Chlamydophila

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Chlamydophila
Chlamydophila psittaci
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Chlamydiota
Class: Chlamydiia
Order: Chlamydiales
Family: Chlamydiaceae
Genus: Chlamydophila
Everett, Bush & Andersen 1999
Type species
Chlamydophila psittaci

(Lillie 1930) Everett, Bush & Andersen 1999
Species[1]
  • C. abortus
  • C. caviae
  • C. felis
  • "C. parapsittaci"
  • C. pecorum
  • C. pneumoniae
  • C. psittaci
Synonyms
  • "Bedsonia" Meyer 1953 ex Levaditi, Roger & Destombes 1964
  • "Microbacterium" Levinthal 1930 non Orla-Jensen 1919

Chlamydophila is a controversial bacterial genus belonging to the family Chlamydiaceae.[2]

Taxonomy

See also: Chlamydia psittaci § Taxonomy

All

eukaryotic
host cells.

Chlamydophila was recognized by a number of scientists in 1999,

Chlamydia. This was immediately seen as controversial.[4] In 2015 the Chlamydophila species were reclassified as Chlamydia.[4]
The history of the classification and reclassification is as follows.

Earlier criteria for differentiation of chlamydial species did not always work well. For example, at that time genus

electron microscopy
(EM) and its ability to infect humans, although the EM appearance may differ from one research group to the next, and many of these species infected humans.

The systematic

DNA-DNA reassociation, 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA gene similarity, sequence similarity clustering of protein coding genes, and genome size as criteria for classification. Supporting criteria such as antigen detection,[5] glycogen
staining, host association, and EM morphology were also employed, depending on applicability and availability.

Comparative genomic analyses in 2006 identified a number of signature proteins that were uniquely present in species from the genera Chlamydia and Chlamydophila, which supported the distinctness of Chlamydophila.[6] This view was challenged three years later by newer whole genome analysis techniques leading to a proposal to "reunite the Chlamydiaceae into a single genus, Chlamydia".[7] By the 2010s this reclassification "was not wholly accepted or adopted"[8] among microbiologists, which "resulted in a reversion to the single, original genus Chlamydia, which now encompasses all 9 species including Chlamydia psittaci."[8] As of 2013, Chlamydophila was still mentioned in some databases, but controversial.[9] The merger of the genus Chlamydophila back into the genus Chlamydia is now generally accepted.[10][11][12][13]

Chlamydophila differentiation

According to the authors of the 1999 study, the

DNA-DNA reassociation difference distinguishing Chlamydophila from Chlamydia is 10.1%, an accepted value for genus separation. Although the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of the two are close to 95% identical, unlike the other previously established genera, the authors considered a less than 95% similarity only a guideline for establishing new genera in chlamydial families. In the study, the authors used the similarity of the locations of coding for protein and ribosomal RNA genes in the genome (gene clusters) to help distinguish Chlamydophila from Chlamydia. Also, the full-length 23S ribosomal RNA
genes of the species of the two genera were less than 95% identical.

Some Molecular Criteria Distinguishing Chlamydiaceae Genera
Genus Approximate Genome Size (million DNA base pairs) Detectable Glycogen Number of Ribosomal Operons
Chlamydophila 1.2 No 1
Chlamydia 1.0 Yes 2

Phylogeny

16S rRNA based
LTP_08_2023[14][15][16]
 120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[17][18][19]

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Chlamydophila pecorum

Chlamydia

Chlamydophila

C. felis

C. caviae

Chlamydia poikilotherma

Chlamydia avium

Chlamydia gallinacea

C. psittaci

C. abortus

"Chlamydia buteonis"

Chlamydophila

C. pecorum
(Fukushi and Hirai 1992) Everett, Bush & Andersen 1999

"Chlamydia serpentis" Staub et al. 2018

"Ca. Chlamydia coralla" corrig. Taylor-Brown et al. 2017

C. pneumoniae
(Grayston et al. 1989) Everett, Bush & Andersen 1999

"Chlamydia ibidis" Vorimore et al. 2013

Chlamydia avium Sachse et al. 2015

Chlamydia gallinacea Sachse et al. 2015

C. felis
Everett, Bush & Andersen 1999

C. caviae
Everett, Bush & Andersen 1999

Chlamydia poikilotherma Staub et al. 2022

"Chlamydia buteonis" Laroucau et al. 2019

C. abortus
Everett, Bush & Andersen 1999

C. psittaci
(Lillie 1930) Everett, Bush & Andersen 1999

See also

References

  1. ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Chlamydophila". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  2. ^ Chlamydophila at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  3. PMID 10319462
    .
  4. ^
    LPSN
    .
  5. PMID 11211261
    .
  6. PMID 16436211
    .
  7. PMID 19281563
    .
  8. ^
    S2CID 26000244
    .
  9. ^ "Chlamydia/Chlamydophila group". NCBI taxonomy database. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2013-03-26. Given the contentious nature of the issue, the NCBI Taxonomy Database retains both genus names for use by submitters.
  10. S2CID 31730015
    .
  11. PMID 24882432
    .
  12. PMID 25618261
    .
  13. PMID 29310550
    .
  14. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  15. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  16. ^ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  17. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  18. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  19. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

External links

  • Chlamydophila genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
  • Taxonomic Outline of the Procaryotes, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second Edition Release 1.0, April c. [1]
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