CASA/IPTN CN-235
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CN-235 | |
---|---|
General information | |
Type | Transport aircraft / maritime patrol aircraft |
National origin | Spain / Indonesia |
Manufacturer | CASA IPTN |
Status | Active service |
Primary users | Turkish Air Force |
Number built | 286 [1] ( IPTN 69 [2] ) |
History | |
Manufactured | 1983–present[3] |
Introduction date | 1 March 1988 |
First flight | 11 November 1983 |
Variants | EADS HC-144 Ocean Sentry |
Developed into | EADS CASA C-295 Indonesian Aerospace N-245 |
The CASA/IPTN CN-235 is a medium-range twin-engined
Development of the CN-235 formally commenced in 1980 following the formation of the Airtech International
While both the development and early production of the CN-235 had been performed as a joint effort, the partnership arrangement between CASA and IPTN was only applicable to the Series 10 and Series 100/110 aircraft. Some of the later versions of the CN-235 have been developed by each company independently of the other's efforts. Accordingly, both companies have produced their own derivatives of the aircraft, such as the stretched EADS CASA C-295 and the passenger-orientated Indonesian Aerospace N-245. Over 240 of all versions of CN-235 are in service, and the type has reportedly accumulated more than 500,000 flight hours.[1] Its largest user is Turkey, which operates 59 aircraft.[4]
Design and development
Background
The CN-235 has been conceived of during the late 1970s as a twin-
The presented terms being agreeable, CASA and IPTN quickly formalised the programme as a joint venture initiative; on 17 October 1979, they formed Airtech International to design, develop, manufacture, and market the new aircraft.[5] Management comprised senior members of both companies, such as Airtech's president also being the president of IPTN, while its vice president was also the president of CASA. During November 1979, the first technical team visit from IPTN was made to CASA's Madrid facilities, while the first joint meeting was held in Bandung two months later.[5] During the first half of 1980, various configurations were studied, including a stretched derivative of the CASA C-212 Aviocar, multiple clean-sheet wide-body aircraft with rectangular and circular-shaped fuselages.[5]
The selected configuration for the aircraft featured a relatively wide fuselage for its size, complete with a rear-facing ramp suitable for all-purpose transport duties.
During January 1980, preliminary design work commenced.
Into flight
On 10 September 1983, the first pair of prototypes were officially rolled out simultaneously at
The third phase of development was to secure certification and to conduct the aircraft's first delivery to customers.[5] In support of this effort, static and fatigue testing was conducted by the Serpong Laboratory for Structural Testing. By September 1984, orders for several dozen aircraft had been secured at a reported unit cost of $6m; many of these early orders for the type had originated from local customers within the two partner company's home nations.[5]
Certification from both the Spanish and Indonesian authorities was received on 20 June 1986; the first flight of a production-standard aircraft was conducted on 19 August 1986.
By May 1989, there were 133 firm orders for the CN-235, 74 had been placed by military operators while 59 were attributed to civil operators; of these, 85 had been ordered by Indonesian customers while 22 were attributable to Spanish customers alone, and the remainder to international customers.
As per the early production arrangements, roughly 65% of each aircraft was produced in Bandung, while 35% was manufactured in Getafe; this workshare arrangement was the case regardless of whether rollout occurred in Spain or Indonesia.[5] While the airframe was fully produced locally by IPTN, the engines, control and communication systems were all produced in either Europe or the United States. The lower wages present in Indonesia have been a key factor in enabling the CN-235 to be economically produced at its relatively low purchase price.[5]
Both CASA and IPTN were keen to further develop the CN-235, the original prototypes were quickly adapted to serve as flying test beds to support these efforts.[5] By 1992, multiple versions had already been developed, and more were underway. These were often produced in response to specific customer requirements, such as to perform maritime reconnaissance.[5] Development of the initial versions had been carried out jointly by the two companies.[5] Perhaps the most significant derivative of the aircraft was launched in 1995 by CASA in the form of a stretched CN-235. This aircraft would be produced as the C-295.[6]
Indonesia has sought greater autonomy from Airbus (whom CASA has been integrated into) in the CN-235 manufacturing process; the Indonesian Ministry of Defence (MoD) has made this objective a part of the offset conditions should the Airbus A400M Atlas strategic transport aircraft be procured for the Indonesian Air Force.[7]
Operational history
Military sector
Amongst the first customers for the CN-235 was the
Several sizable early orders from the Indonesian armed forces made it the largest customer for the CN-235 early on. By May 1989, the Indonesian Air Force alone had ordered 32 aircraft while the Indonesian Navy had ordered 18 CN-235s, six of which in a maritime surveillance configuration.[5] During December 2009, the Indonesian Navy ordered its first batch of three CN-235 MPAs; the first of these aircraft, based at Juanda Naval base in Surabaya, East Java, were declared operational in October 2013.[11] In November 2016, the Indonesian Air Force also commenced operations with the latest generation of CN-235 MPAs, equipped with winglets and new electronic support apparatus.[12]
The Spanish armed forces also placed modest early orders for the type, by May 1989, two
During the early 1990s, the Irish Air Corps became interested in the type, initially opting to lease a single aircraft directly from CASA in 1992.[15] Two years later, a pair of CN-235s configured for maritime surveillance operations were delivered to the Air Corps.[16] During 2021, amid the Fall of Kabul and the US withdrawal from Afghanistan, one of the CN-235s was flown to the nation to assist with the evacuation.[17] In 2022, Irish CN-235s have been deployed to provide humanitarian aid to, as well as evacuate wounded civilians from, Ukraine.[18]
In December 2002, the Colombian Navy ordered two CN-235 configured for maritime patrol and anti-drug trafficking missions. During July 2010, a third MPA-configured aircraft was delivered.[19] In April 2012, Colombia awarded a contract to Telephonics to replace the original radars of the two older CN-235s with the APS-143 OceanEye marine surveillance Radar.[20]
In April 2005, Venezuela ordered two CN-235 maritime surveillance aircraft along with ten transport planes.[21][22] However, during the following year, the transaction was halted due to the refusal of the United States government to allow the transfer of what they deemed to be US technology in the aircraft's avionics.[23]
In January 2006, Thailand came to a tentative bartering arrangement with Indonesian Aerospace for ten aircraft, six of which were for the Ministry of Defence and the remaining four for the Ministry of Agriculture.[24] An additional aircraft was ordered on 19 September 2014.[25]
During July 2008, the Mexican Navy announced that it would purchase six CN-235s.[26] In November 2011, the first aircraft was accepted by the service; it was configured to conduct search and rescue, disaster relief, and drug interdiction missions.[27][28] During May 2012, the final of four CN-235 MPAs was delivered to the Mexican Navy.[29]
In December 2008, South Korea announced that Indonesian Aerospace's bid had triumphed over four rival submissions, and thus it would order four CN-235-110 MPAs to equip the
On behalf of the
Turkey has become the largest operator of the CN-235,
The Royal Malaysian Air Force has operated a fleet of CN-235 transports. During early 2020, it was announced that several Malaysian aircraft would be converted into a maritime surveillance configuration using financial assistance from the United States.[37] On 17 June 2022, the Royal Malaysian Air Force receive the first of three such modified CN235-220M MSA as part of the Malaysian Maritime Security Initiative program.[38][39]
Between 2010 and 2012, the Senegalese Air Force acquired two CN-235s at a reported cost of $13 million. In 2013, the service declared it planned to buy two more aircraft for VIP and cargo duties, and that it was also interested in the MPA version as well.[40] During 2018, Senegal ordered two MPA-configured CN-235s, the first of which was received in 2021.[41]
On January 10, 2024, Indonesian President Joko Widodo offered the CN-235 ASW of PT Dirgantara Indonesia for the Philippine Navy during his visit to Manila.[42][43]
Commercial airliner
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2020) |
Although the CN-235 has been initially designed as a military transport, it has also been offered to civil operators, usually as a commercial airliner. It has not achieved substantial sales in this role compared to competing 50-seat commuter aircraft such as the
Numerous Indonesian operators had placed early orders for the CN-235; by 1992, there were internal routes served by the type between most of the major cities in the country.[5] The Indonesian operator Merpati Nusantara Airlines emerged as the largest civilian operator of the CN-235, at one point having 15 examples in its fleet alone.[45] In April 1995, the company decided to proceed with a leasing arrangement to operate additional aircraft.[46]
During 1992,
During 2015, Indonesian Aerospace announced that they were in the early stages of developing a new variant of the CN-235, the N-245, which has been specifically designed to perform civil operations and is able to carry up to 60 passengers. Alternatively also referred to as the CN-235NG, this variant is planned to be fully launched following the completion of the Indonesian Aerospace N-219 project, at one point, it was expected to be fully certified sometime in 2019. A further derivative has been envisioned, referred to as the N-270, it is a stretched version of the N-245 and is planned to be able to carry up to 70–90 passengers; the original timeframe for development was set between 2019 and 2024.[48][49]
Variants
- CN-235-10
- Initial production version (15 built by each company), with GE CT7-7A engines.
- CN-235-100/110
- Generally as series 10, but with GE CT7-9C engines in new composites nacelles; replaced Series 10 in 1988 from 31st production aircraft. Series 100 is Spanish-built, series 110 Indonesian-built, with improved electrical, warning and environmental systems.[50]
- CN-235-200/220
- Improved version. Structural reinforcements to cater for higher operating weights, aerodynamic improvements to wing leading-edges and rudder, reduced field length requirements and much-increased range with maximum payload. Series 200 is Spanish-built, Series 220 Indonesian-built. Series 220 still in production.
- CN-235-300
- CASA modification of 200/220 series, with the Honeywell International Corp. avionics suite. Other features include improved pressurization and provision for optional twin-nosewheel installation.
- CN-235-330 Phoenix
- Modification of Series 200/220, offered by IPTN with new Honeywell avionics, ARL-2002 EW system and 16,800 kg/37,037 lb MTOW, to the Royal Australian Air Force to meet Project Air 5190 tactical airlift requirement,[51] but was forced by financial constraints to withdraw in 1998.[52]
- CN-235 MPA
- Maritime patrol version with 6 hardpoints to carry AM-39 Exocet-Missiles or Mk.46-Torpedoes.[53]
- HC-144 Ocean Sentry
- HU-25 Guardian business-style jets. As of 2019[update], eighteen had been delivered.
- AC-235
- A light gunship modified with integrated weapons pylons to carry Synthetic aperture radar.[55]
Operators
Military operators
Bangladesh operate the CASA/IPTN CN-235 aircraft. The Bangladesh Air Force has a few CN-235 aircraft in its fleet, which are primarily used for transport, maritime patrol, and various utility roles. The CN-235 is a medium-range twin-engine transport aircraft developed by CASA (Spain) and IPTN (Indonesia), known for its versatility in both military and civilian applications.
In the Bangladesh Air Force, these aircraft serve roles such as troop transport, cargo airlift, medical evacuation, and maritime surveillance, contributing to the country's defense and logistical capabilities.
- Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force operates four CN235.[56]
- The Botswana Defence Force Air Wing operates two CN235 aircraft.[4][57]
- The Royal Brunei Air Force operates one CN235-110M.[4][58][59]
- The Military of Burkina Faso operates one CN235.[58]
- Cameroon Air Force ordered one CN235 in June 2012,[60] delivery took place in July 2013.[61]
- The Chilean Army operates three CN235.[62]
- The
- The Ecuadorian Army[44] and Ecuadorian Navy operate four CN235s.[4][63]
- The French Air and Space Force operates 27 aircraft.[4][64]
- The Gabonese Air Force operates one CN235.[4]
- The Indonesian Air Force operates the CN235 and Indonesian Navy operates the CN235-MPA;[65] as 2018, eight CN235 in service with the air force and five CN235 in service with the navy.[4]
- The Irish Air Corps operates two CN235-100 employed as maritime patrol aircraft, delivery took place in 1994.[15]
- The Royal Malaysian Air Force operates seven CN235s following the accidental loss of one aircraft in 2016.[4][66][67]
- One CN235 delivered from the United Arab Emirates in May 2019.[68]
- The Mexican Navy operates eight CN235-300MPA,[4] the first two were delivered in September 2010.[69][70]
- The
- The Nepalese Army's Aviation Brigade signed a deal on 16 June 2017 to purchase its first CN235-220, and began negotiations in February 2018 to purchase a second from Indonesian Aerospace.[71][72]
- The Pakistan Air Force operates four CN235-220 aircraft in the transport role.[4][44][73]
- The Papua New Guinea Defence Force Air Operations Element operate one aircraft.[4][74]
- The Royal Saudi Air Force operates four CN235-10M, two of which are used for VIP purposes.[44][75]
- The Senegalese Air Force operates three aircraft.[4][76][77]
- The Republic of Korea Air Force operates twenty airframes; twelve built by CASA in Spain and eight by IPTN in Indonesia[4][44][78]
- The Korean Coast Guard operates four aircraft.[4]
- The Spanish Air and Space Force operates eighteen aircraft.[4][79]
- The Spanish Civil Guard operates five aircraft for surveillance duties.[4]
- The
- The Military of the United Arab Emirates operates six aircraft.[4]
- The United States Air Force operates thirteen aircraft.[4][83]
- The EADS CASA HC-144 Ocean Sentry.
Former military operators
- Bophuthatswana Air Force (1, incorporated into South African Air Force)[78]
- The Royal Jordanian Air Force operated two AC-235 gunships, as of December 2018 they are both listed for sale.[85][86]
- The Malagasy Air Force received a single CN235 that was formerly operated by the Botswana Defence Force in June 2019;[87] it was seized by the supplier Sofema at Johannesburg in November 2020 owing to a failure of Madagascar to keep up payments for the aircraft.[88]
- Panamanian Air Force / National Air Service (until 1995)[78]
- South African Air Force (from Bophuthatswana Air Force, retired July 2012)[citation needed]
Government and paramilitary operators
- National Guard (2x CN235)[91]
- Royal Oman Police (2x CN235-M100)
- Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima(Spanish Maritime Safety Agency) (3x CN235-MPA)
- Royal Thai Police (2x CN235-200,220)
Civil operators
- Inter Austral airlines, a subsidiary of Austral Líneas Aéreas, was later integrated into Aerolíneas Argentinas, one ex-Binter.
- Merpati Nusantara Airlines once operated fifteen CN235s
- Tiko Air had one (C012)
- Air Namibia operated one from 2001 to 2006
- Safair had two CN235s, sold in 2006 and 2008
- Iberia, operated four and five respectively from 1989 to 1997
- Prescott Support Company Inc, operating two CASA CN235
- Flight International and Flight Turbo AC with one each
- L-3 Communication Systemsacquired two aircraft
- Presidential Airways, operates one former Binter Canarias
- Air Venezuela had two (1999–2001)
Notable accidents
On 18 October 1992,
On 19 January 2001, a Turkish Air Force CN-235 training mission crashed near Kayseri after entering a spin from which recovery was not possible, killing all three people on board.[93][94]
On 16 May 2001, a Turkish Air Force CN-235 crashed after the pilot lost control, killing all 34 people on board.[94][95]
On 18 May 2001, a
On 29 August 2001, Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261 (Registration EC-FBC) crash-landed at Málaga, Spain, killing four of the 47 passengers and crew aboard.[97] The aircraft was scrapped.[98]
On 11 February 2013, a CN-235 crashed into a forest 45 km south of
On 1 August 2015 a CN-235-200M operated by the Colombian Air Force crashed in Cesar province, Colombia due to engine failure, killing 11 people.[102]
On 26 February 2016, a CN-235 operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force crashed in a swamp in Kuala Selangor. Although there were no casualties amongst the occupants, a local fisherman drowned during the rescue effort.[103]
On 17 January 2018, a Turkish Air Force CN-235 on a training mission crashed with two pilots and a technician on board near Isparta. All on board were killed.[104]
Aircraft on display
- SAAF 8026 (cn: P3) Bophutatswana Air Force before service with the SAAF.[citation needed]
Specifications (CN235)
Data from Airbus Military[105]
General characteristics
- Crew: two, pilot and co-pilot
- Capacity: 51 passengers, 35 paratroops, 18 stretchers or four HCU-6/E pallets including one on the ramp and 6,000 kg (13,100 lb)
- Length: 21.40 m (70 ft 2.5 in)
- Wingspan: 25.81 m (84 ft 8 in)
- Height: 8.18 m (26 ft 10 in)
- Wing area: 59.10 m2 (636.1 sq ft)
- Aspect ratio: 11.27:1
- Airfoil: NACA 653-218
- Empty weight: 9,800 kg (21,605 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 16,100 kg (35,420 lb)
- Powerplant: 2 × General Electric CT7-9C3 turboprops, 1,305 kW (1,750 hp) each (take-off)
- Propellers: 4-bladed Hamilton Sundstrand 14RF Propeller
Performance
- Cruise speed: 450 km/h (286 mph, 248 kn) at 4,575 m (15,000 ft)
- Stall speed: 156 km/h (97 mph, 84 kn) (flaps down)
- Range: 4,355 km (2,706 mi, 2,350 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 7,620 m (25,000 ft)
- Rate of climb: 7.8 m/s (1,780 ft/min)
See also
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Alenia C-27J Spartan
- Antonov An-32
- CASA C-295
References
Citations
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