Borage
Borage | |
---|---|
Borage flowers | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Boraginales |
Family: | Boraginaceae |
Genus: | Borago |
Species: | B. officinalis
|
Binomial name | |
Borago officinalis | |
Synonyms | |
Synonymy
|
Borage (
Description
B. officinalis grows to a height of 60–100 centimetres (2–3+1⁄2 feet), and is bristly or hairy all over the stems and
The flowers are
The flowers arise along scorpioid cymes to form large floral displays with multiple flowers blooming simultaneously, suggesting that borage has a high degree of geitonogamy (intraplant pollination).[3]
It has an indeterminate growth habit, which may lead to prolific spreading. In temperate climates such as in the UK, its flowering season is relatively long, from June to September. In milder climates, borage blooms continuously for most of the year.
Chemistry
The seeds consist of 26–38%
The oil also contains the fatty acids palmitic acid (10–11%), stearic acid (3.5–4.5%), oleic acid (16–20%), linoleic acid (35–38%), eicosenoic acid (3.5–5.5%), erucic acid (1.5–3.5%), and nervonic acid (1.5%).
The oil is often marketed as "starflower oil" or "borage oil" for use as a GLA supplement, although healthy adults typically produce ample GLA from dietary linoleic acid.
The leaves contain small amounts (2–10 ppm of dried herb) of the
Distribution and habitat
It is native to the
Toxicity
In addition to the liver-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids found in the leaves and seed oil, the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment has advised that honey from borage contains PAs, transferred to the honey through pollen collected at borage plants, and advise that commercial honey production could select for raw honey with limited PA content to prevent contamination.[13]
Uses
Traditionally, borage was cultivated for culinary and medicinal uses, although today, commercial cultivation is mainly as an oilseed.
Borage is used as either a fresh vegetable or a dried herb. As a fresh vegetable, borage, with a cucumber-like taste, is often used in salads or as a garnish.[14]
The flower has a sweet, honey-like taste and is often used to decorate desserts and cocktails,[14] sometimes frozen in ice cubes.[15]
Vegetable use of borage is common in Germany, in the Spanish regions of Aragón and Navarre, on the Greek island of Crete, and in the northern Italian region of Liguria.
Although often used in soups, one of the better known German borage recipes is the
In Liguria, Italy, borage (in Italian, borragine) is commonly used as a filling of the traditional pasta
It is used to flavour pickled
The flowers produce copious nectar[19] which is used by honeybees to make a light and delicate honey.[20]
Beverage
Borage is traditionally used as a
In
Herbal medicine
Traditionally, Borago officinalis has been used in
One case of status epilepticus has been reported that was associated with borage oil ingestion.[24]
A
Companion planting
Borage is used in
In culture
King
Francis Bacon thought that borage had "an excellent spirit to repress the fuliginous vapour of dusky melancholie".[30]
John Gerard's Herball mentions an old verse concerning the plant: "Ego Borago, Gaudia semper ago (I, Borage, bring always joys)". He asserts:
Those of our time do use the flowers in salads to exhilerate and make the mind glad. There be also many things made of these used everywhere for the comfort of the heart, for the driving away of sorrow and increasing the joy of the mind. The leaves and flowers of Borage put into wine make men and women glad and merry and drive away all sadness, dullness and melancholy, as Dioscorides and Pliny affirm. Syrup made of the flowers of Borage comfort the heart, purge melancholy and quiet the frantic and lunatic person. The leaves eaten raw engender good blood, especially in those that have been lately sick.[30]
See also
References
- ^ "borage". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Le Robert et Collins English-French Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary
- ^ S2CID 26250534.
- National Non-Food Crops Centre. NNFCC Crop Factsheet: Borage, Retrieved on 16 Feb 2011
- ^ "Borage Wildflower Finder". Wildflowerfinder.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
- Sloan-Ketteringwebsite
- .
- ^ Parvais, O.; Vander Stricht, B.; Vanhaelen-Fastre, R.; Vanhaelen, M. (1994). "TLC detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in oil extracted from the seeds of Borago officinalis". Journal of Planar Chromatography--Modern TLC. 7 (1): 80–82.
- S2CID 94575246.
- ^ Awang V. C. (1999). Eskinazi D. (ed.). The Information Base for safety assessment of Botanicals.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Langer T.; Franz Ch. (1997). "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial samples of borage seed oil products by GC-MS". Scientia Pharmaceutica. 65 (4): 321–328.
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Borragine comune, gurkört, Borago officinalis L. includes photos, drawings, and European distribution map
- ^ "Fragen und Antworten zu Pyrrolizidinalkaloiden in Lebensmitteln" (PDF) (in German). Federal Institute for Risk Assessment. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^ a b c "Borage". Encyclopedia of spices. The Epicentre. 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
- ^ "Heston's Cucumber gin and tonic". www.waitrose.com. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ Logan, Gabi (5 January 2012). "Foodie Guide to Borragine". ITALY Magazine. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ "Hengstenberg Knax Polish Style Gherkins Choice Grade 720g - Hengstenberg, Germany". ruskiwaydeli.com.au. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ "Pickled Gherkins - Russian Style". Kühne. 4 December 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ "Borage: Species information". cotswoldseeds.com. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ "English Borage Honey". littleoverapiaries.com. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ "CHAI GOL GAVZABAN گل گاوزبان | BREWED BORAGE TEA". 22 October 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ Gilani A.H., Bashir S., Khan A.-u. "Pharmacological basis for the use of Borago officinalis in gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders", Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114 (3), pp 393–399, 2007.
- ^ Gilani A.H. "Focused Conference Group: P16 - Natural products: Past and future? Pharmacological use of borago officinalis", Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. Conference: 16th World Congress of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. WorldPharma 2010 Copenhagen Denmark. Publication: (var. pagings). 107 (pp. 301), 2010. Date of Publication: July 2010.
- PMID 21387119. After taking 1.5 to 3 g of borage oil daily for a week; level of GLA in blood was high.
- PMID 21476887.
- ^ "Gardening Borage a Companion Plant". Back2theland.com. 2009-05-23. Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
- ^ Darlene S. Widirstky. "Herbal Companion Planting in the Vegetable Garden". N8ture. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
- ^ a b Fischer, Fern (21 September 2017). "How to Use Borage". Gardenguides.com. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
- ^ "Companion Planting". Golden Harvest Organics. Archived from the original on 2013-09-24. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
- ^ ISBN 9780486227986.
- ^ Susan James. Catherine Parr: Henry VIII's Last Love, 2010
External links
https://persianmama.com/chai-gol-gavzaban-brewed-borage-tea/
https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/557179785128125722/
- The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
.
- "Borage". MissouriBotanicalGarden.org.