John Lessels (1809–1883)
- Ian G Lindsay (1906–1966)
- Robert Lorimer (1864–1929)
- David MacGibbon (1831–1902)
- Kate Macintosh (born 1937), architect of Dawson's Heights in Southwark
- Alexander George Robertson Mackenzie (1879–1963), architect, in London and Aberdeen
- Alexander Marshall Mackenzie (1848–1933)
- Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868–1928), architect, designer and watercolourist; husband and business partner of Margaret McDonald
- James Marjoribanks MacLaren (1853–1890), associated with the Arts and Crafts movement and Scottish Vernacular architecture
- Thomas MacLaren (1863–1928), architect who worked in London, and the United States
- Andy MacMillan(1928–2014), architect, educator, writer and broadcaster
- Ebenezer James MacRae (1881–1951), City Architect for Edinburgh
- Thomas P. Marwick (1854–1927), architect based in Edinburgh, important to the architectural character of Marchmont
- Clerk of Worksfor Scotland
- Robert Matthew (1906–1975)
- John McAslan, CBE (born 1954), designed many buildings around the world, such as the new departures concourse at London King's Cross railway station, the Iron Market in Port-au-Prince and the Olympia Park in Moscow
- John McLachlan (1843–1893), architect based in Edinburgh
- George McRae (1858–1923), architect who migrated to Australia and pursued his career in Sydney
- Sir Frank Charles Mears(1880–1953)
- Adam Menelaws (born between 1748 and 1756–1831)
- James Miller (1860–1947)
- Sydney Mitchell (1856–1930)
- Robert Morham (1839–1912), City Architect for Edinburgh
- Richard Murphy (born 1955), architect, winner of the 2016 RIBA House of the year
- Gordon Murray (born 1954)
- Sir James Murray of Kilbaberton (died 1634), master wright and architect
- John Mylne(died 1621), master mason
- John Mylneof Perth (c. 1585–1657), master mason
- John Mylne(1611–1667), master mason and architect
- Robert Mylne (1633–1710), stonemason and architect, last Master Mason to the Crown of Scotland
- Robert Mylne (1733–1811), architect and civil engineer, remembered for Blackfriars Bridge, London
- Walter Newall (1780–1863)
- Peter Nicholson (1765–1844)
- John Paterson (died 1832)
- Robert Hamilton Paterson (1843–1911), partner in the architectural practice, Hamilton-Paterson and Rhind
- David Paton (1801–1882), Scottish architect and builder, who worked in the United States in the 1830s
- John Dick Peddie (1824–1891)
- John More Dick Peddie (1853–1921)
- Frederick Thomas Pilkington (1832–1898)
- James Playfair (1755–1794), father of William Henry
- William Henry Playfair (1790–1857)
- B. Marcus Priteca (1889–1971)
- Robert Reid Raeburn (1819–1888), architect who worked in and around Edinburgh
- Robert Reid (1774–1856), King's architect and surveyor for Scotland
- John Rennie (1761-1822)
- David Rhind (1808–1883)
- James Robert Rhind (1854–1918)
- John Rhind (1836–1889), architect from Inverness
- George Richardson (c. 1737–c. 1813), architectural and decorative draftsman
- John Thomas Rochead (1814–1878)
- Thomas Ross (1839–1930)
- Fred Rowntree (1860–1927), Arts and Crafts architect
- Witold Rybczynski (born 1943)
- James Salmon(1873–1924), grandson of James Salmon (1805–1888)
- James Salmon(1805–1888), grandfather of James Salmon (1873–1924)
- Master of Worksto James VI of Scotland for building castles and palaces
- John Scrimgeour of Myres (fl. 16th century), Master of Work for royal buildings for James V and Mary, Queen of Scots
- James Robb Scott (1882–1965), Chief Architect of the Southern Railway
- James Sellars (1843–1888)
- Richard Norman Shaw (1831–1912), architect known for his country houses and for commercial buildings
- Archibald Simpson (1790–1847), one of the major architects of Aberdeen
- James Smith (c. 1645–1731)
- James Smith of Jordanhill (1782–1867), architect, merchant, antiquarian, geologist, biblical critic and man of letters
- John Smith (1781–1852), first official city architect of Aberdeen
- Robert Smith (1722–1777), emigrant to America
- William Smith (1817–1891)
- John Soutar (1881–1951)
- James Souttar (1840–1922), worked in Sweden
- Basil Spence (1907–1976)
- John James Stevenson(1831–1908)
- James Stirling (1926–1992)
- John Tait (1787–1856), architect based in Edinburgh
- Thomas S. Tait (1882–1954)
- Bruce James Talbert (1838–1881), architect and interior designer
- Harold Tarbolton (1869–1947) architect based in Edinburgh.
- Sir Andrew Thomas Taylor (1850–1937), architect and Conservative Party municipal councillor
- Alexander "Greek" Thomson(1817–1875)
- James Thomson(died 1927), City Engineer, City Architect, and Housing Director of Dundee
- Ramsay Traquair, architect and academic with strong links to Canada
- James Campbell Walker (1821–1888), architect specialising in poorhouses and schools
- William Wallace (died 1631)
- Frederick Walters (1849–1931), notable for Roman Catholic churches
- George Henry Walton (1867–1933)
- Thomas Lennox Watson (c. 1850–1920)
- William Weir (1865–1950)
- Charles Wilson (1810–1863)
- Robert Wilson (1834–1901), architect for the Edinburgh Board of Education
- George Wittet (1878–1926), architect working mostly in Bombay, India
- William Young (1843–1900), designer of Glasgow City Chambers
See also
References
Notes
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External links
- Dictionary of Scottish Architects 1840–1980 – searchable database
- Architecture of major Scottish cities
- Archiseek: Scotland