Avro York
Type 685 York | |
---|---|
LV633 Ascalon, Churchill's personal aircraft. | |
Role | Transport |
Manufacturer | Avro |
Designer | Roy Chadwick |
First flight | 5 July 1942 |
Introduction | 1944 |
Retired | 1964 |
Status | Two examples on display |
Primary users | Skyways Ltd
|
Produced | 1943–1948 |
Number built | 258 (including 4 prototypes) |
Developed from | Avro Lancaster |
The Avro York was a British transport aircraft developed by Avro during the Second World War. The design was derived from the Avro Lancaster heavy bomber, several sections of the York and Lancaster being identical. Due to the importance of Lancaster production, York output proceeded slowly until 1944, after which a higher priority was placed upon transport aircraft.
The York saw service in military and civilian roles with various operators between 1943 and 1964. In civilian service,
Development
Origins
During 1941, Avro elected to begin development of a new civil-orientated transport aircraft.[1] In the midst of an uncertain stage of the Second World War, Britain's aircraft industry was preoccupied by urgent wartime demands, not only to produce military aircraft, but to design increasingly capable models as well. The company's decision to embark on this venture was considered to be ambitious, especially as the development project operated with no official backing early on.[1] The project may well have been influenced by a shortage of transport aircraft, as well as by the formation of the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), in 1940, to run all of the nation's overseas civil air routes. However, according to aviation author Donald Hannah, there was little incentive and few materials available for the construction of transport aircraft, it was impossible to predict when the war would end and, thus, when large-scale demand for civil aircraft would return.[1]
Roy Chadwick, Avro's chief designer, had foreseen a need for a transport aircraft that was powered by four engines and would be capable of flying for long distances. The design, which was designated as the Type 685, had its origins in the company's then-newly developed four-engined bomber, the Avro Lancaster, which had made its first flight only earlier that year.[1] The Type 685 paired various elements of the Lancaster, such as its wings, tail assembly and undercarriage and Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, with a new square-section fuselage that provided double the internal capacity of the Lancaster. The two aircraft also substantially differed in external appearance.[1]
In February 1942, Chadwick submitted his drawings to Avro's experimental department. Within five months, the company refined the design and had quickly assembled an initial prototype. On 5 July 1942, the York prototype, LV626, conducted its
The prototypes were used to test various adaptions and potential roles for the aircraft. LV626, the first prototype, was rebuilt to the C.II standard, the principal modification of which was the installation of Bristol Hercules VI radial engines in place of the Merlins; it was later decided to standardise on the Merlin engine, leaving this as the sole Hercules-powered York.[3] The fourth prototype, LV639, was furnished as a paratroop transport, complete with ventral dropping doors. However, flight testing found that the York was unsuited to this role, due to the slipstream wash drawing the parachutes towards the fixed tailwheel, posing an entanglement risk.[3]
Production
Production of the York proved difficult to speed up, due to shortages of key materials. Moreover, Avro was also obliged to place a high priority on the manufacturing and refinement of the Lancaster.[1] Officials had also judged that there was no requirement for large numbers of Yorks at that time.[4] By the end of 1943, only the four prototypes and three production aircraft had been manufactured, but production was scheduled to rise to three aircraft per month throughout 1944.[5] Early production Yorks were principally used as a VIP transport aircraft; notably, the third prototype, LV633 being luxuriously fitted out and becoming the personal transport of Winston Churchill.[3]
On 25 March 1943, RAF Transport Command had been formed, which soon established a clear requirement for the strengthening of Britain's air transport forces; the York became the first British aircraft to be used in quantity by Transport Command. The first Royal Air Force (RAF) production order consisted of 200 aircraft; while a further 100 were ordered under a second order placed shortly after.[5] Throughout 1944, the majority of Yorks produced were passenger transport aircraft, a batch of both pure freighters and combined passenger/freighter-configured Yorks were also manufactured.[5] Several early production aircraft intended for RAF service were instead diverted to BOAC, who had otherwise received little in the way of similar aircraft prior to delivery of the first York in April 1944.[5]
Initial assembly and testing of production Yorks, which were principally destined for service with the RAF at that time, was performed at Ringway, reaching its peak in 1945; these activities later being transferred to facilities in
Abroad, a single pattern aircraft was completed by Victory Aircraft in Canada; however, no further orders were received. Victory had tooled up for the manufacture of 30 aircraft and had built parts for five aircraft, but, ultimately, only one would be completed around the time that the war came to an end.[6] This aircraft would later be purchased by Skyways Ltd.[7]
Design
The Avro York was a high-wing cantilever monoplane, using an all-metal construction, with many similarities to the Lancaster from which it was derived. The wings used a two-spar structure, which housed seven internal fuel tanks between the spars, containing 2,478 imperial gallons (11,270 L; 2,976 US gal).[8] The outboard panels of the wings were tapered on both edges and were furnished with detachable tips. The wings featured all-metal hydraulically-actuated split trailing edge flaps and carry the four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines in four underslung nacelles attached to the front wing spar.[8] Each engine drove a three-bladed constant-speed fully feathering metal propeller, manufactured by de Havilland Hydromatic. The fuselage was of a semi-monocoque construction, complete with a flush-rivetted skin, and was built in five separate sections.[8]
In a typical passenger configuration, the York could accommodate a 21-seat three-abreast arrangement split between the fore and aft cabins. The main entrance door was set between the two cabins, along with
Operational history
Military
In 1945, No. 511 Squadron became the first squadron to be fully equipped with Yorks; eventually a total of ten squadrons of RAF Transport Command were wholly or partially equipped with the York.[5] In military service, the York was used on all of the trunk routes operated by Transport Command, such as the critical England–India route. Overall, 208 Yorks were manufactured for the RAF.[5]
During the
In 1954, the French
Civilian
On 21 February 1944, the first civilian York (G-AGJA), initially built for the RAF as MW103, received its airworthiness certificate, thus clearing its delivery shortly thereafter to BOAC.[5] On 22 April 1944, the York inaugurated an initial UK-Morocco-Cairo route. Following the diversion of the first five RAF production Yorks to BOAC, it was decided to allocate a further 60 to the airline[5] but in fact only 25 more were delivered to BOAC.[15] Early BOAC operations were conducted in close collaboration with No. 216 Group RAF; this led to some early Yorks bearing a confusing combination of both civilian registrations and military external markings.[5]
Flights were soon established to Johannesburg, South Africa, in conjunction with South African Airways; Yorks assigned to this route fitted with a total of 12 sleeping berths in addition to passenger seating due to the journey time.[16] The majority of BOAC's York fleet were fully furnished passenger airliners or as combi passenger-cargo aircraft.[5]
In the post-war years, BOAC expanded its use of the York considerably, such as on its Cairo to Durban service, which had previously been operated by Shorts flying boats.[17] Other airlines also adopted the type, such as its use by British South American Airways (BSAAC) on their routes to the Caribbean and South America, prior to their merger into BOAC in September 1949.[18]
On 7 October 1952, BOAC withdrew its Yorks from passenger services, retaining the type for freight operations.
When the Distant Early Warning Line (Dew Line) was being constructed in Canada in the late 1950s, the York was introduced as a freighter by Associated Airways to support the initiative, these being used later in ordinary airline service.[10] At least one of the Yorks, CF-HAS, was retained, and was in service with Transair as late as 1961.
VIP service
The Avro York was, like its Lancaster and Lincoln stablemates, a versatile aircraft. One of the prototypes, LV633, Ascalon, was custom-built as the personal transport and flying conference room for King
MW140, Endeavour, flew to
Variants
- Avro 685 prototypes
- LV626 – prototype first flown with twin-tail and later converted to C.II standard
- LV629 – prototype fitted with passenger seats
- LV633 – prototype fitted as a flying conference room, later used by Winston Churchill
- LV639 – prototype fitted as a paratroop drop variant with a drop hatch in the floor
- York I
- Four-engined civilian transport aircraft, 45 built[24]
- York C.I
- Four-engined military transport aircraft for the RAF, 208 built by Avro and one by Victory Aircraft.[24]
- York C.II
- One prototype York aircraft converted with four Bristol Hercules XVI radial piston engines.
Operators
Military operators
- Royal Australian Air Force
- French Air Force
- Aeronavale
- Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (Boscombe Down)
- Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment (Beaulieu)
- Royal Aircraft Establishment (Farnborough)
- Royal Air Force
- No. 24 Squadron RAF 1943–1951 at various bases in England
- No. 40 Squadron RAF 1947–1950 (RAF Abingdon, England)
- No. 51 Squadron RAF 1946–1950 at various bases in England
- No. 59 Squadron RAF 1947–1950 (RAF Abingdon, England)
- No. 99 Squadron RAF 1947–1949 (RAF Lyneham, England)
- No. 206 Squadron RAF 1947–1950 (RAF Lyneham, England)
- No. 232 Squadron RAF
- No. 242 Squadron RAF 1945–1949 at various bases in England
- No. 246 Squadron RAF 1944–1946 (RAF Holmsley South, England)
- No. 511 Squadron RAF 1943–1949 (RAF Lyneham, England)
- No. 241 Operational Conversion Unit RAF(RAF Dishforth, England)
- Air Command South East Asia Communications Squadron (RAF Ratmalana, Ceylon)
- Air Transport Tactical Development Unit (RAF Netheravon, England)
- Empire Air Navigation School (RAF Shawbury, England)
- Far East Communications Squadron (RAF Changi, Singapore)
- Metropolitan Communications Squadron (RAF Hendon, England)
- Transport Command Development Unit
- Transport Command Examining Unit
- 1310 Flight RAF (RAF Upavon, England)
- 1359 Flight RAF (RAF Lyneham then RAF Bassingbourn, England)
- 1332 Heavy Conversion Unit at various bases in England and Northern Ireland
- Telecommunications Research Establishment (Defford, England)
Civil operators
- Arctic Wings
- Associated Airways
- Maritime Central Airways
- Pacific Western Airlines
- Spartan Air Services[28]
- Transair (Canada)
- Persian Air Services[29]
- Air Liban[30]
- Middle East Airlines[31]
- Trans Mediterranean Airways[32]
- South African Airways - operated Yorks leased from BOAC as stopgap until taking delivery of DC-4s and Avro Tudors[29]
- Tropic Airways[32]
- Air Charter - 10 operated from 1952 to 1956.[33]
- BOAC
- British South American Airways
- Dan-Air
- Eagle Aviation
- Hunting-Clan Air Transport
- Scottish Airlines
- Skyways
- Surrey Flying Services
Survivors
While there are no flying examples of the Avro York, there are two complete examples on display in the United Kingdom. Both aircraft where initially allocated to the RAF, but were used by civil operators for most of their flying careers; both aircraft were issued with military and civil registrations.
- Avro York TS798, G-AGNV
Avro 685 York C1, TS798 (cn 1223), now part of the collection of the
It was sold to the Skyways airframe collection for preservation and made the last ever flight by a York when it flew from Heathrow to
- Avro York MW232, G-ANTK
Displayed at the
It was ferried to Lasham Airfield and used as a bunk house by the Air Scouts until 1974. The Dan Air preservation group took it over and began to restore the aircraft in their spare time. In the mid-1980s, Dan Air realised the impracticality of the restoration work being undertaken and began negotiations with the Duxford Aviation Society. In May 1986, the aircraft was dismantled and on 23 May made its journey to Duxford on seven low-loaders.
Accidents and incidents
The Avro York had 87 hull-loss accidents or incidents with the following list of accidents involving fatalities and major hull-losses. This information is primarily derived from: Piston Engine Airliner Production List (1991) [35] and Aviation Safety Network.:[36]
- 14 November 1944: An RAF York crashed near Grenoble, France, killing all ten aboard, including
- 2 February 1945: An RAF York crashed off Lampedusa Island.[35][39]
- 29 December 1945: An RAF York crashed and was destroyed by fire near New Milton, Hampshire, England.
- 11 April 1946: An RAF York crashed and burned on takeoff from RAF Woodbridge, one of the six crew on board was killed.[40]
- 7 September 1946: A British South American Airways York Star Leader on a flight from London to Buenos Aires via Lisbon, Bathurst, Natal, Rio de Janeiro and Montevideo, crashed shortly after takeoff from Bathurst, The Gambia. The captain lost control of the aircraft as it was climbing. The accident killed all 24 passengers and crew on board.[41][42]
- 6 October 1946: An RAF York crashed in the Bay of Bengal.
- 20 October 1946: An RAF York crashed on takeoff from Dum Dum, Calcutta, India.
- 20 November 1946: An RAF York crashed in the desert south of Helwan, Egypt.
- 23 December 1946: A Flota Aérea Mercante Argentina York crashed into a mountain 31 km from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- 18 March 1947: An RAF York crashed and burnt out near Negombo Town after departure from Negombo, Ceylon.
- 13 April 1947: British South American Airways York Star Speed crashed on landing at Dakar, Senegal.
- 1 July 1947: An RAF York crashed after overshooting at RAF Oakington.
- 16 July 1947: A BOAC York crashed near Basra, Iraq.
- 17 November 1947: An RAF York crashed after overshooting at RAF Dishforth, Yorkshire.
- 16 February 1948: An RAF York was damaged beyond repair during a landing at RAF Hullavington.
- 4 July 1948: An RAF York collided with a Northwood, London, killing all seven passengers and crew on the York and 32 passengers and crew on the DC-6. See 1948 Northwood mid-air collision.
- 19 September 1948: An RAF York crashed on takeoff from Wunstorf, West Germany.
- 5 January 1949: British South American Airways York Star Venture crashed at Caravellos Bay, Brazil.
- 15 March 1949: A Skyways York crashed on approach to Gatow, (southwest of West Berlin), West Germany.
- 2 February 1953: A Skyways York crashed into the sea off Newfoundland, Canada after an SOS was sent by the pilots. The wreck of the aircraft was never found; all 39 passengers and crew died.
- 26 June 1954: A Skyways York crashed landed at Kyritz, East Germany.
- 26 May 1955: An Associated Airways York was damaged beyond repair after hitting an obstacle on takeoff from Edmonton Municipal Airport, Canada.[43]
- 29 September 1955: An Associated Airways York was damaged beyond repair after ditching into the Thoa River near Yellowknife, North West Territories, Canada.
- 18 February 1956: A Scottish Airlines York crashed at 1956 Scottish Airlines Malta air disaster
- 30 April 1956: A Scottish Airlines York crashed on takeoff from Stansted Airport, Essex.
- 26 September 1956: A Maritime Central Airways York was damaged beyond repair in a forced landing in Quebec, Canada.
- 8 January 1957: A Transair (Canada) York was destroyed by fire after crash landing on a lake in Hudson Bay, Canada.
- 25 June 1957: A Pacific Western Airlines York was damaged beyond repair after an accident at Cape Perry, North West Territories, Canada.
- 23 December 1957: A cargo Scottish Airlines York crashed near Stansted on approach to the airport, killing all four crew.
- 25 May 1958: A Dan-Air York crashed at Guragon, Punjab, India.
- 29 September 1958: A Middle East Airlines York went missing over the Mediterranean Sea somewhere between Beirut and Rome.
- 15 March 1963: A .
Specifications (Avro York)
Data from Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II,[44] The Avro York.[45]
General characteristics
- Crew: 5 (two pilots, navigator, wireless operator, cabin steward)
- Capacity: 56 passengers
- Length: 78 ft 6 in (23.93 m)
- Wingspan: 102 ft 0 in (31.09 m)
- Height: 16 ft 6 in (5.03 m)
- Wing area: 1,297 sq ft (120.5 m2)
- Empty weight: 40,000 lb (18,144 kg)
- Gross weight: 65,000 lb (29,484 kg)
- Powerplant: 4 × Rolls-Royce Merlin 24V-12 liquid-cooled piston engines, 1,280 hp (950 kW) each
- Propellers: 3-bladed constant-speed propellers
Performance
- Maximum speed: 298 mph (480 km/h, 259 kn)
- Range: 3,000 mi (4,800 km, 2,600 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 23,000 ft (7,000 m)
- Rate of climb: 820 ft/min (4.2 m/s)
- Wing loading: 54 lb/sq ft (260 kg/m2)
- Power/mass: 0.079 hp/lb (0.130 kW/kg)
See also
External videos | |
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Images of Yorks in service | |
Footage of Yorks during Operation Vittles, 1948 | |
News report on the crash of a York, 1956 |
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Armstrong Whitworth Ensign
- Airspeed Ambassador
- Handley Page Hastings – evolved from the Handley Page Halifax
- Vickers VC.1 Viking – evolved from the Vickers Wellington
- Boeing 307 Stratoliner – American, derived from the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
- Consolidated R2Y – American, derived from the Consolidated B-24 Liberator
Related lists
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hannah 1967, p. 3.
- ^ a b "Avro York C1." Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved: 24 October 2006.
- ^ a b c d Hannah 1967, p. 4.
- ^ Hannah 1967, pp. 3–4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hannah 1967, p. 5.
- ^ Stewart 1991, p. 14.
- ^ a b Hannah 1967, p. 6.
- ^ a b c Hannah 1967, p. 12.
- ^ Hannah 1967, p. 13.
- ^ a b c Hannah 1967, p. 11.
- ^ Hannah 1967, pp. 11–12.
- ^ "avro york – berlin – 1949 – 0391 – Flight Archive".
- ^ Hannah 1967, p. 7.
- ^ Hannah 1967, pp. 7, 10.
- ^ Jackson 1990, p.379
- ^ Hannah 1967, pp. 5–6.
- ^ "Avro 685 York." British Aircraft of World War II via web.archive.org. Retrieved: 22 December 2010.
- ^ a b Jackson 1990, p. 379.
- ^ Hannah 1967, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Hannah 1967, p. 10.
- ^ "Aircraft of the Royal Air Force 1939-1945: Avro 685 York". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 23 April 2024. Photo: WM (ATP 11382C)
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Aeroplane Monthly January 1983.
- ^ ISBN 1875671080.
- ^ a b Jackson 1990, pp.381-383
- ^ Harrison 2014, p. 38.
- ^ Harrison 2014, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Harrison 2014, p. 39.
- ^ Harrison 2014, pp. 40–45.
- ^ a b Harrison 2014, p. 40.
- ^ Harrison 2014, pp. 37–38.
- ^ Harrison 2014, pp. 39–40.
- ^ a b Harrison 2014, p. 45.
- ^ Harrison 2014, pp. 21–22.
- ^ a b Avro York C.MK.1 TS798/G-AGNV Museum Accession Number 75/A/725 RAF Museum. Retrieved: 3 July 2023.
- ^ a b c Eastwood and Roach 1991, pp. 21–29.
- ^ "Accidents: Avro 685 York." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: 22 February 2010.
- ^ Record of Avro York C.1 MW126 on lostaircraft.com
- ^ Harrison 2014, p. 14.
- ^ Record of Avro York C.1 MW116 on lostaircraft.com
- ^ "News in Brief." The Times, 13 April 1946, Issue 50426, p. 2, column C.
- ^ "Accident description G-AHEW." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: 12 May 2011.
- ^ "23 Killed in Crash of Plane in Africa." Pittsburgh Press, 7 September 1946, p. 1.
- ^ "Associated Airways Avro York accident." aviation-safety.net. Retrieved: 21 December 2010.
- ^ Bridgeman 1946, p. 105.
- ^ Hannah 1967, p. 16.
Bibliography
- Bridgeman, Leonard. "The Avro Type 685 York." Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
- Eastwood, Tony and John Roach. Piston Engine Airliner Production List. West Drayton, UK: The Aviation Hobby Shop, 1991. ISBN 0-907178-37-5.
- Hannah, Donald. The Avro York (Aircraft in Profile number 168). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
- Harrison, William. Avro York Warpaint Series No. 98. Denbigh East, UK: Warpaint Books, 2014. OCLC 898151372.
- Holmes, Harry. Avro: The History of an Aircraft Company, Second edition. Marlborough, UK: Crowood Press, 2004. ISBN 1-86126-651-0.
- Jackson, A.J. Avro Aircraft since 1908, 2nd edition. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-834-8.
- Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.
- Ottaway, Susan and Ian. Fly With the Stars – A History of British South American Airways. Andover, Hampshire, UK: Speedman Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7509-4448-9.
- Stewart, Greig. Shutting Down the National Dream: A.V. Roe and the Tragedy of the Avro Arrow. Toronto: McGraw-Hill-Ryerson, 1991. ISBN 0-07-551119-3.
External links
- Avro York on display at RAF Museum, Cosford
- "1,000,000th Ton!" a 1949 Flight advertisement for the York
- "Flying with Prudence" a 1946 instruction film made to instil in RAF flying personnel the importance of flight safety in peacetime.