Aviation accidents and incidents
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An aviation accident is defined by the
A hull loss occurs if an aircraft is damaged beyond repair, lost, or becomes completely inaccessible.[2]
The first fatal aviation accident occurred on 10 May 1785, when a
History
The first aircraft accident in which 200 or more people died occurred on March 3, 1974, when 346 died in the crash of Turkish Airlines Flight 981. As of April 2024[update], there have been a total of 33 aviation incidents in which 200 or more people have died.
The period from 1958 through 1968 saw tremendous growth in aviation. Improvements in aviation safety and accident investigation procedures were rapidly advancing. In 1963, the Civil Aeronautics Board, under the leadership of then Deputy Director Bobbie R. Allen, established the National Aircraft Accident Investigation School in Oklahoma City.
The
The top 10 countries with the highest number of fatal civil airliner accidents from 1945 to 2021 are the United States, Russia, Canada, Brazil, Colombia, United Kingdom, France, Indonesia, Mexico, and India.[6] The United Kingdom is noted to have the highest number of air crashes in Europe, with a total of 110 air crashes within the time period, and Indonesia is the highest in Asia at 104, followed by India at 95.[6]
The most fatalities on board a single aircraft is the 520 fatalities of the
September 11 attacks
2,996: The deadliest aviation-related disaster regarding fatalities both on board the aircraft and casualties on the ground, was the destruction of the
Tenerife disaster
583: The
Japan Airlines Flight 123
520: The crash of
Other crashes with death tolls of 200 or more
349: On November 12, 1996, the
346: On March 3, 1974, Turkish Airlines Flight 981, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, crashed in a forest northeast of Paris, France. The London-bound aircraft crashed shortly after taking off from Orly airport; all 346 people aboard died. It was later determined that the cargo door detached, which caused an explosive decompression; this caused the floor just above to collapse. The collapsed floor severed the control cables, which left the pilots without control of the elevators, the rudder and No. 2 engine. The aircraft entered a steep dive and crashed. It was the deadliest plane crash of all time until the Tenerife disaster in 1977. However, it is currently the deadliest single-aircraft crash with no survivors. This accident was also the deadliest single-aircraft crash that did not involve a Boeing 747.
329: On June 23, 1985,
301: On August 19, 1980,
298: On July 17, 2014,
290: On July 3, 1988,
275: On February 19, 2003, an Iranian military Ilyushin Il-76 crashed in mountainous terrain near Kerman in Iran. The official report says bad weather brought the aircraft down; high winds and fog were present at the time of the crash.[24]
273: On May 25, 1979, American Airlines Flight 191, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10, crashed shortly after lifting off the runway at Chicago O'Hare Airport after the number one (left) engine and pylon separated from the wing. This broke hydraulic lines, causing leading edge lift devices to retract on that side of the aircraft and resulted in asymmetrical lift and loss of control. The accident was attributed to improper maintenance procedures. The crash resulted in the deaths of all 271 passengers and crew on board, as well as two people on the ground. It remains the deadliest commercial aircraft accident in United States history,[25][26] and was also the country's deadliest aviation disaster until the September 11 attacks in 2001.
270: On December 21, 1988,
269: On September 1, 1983, a Soviet interceptor Sukhoi Su-15 shot down Korean Air Lines Flight 007, a Boeing 747-230B, bound for Gimpo International Airport in Seoul, South Korea, after it flew into Soviet airspace; all 269 occupants on board died.[30]
265: On November 12, 2001, American Airlines Flight 587, an Airbus A300, crashed in the Belle Harbor neighborhood of Queens, New York, just after departing John F. Kennedy International Airport bound for Las Américas International Airport, Santo Domingo. The first officer's overuse of the rudder in response to wake turbulence from a Japan Airlines 747 was cited as cause. All 260 people on board, as well as five people on the ground, died from the crash.[31][32][33] It is the second-deadliest aviation accident on U.S. soil, after American Airlines Flight 191.
264: On April 26, 1994, China Airlines Flight 140 was completing a routine flight and approach at Nagoya Airport, Japan, when the Airbus A300B4-622R's First Officer inadvertently pressed the takeoff/go-around button, which raises the throttle position to the same as that for take offs and go-arounds. The action and the two pilots' reaction resulted in a crash that killed 264 (15 crew and 249 passengers) of the 271 people aboard.[34]
261: On July 11, 1991,
257: On April 11, 2018, an
257: On November 28, 1979,
256: On December 12, 1985, a
239: On March 8, 2014, a
234: On September 26, 1997, an
230: On July 17, 1996, a
229: On September 2, 1998, a McDonnell Douglas MD-11, Swissair Flight 111, carrying 215 passengers and 14 crew from New York City to Geneva, Switzerland, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, killing all 229 people aboard. After a lengthy investigation, an official report stated that flammable material used in the aircraft's structure, specifically the Personal TV Systems recently installed in the Business Class Cabin, allowed a fire to spread, resulting in a loss of control.
228: On June 1, 2009, an
228: On August 6, 1997, a
227: On January 8, 1996, an
225: On May 25, 2002, a
224: On October 31, 2015, an
223: On May 26, 1991, a
217: On October 31, 1999, a
213: On January 1, 1978, a
202: On February 16, 1998, an
200: On July 10, 1985, a
Safety
In over one hundred years of implementation, aviation safety has improved considerably. In modern times, two major manufacturers still produce heavy passenger aircraft for the civilian market: Boeing in the United States, and the European company Airbus. Both of these manufacturers place a huge emphasis on the use of aviation safety equipment, now a billion-dollar industry in its own right; safety is a key selling point for these companies, as they recognize that a poor safety record in the aviation industry is a threat to corporate survival.
Some major safety devices now required in commercial aircraft are:
- Evacuation slides, to aid rapid passenger exit from an aircraft in an emergency situation[41]
- Advanced avionics, incorporating computerized auto-recovery and alert systems[42]
- Turbine engines with improved durability and failure containment mechanisms[43]
- Landing gear that can be lowered even after loss of power and hydraulics[44]
Measured on a passenger-distance calculation, air travel is the safest form of transportation available: Figures mentioned are the ones shared by the air industry when quoting air safety statistics. A typical statement, e.g., by the BBC: "UK airline operations are among the safest anywhere. When compared against all other modes of transport on a fatality per mile basis, air transport is the safest – six times safer than travelling by car and twice as safe as rail."[45]
When measured by fatalities per person transported, however, buses are the safest form of transportation. The number of air travel fatalities per person is surpassed only by bicycles and motorcycles. This statistic is used by the insurance industry when calculating insurance rates for air travel.[46]
For every billion kilometers traveled, trains have a fatality rate that is 12 times higher than that of air travel, and the fatality rate for automobiles is 62 times greater than for air travel. By contrast, for every billion journeys taken, buses are the safest form of transportation; using this measure, air travel is three times more dangerous than car transportation, and almost 30 times more dangerous than travelling by bus.[47]
A 2007 study by
Between 1983 and 2000, the survival rate for people in U.S. plane crashes was greater than 95 percent.[49]
Global Aeronautical Distress and Safety System
In an effort to prevent incidents such as the disappearance of
Aviation Safety Reporting System
The Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) collects voluntarily submitted aviation safety incident/situation reports from pilots, controllers and others. The ASRS uses reports to identify system deficiencies, issue alert messages, and produce two publications, CALLBACK, and ASRS Directline. The collected information is made available to the public, and is used by the FAA, NASA and other organizations working in research and flight safety.[52]
Statistics
Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives (B3A)
The Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives (B3A),[53] formerly known as the Aircraft Crashes Record Office (ACRO), a non-government organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, compiles statistics on aviation accidents of aircraft capable of carrying more than six passengers, excluding helicopters, balloons, and combat aircraft. ACRO only considers crashes in which the aircraft has suffered such damage that it is removed from service, which will further reduce the statistics for incidents and fatalities compared to some other data. The total fatalities due to aviation accidents since 1970 is 83,772. The total number of incidents is 11,164.[54]
According to ACRO, recent years have been considerably safer for aviation, with fewer than 170 incidents every year between 2009 and 2017, compared to as many as 226 as recently as 1998.[55]
The annual fatalities figure is less than 1,000 for ten of the fourteen years between 2007 and 2020, the year 2017 experiencing the lowest number of fatalities, at 399, since the end of World War II.[56]
2014 included the
Deaths and incidents per year according to ACRO and Bureau of Aircraft Accident Archives data, as of January 1, 2019[update]:
Year | Deaths[57] | Number of incidents[58] |
---|---|---|
1970 | 2,226 | 298 |
1971 | 2,228 | 271 |
1972 | 3,346 | 344 |
1973 | 2,814 | 333 |
1974 | 2,621 | 270 |
1975 | 1,856 | 316 |
1976 | 2,419 | 277 |
1977 | 2,449 | 340 |
1978 | 2,042 | 356 |
1979 | 2,511 | 328 |
1980 | 2,203 | 325 |
1981 | 1,506 | 272 |
1982 | 1,958 | 250 |
1983 | 1,921 | 238 |
1984 | 1,273 | 234 |
1985 | 2,968 | 261 |
1986 | 1,763 | 238 |
1987 | 2,064 | 277 |
1988 | 2,313 | 254 |
1989 | 2,507 | 265 |
1990 | 1,631 | 261 |
1991 | 1,957 | 240 |
1992 | 2,299 | 266 |
1993 | 1,760 | 275 |
1994 | 2,018 | 231 |
1995 | 1,828 | 266 |
1996 | 2,796 | 251 |
1997 | 1,768 | 232 |
1998 | 1,721 | 225 |
1999 | 1,150 | 221 |
2000 | 1,586 | 198 |
2001 | 1,539[a] | 210 |
2002 | 1,418 | 197 |
2003 | 1,233 | 201 |
2004 | 767 | 178 |
2005 | 1,463 | 194 |
2006 | 1,298 | 192 |
2007 | 981 | 169 |
2008 | 952 | 189 |
2009 | 1,108 | 163 |
2010 | 1,130 | 162 |
2011 | 828 | 154 |
2012 | 800 | 156 |
2013 | 459 | 138 |
2014 | 1,328 | 122 |
2015 | 898 | 123 |
2016 | 629 | 102 |
2017 | 399 | 101 |
2018 | 1,040 | 113 |
2019 | 578 | 125 |
2020 | 463 | 90 |
2021 | 414 | 113 |
2022 | 357 | 100 |
2023 | 229 | 82 |
(Data have significantly changed since November 2015 after a major upgrade to the death rate and crash rate web pages.[59][60] This may reflect a change between a static and dynamic web page, where data were made to be automatically updated based on the incidents in their archives.)
Annual Aviation Safety Review (EASA)
The
The Annual Safety Review presents statistics on European and worldwide civil aviation safety. Statistics are grouped according to type of operation, for instance, commercial air transport, and aircraft category, such as aeroplanes, helicopters, gliders, etc. The Agency has access to accident and statistical information collected by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).[61] States are required, according to ICAO Annex 13, on Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation, to report to ICAO information, on accidents and serious incidents to aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off mass (MTOM) over 2250 kg. Therefore, most statistics in this review concern aircraft above this mass. In addition to the ICAO data, a request was made to the EASA Member States to obtain light aircraft accident data. Furthermore, data on the operation of aircraft for commercial air transport were obtained from both ICAO and the NLR Air Transport Safety Institute.[62]
Investigation
Annex 13 of the
Australia
In Australia, the Australian Transport Safety Bureau is the federal government body responsible for investigating transport-related accidents and incidents, covering air, sea, and rail travel. Formerly an agency of the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, in 2010, in the interests of keeping its independence it became a stand-alone agency.[64]
Brazil
In Brazil, the Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center (CENIPA) was established under the auspices of the Aeronautical Accident Investigation and Prevention Center, a Military Organization of the Brazilian Air Force (FAB). The organization is responsible for the activities of aircraft accident prevention, and investigation of civil and military aviation occurrences. Formed in 1971, and in accordance with international standards, CENIPA represented a new philosophy: investigations are conducted with the sole purpose of promoting the "prevention of aeronautical accidents".[65]
Canada
In Canada, the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB), is an independent agency responsible for the advancement of transportation safety through the investigation and reporting of accident and incident occurrences in all prevalent Canadian modes of transportation – marine, air, rail and pipeline.[66]
China
In China, the
Ethiopia
In Ethiopia, the Civil Aviation Accident Prevention and Investigation Bureau of the Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority (ECAA), which is an agency of the Ministry of Transport and Communications, conducts aircraft accident investigations in Ethiopia or involving Ethiopian aircraft.[68]
France
In France, the agency responsible for investigation of civilian air crashes is the
Germany
In Germany, the agency for investigating air crashes is the
Hong Kong
The Air Accident Investigation Authority (AAIA) is responsible for investigating civil aviation accidents in Hong Kong, as well as those in other territories involving a Hong Kong-registered aircraft. It is led by Darren Straker, Chief Inspector of Accidents, and headquartered at Hong Kong International Airport. AAIA was established in 2018 in response to an ICAO directive instructing that member states maintain air accident investigation authorities that are independent of civil aviation authorities and related entities. Prior to 2018, accident investigation duties were held by the Civil Aviation Department's Flight Standards & Airworthiness Division and Accident Investigation Division.[71][72]
India
Until May 30, 2012, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation investigated incidents involving aircraft. Since then, the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau has taken over investigation responsibilities.[73]
Indonesia
In Indonesia, the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC; Indonesian: Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi, KNKT) is responsible for the investigation of incidents and accidents, including air accidents. Its aim is the improvement of transportation safety, not just aviation, in Indonesia.
Italy
Created in 1999 in Italy, the
Japan
The Japan Transport Safety Board investigates aviation accidents and incidents. The Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission investigated aviation accidents and incidents in Japan until October 1, 2001, when the Aircraft and Railway Accidents Investigation Commission (ARAIC) replaced it,[75] and the ARAIC did this function until October 1, 2008, when it merged into the JTSB.[76]
Malaysia
Established in 2016, the
Mexico
In Mexico, the
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, the Dutch Safety Board (Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid) is responsible for the investigation of incidents and accidents, including air accidents. Its aim is the improvement of safety in the Netherlands. Its main focus is on those situations in which civilians are dependent on the government, companies or organizations for their safety. The Board solely investigates when incidents or accidents occur and aims to draw lessons from the results of these investigations. The Safety Board is objective, impartial and independent in its judgment. The Board will always be critical towards all parties concerned.[78]
New Zealand
In New Zealand, the
Poland
In Poland, State Commission on Aircraft Accidents Investigation (Polish: Państwowa Komisja Badania Wypadków Lotniczych, PKBWL) is responsible for investigating all civil aviation accidents and incidents occurring in the country. Headquartered in Warsaw, the commission is a division of the Ministry of Infrastructure. As of November 2022, the head of the PKBWL is Bogusław Trela.
Russia
In Russia, the
Taiwan
In Taiwan, the Taiwan Transportation Safety Board (TTSB) is the independent government agency that is responsible for major transportation accident investigations. TTSB's predecessor was ASC, which was established in 1998. TTSB is under the administration of the Executive Yuan and independent from Civil Aviation Administration. The TTSB consisted of five to seven board members, including a chairman and a vice chairman, appointed by the Premier. The managing director of TTSB manages the day-to-day function of the organization, including accident investigations.[84]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the agency responsible for investigation of civilian air crashes is the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) of the Department for Transport. Its purpose is to establish the circumstances and causes of the accident and to make recommendations for their future avoidance.[85]
United States
United States civil aviation incidents are investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). NTSB officials piece together evidence from the crash site to determine likely cause, or causes. The NTSB also investigates overseas incidents involving US-registered aircraft, in collaboration with local investigative authorities, especially when significant loss of American lives occurs, or when the involved aircraft is American-built.[86]
Retirement of flight numbers
Owing to superstition, it is common for an airline to cease using the flight number of a fatal crash.[failed verification] For example, following the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, the flight number was changed to MH19.[87] However, that is not always the case.[88] For example, China Southern Airlines continued using the flight number 3456 even after a fatal crash in 1997.[89]
See also
- Category:19th-century aviation accidents and incidents
- Category:20th-century aviation accidents and incidents
- Category:21st-century aviation accidents and incidents
- By person(s) killed
- List of fatalities from aviation accidents
- List of heads of government and state who died in aviation accidents and incidents
- List of sole survivors of airline accidents or incidents
- Lists of airliner accidents
- Types of accidents
- Category:Aviation accidents and incidents by aircraft
- Category:Aviation accidents and incidents by type
- Bird strike
- Controlled flight into terrain
- Fuel tank explosion
- List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
- List of accidents and incidents involving general aviation (including chartered / non-scheduled passenger flights)
- List of aircraft structural failures
- List of airship accidents
- Mid-air collision
- Pilot error
- Runway incursion
- Shootdown
- Uncontrolled decompression
- Lists of military aircraft accidents
- List of accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed C-130 Hercules
- List of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan
- List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War
- List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian Civil War
- Lists of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft
- Aviation safety
- Aviation authorities
- Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC, Brazil)
- Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC, China)
- Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (CAA, NZ)
- Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom) (CAA, UK)
- Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA, Australia)
- Directorate General for Civil Aviation (France) (DGAC, France)
- Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA, India)
- European Aviation Safety Agency(EASA)
- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA, United States)
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- Italian Civil Aviation Authority (ENAC, Italy)
- Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA, Germany)
- Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA, Pakistan)
- Transport Canada (TC, Canada)
- Other
- Accident analysis
- Aircraft hijacking
- Disaster
- Flight 191 (disambiguation)
- Flight 901 (disambiguation)
- List of air show accidents and incidents in the 20th century
- List of news aircraft accidents and incidents
- List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
- Civil aviation authority
- Skydiving regulation in the United States
- Talk-down aircraft landing
Notes
- ^ Does not include victims of the September 11 attacks outside the planes. There were 2740 fatalities outside the planes, which would bring the total to 4279 if counted.
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Bibliography
- KLu Crash Archief; Ongevallenfoto's 1945 – 1965, 'Flash Aviation', 2003.
- KLu Crash Archief 2; Ongevallenfoto's 1964 – 1974, 'Flash Aviation', 2004.
- BLu Crash Archief; Ongevallenfoto's 1945 – 1965, 'Flash Aviation', 2004.
- USAF & NATO Report RTO-TR-015 AC/323/(HFM-015)/TP-1 (2001).
Further reading
- Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Airplane Accidents Worldwide Operations | 1959 – 2017 (PDF). Aviation Safety | Boeing Commercial Airplanes. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2015.
- Airbus Industrie. Commercial Aviation Accidents, 1958–2014: A Statistical Analysis. Blagnac Cedex, France: Airbus, 2015 13p.
- Bordoni, Antonio. Airlife's Register Of Aircraft Accidents: Facts, Statistics and Analysis of Civil Accidents since 1951. Shrewsbury: Airlife, 1997 ISBN 1853109029401p.
- S A Cullen MD FRCPath FRAeS. "Injuries in Fatal Aircraft Accidents Archived January 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine" (Archive). NATO.
External links
- Aviation Safety Network Established in 1996. The ASN Safety Database contains descriptions of over 15800 airliner, military and corporate jet aircraft accidents/incidents since 1921.
- Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives Established in 2000. The B3A contains descriptions of over 22,000 airliner, military and corporate jet aircraft accidents since 1918.
- National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Synopses – by month
- Aviation Statistics Statistical and geospatial analysis of general aviation accidents.
- Aviation Accidents App Access the NTSB Aviation Accidents Database and Final Reports from all over the world on your mobile device