Central Croatia

Coordinates: 45°45′N 16°16′E / 45.750°N 16.267°E / 45.750; 16.267
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

45°45′N 16°16′E / 45.750°N 16.267°E / 45.750; 16.267

Central Croatia
Croatia proper
Središnja Hrvatska
Historical region of Croatia1
Flag of Central Croatia Croatia proper
Flag
Coat of arms of Central Croatia Croatia proper
Coat of arms
  •   Central Croatia
  • Striped area:
    Gračac Municipality
Country Croatia
Largest cityZagreb
Area
2
 • Total28,337 km2 (10,941 sq mi)
Population
2
 • Total2,215,620
 • Density78/km2 (200/sq mi)
^ Croatia proper is not an official subdivision of the Republic of Croatia, it is a historical region.[1] The flag and arms below are also unofficial/historical; none are legally defined at present.
Littoral-Gorski Kotar, Međimurje, Sisak-Moslavina, Varaždin, Zagreb) and the City of Zagreb
.

In contemporary geography, the terms Central Croatia (Croatian: Središnja Hrvatska) and Mountainous Croatia (Gorska Hrvatska) are used to describe most of the area sometimes historically known as Croatia or Croatia proper (Uža Hrvatska), one of the four historical regions[1] of the Republic of Croatia, together with Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia. It is located between Slavonia in the east, the Adriatic Sea in the west, and Dalmatia to the south. The region is not officially defined, and its borders and extent are described differently by various sources. The term Central Croatia refers to the northeastern part, and the term Mountainous Croatia refers to the southwestern part of the territory; the far western part is known as the Croatian Littoral; likewise the terms 'Zagreb macroregion' and 'Rijeka macroregion' can be used instead. Central Croatia is the most significant economic area of the country, contributing well over 50% of Croatia's gross domestic product. The capital of the Republic of Croatia, Zagreb, is the largest city and most important economic centre in Central Croatia.

Croatia proper comprises several smaller regions of its own:

Plitvice Lakes. Most of the region has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate, although there is considerable seasonal snow at greater elevations. The region belongs almost exclusively to the Black Sea drainage basin and includes most of the large rivers flowing in Croatia
.

The boundaries of Croatia proper were shaped by territorial losses of

Ottoman conquest and resulting military frontier
status, has contributed to the relatively poor development of the economy and infrastructure of that area.

Geography

See also: Geography of Croatia

Croatia proper is a historical region of Croatia that encompasses territory around Zagreb, located between Slavonia in the east and the Adriatic Sea in the west. Its exact borders are determined ambiguously, and the extent of the region is defined differently by various sources. The border with Slavonia to the east was variously defined throughout history, depending on the political divisions of Croatia.[2]

Modern-day Croatian sources often discuss different kinds of regional division of Croatia, where the historical region of Croatia proper is not typically used, and instead its territory is variously classified under Pannonian Croatia (Croatian: Panonska Hrvatska), Central Croatia (Središnja Hrvatska), Mountainous Croatia (Gorska Hrvatska), Zagreb macroregion (Zagrebačka makroregija), Rijeka macroregion (Riječka makroregija).[3][4][5][6]

Croatia proper roughly corresponds to the area of Zagreb and ten Croatian counties: Bjelovar-Bilogora, Karlovac, Koprivnica-Križevci, Krapina-Zagorje, Lika-Senj, Međimurje, Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Sisak-Moslavina, Varaždin, and Zagreb County.

In the

NUTS-2 statistical classification, Međimurje County, Varaždin County, Koprivnica-Križevci County, Krapina-Zagorje County, and Zagreb County make up Northern Croatia, Primorje-Gorski Kotar and Lika-Senj counties are part of Adriatic Croatia, while Bjelovar-Bilogora, Karlovac and Sisak-Moslavina counties are part of the Pannonian Croatia.[7]

The ten counties and Zagreb cover 28,337 square kilometres (10,941 square miles) of land, corresponding to 50% of the territory of Croatia,[8] and have a population of 2,418,214 yielding a population density of 85.3377/km2 (221.024/sq mi).[9]

Croatia proper comprises several smaller historical regions of its own: the

Ogulin-Plaški Valley contains the largest settlement of the area, Ogulin, with a population of 8,216. The second-largest settlement in Mountainous Croatia, and the largest in Lika, is Gospić.[9]

A view of Hrvatsko Zagorje from Medvednica mountain
County Seat Area (km2) Population
Bjelovar-Bilogora Bjelovar 2,640 119,743
Karlovac Karlovac 3,626 128,749
Koprivnica-Križevci Koprivnica 1,748 115,582
Krapina-Zagorje Krapina 1,229 133,064
Lika-Senj Gospić 5,352 50,927
Međimurje Čakovec 729 114,414
Primorje-Gorski Kotar Rijeka 3,582 296,195
Sisak-Moslavina Sisak 4,468 172,977
Varaždin Varaždin 1,262 176,046
Zagreb Zagreb 3,060 317,642
City of Zagreb Zagreb 641 792,875
TOTAL: 28,337 2,418,214
Source: Croatian Bureau of Statistics[8][9]

Topography

Sava River in Zagreb, with Medvednica in the background
Risnjak Mountain in Gorski Kotar
See also: Pannonian Basin and Dinaric Alps

Croatia proper straddles the boundary between the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Basin, two of three major geomorphological parts of Croatia.[11] The boundary runs from the 1,181-metre (3,875 ft) Žumberak range to the Banovina area, along the Sava River.[12] The Dinaric Alps are linked to a fold and thrust belt active from the Late Jurassic to recent times, and is itself part of the Alpine orogeny that extends southeast from the southern Alps.[13] Karst topography is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps.[14]

The Pannonian Basin took shape through

landforms on Papuk and Požeška gora mountains in Slavonia to the east, are possibly remnants of a volcanic arc from the same tectonic plate collision that caused the Dinaric Alps.[13][17]

Ivanščica, south of Varaždin
Highest mountains of Croatia proper[8]
Mountain Peak Elevation Coordinates
Velebit Vaganski vrh 1,757 m (5,764 ft) 44°32′N 15°14′E / 44.533°N 15.233°E / 44.533; 15.233
Plješivica Ozeblin 1,657 m (5,436 ft) 44°47′N 15°45′E / 44.783°N 15.750°E / 44.783; 15.750
Velika Kapela
Bjelolasica
-Kula		 1,533 m (5,030 ft) 45°16′N 14°58′E / 45.267°N 14.967°E / 45.267; 14.967
Risnjak Risnjak 1,528 m (5,013 ft) 45°25′N 14°45′E / 45.417°N 14.750°E / 45.417; 14.750
Snježnik
 Snježnik 1,506 m (4,941 ft) 45°26′N 14°35′E / 45.433°N 14.583°E / 45.433; 14.583
Žumberak
 Sveta Gera 1,181 m (3,875 ft) 45°47′N 15°23′E / 45.783°N 15.383°E / 45.783; 15.383
Ivanščica Ivanščica 1,059 m (3,474 ft) 46°11′N 16°6′E / 46.183°N 16.100°E / 46.183; 16.100
Medvednica Sljeme 1,035 m (3,396 ft) 45°55′N 15°58′E / 45.917°N 15.967°E / 45.917; 15.967
Samoborska gora Japetić 879 m (2,884 ft) 45°48′N 15°41′E / 45.800°N 15.683°E / 45.800; 15.683
Strahinščica Strahinščica 846 m (2,776 ft) 46°11′N 15°54′E / 46.183°N 15.900°E / 46.183; 15.900
Plešivica Plešivica 777 m (2,549 ft) 45°44′N 15°40′E / 45.733°N 15.667°E / 45.733; 15.667
Ravna gora (Trakošćan) Ravna gora 686 m (2,251 ft) 46°16′N 15°59′E / 46.267°N 15.983°E / 46.267; 15.983
Kalničko gorje
 Kalnik 642 m (2,106 ft) 46°8′N 16°28′E / 46.133°N 16.467°E / 46.133; 16.467
Zrinska gora Piramida 616 m (2,021 ft) 45°11′N 16°14′E / 45.183°N 16.233°E / 45.183; 16.233
Vodenica Vodenica 537 m (1,762 ft) 45°36′N 15°25′E / 45.600°N 15.417°E / 45.600; 15.417
Petrova gora
 Veliki Petrovac 512 m (1,680 ft) 45°14′N 15°48′E / 45.233°N 15.800°E / 45.233; 15.800

The region is a part of the

Snježnik.[18] Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps and in turn, the Mountainous Croatia.[14] There are numerous caves in the Mountainous Croatia.[19] The longest cave in Croatia and in the entire Dinaric Alps, 20,656-metre (67,769 ft) Kita Gaćešina, is located in southern Velebit area of the Mountainous Croatia.[20]

Hydrology and climate

Plitvice Lakes—a World Heritage Site
Slunjčica River waterfalls in Rastoke
See also:
List of lakes in Croatia

The vast majority of the region is encompassed by the Black Sea

Plitvice Lakes, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[24] and Rastoke, to the north of the Plitvice Lakes.[25]

Sjeverni Velebit.[28]

Croatia proper has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate (Dfb) as defined by the Köppen climate classification. Mean monthly temperatures range between −3 °C (27 °F) (in January) and 18 °C (64 °F) (in July). Temperature peaks are pronounced in the region compared to parts of Croatia closer to the Adriatic Sea, because of the absence of its moderating effect. The lowest temperature of −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) was recorded on 3 February 1919 in Čakovec, and the highest temperature of 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) was recorded on 5 July 1950 in Karlovac.[8] Gorski Kotar and Lika represent the coldest parts of Croatia as mean annual temperature there ranges between 8 and 10 °C (46 and 50 °F) at lower elevations and 2 and 4 °C (36 and 39 °F) at greater elevations. Gorski Kotar mountain peaks of Risnjak and Snježnik receive the greatest precipitation in Croatia—3,500 millimetres (140 inches) per year. Overall, the region has no arid periods of the year. Gorski Kotar also receives the least sunlight—1,700 hours per year on average.[18]

Demographics

See also: Demographics of Croatia

According to the 2011 census, the total population of the ten counties of Croatia proper, together with that of the city of Zagreb, is 2,418,214—representing 56.4% of the population of Croatia. The largest proportion of the total population lives in the city of Zagreb, followed by Zagreb County. Lika-Senj County is the least populous county of Croatia proper. The population density of the counties ranges from 156.9 to 9.5 persons per square kilometre, with the highest density recorded in Međimurje County and the lowest in Lika-Senj County. The highest population density is recorded in the city of Zagreb area, at 1,236.9 persons per square kilometre. Zagreb is the largest city in Croatia proper, followed by Rijeka, Karlovac, Varaždin, Sisak, and Velika Gorica. Other cities in Croatia proper have populations below 30,000.[9] According to the 2001 census, Croats account for 92.0 percent of population of the region, and the most significant ethnic minority are Serbs, comprising 3.4 percent of the population. The largest proportion of the Serb minority was recorded in the Sisak-Moslavina and Karlovac counties (11.7 percent and 11.0 percent respectively), while a significant Czech minority was observed in Bjelovar-Bilogora County, comprising 5.3 percent of population of the county.[29]

The most populous urban areas in Croatia proper

Zagreb
Zagreb
Rijeka
Rijeka

 Rank City County Urban population Municipal population

Karlovac
Karlovac
Varaždin
Varaždin

1 Zagreb City of Zagreb 686,568 792,875
2 Rijeka Primorje-Gorski Kotar 128,624 213,666
3 Karlovac Karlovac 46,827 55,981
4 Varaždin Varaždin 38,746 47,055
5 Sisak Sisak-Moslavina 33,049 47,699
6 Velika Gorica Zagreb 31,341 63,511
7 Bjelovar Bjelovar-Bilogora 27,099 40,443
8 Koprivnica Koprivnica-Križevci 23,896 30,872
9 Zaprešić Zagreb 19,574 25,226
10 Samobor Zagreb 15,867 37,607
Sources: Croatian Bureau of Statistics, 2011 Census[9]

Economy

Gospić, the largest town in Lika
See also: Economy of Croatia

The lowland regions of Croatia proper are the most significant economic area of Croatia in terms of its contribution to the national

GDP per capita of 14,414 euros—17.5 percent above the national average. [30][31]

The economy of the city of Zagreb represents the bulk of the economy of Croatia proper. Its most significant components are

medium enterprises and the rest to large companies. The economy of Zagreb County, largely contiguous with Zagreb's metropolitan area, is dominated by wholesale and retail trade (53.5% of total income) and the processing industry (25.7%), followed by transport (6.1%) and civil engineering (5.3%). Unlike the economy of the city of Zagreb, the county's economic income is largely generated by small and medium businesses (64.6%). The city of Zagreb and Zagreb County dominate the economy of the Croatia proper and Croatia as a whole: nearly 91% of all Croatia's wholesale and retail trade companies and 45% of the Croatian processing industry is headquartered there.[32]

In 2020, largest companies headquartered in the Croatia proper by income among were

Fortenova Grupa corporate group) and Hrvatska elektroprivreda — all of them headquartered in Zagreb.[33]

The largest company by income in

meat processing company headquartered in Čakovec is the largest company in Međimurje County.The largest company in Lika-Senj County is 237th-ranked Calcit Lika
.

County
GDP
GDP per capita
million € Index
(Croatia=100)		 € Index
(Croatia=100)
Bjelovar-Bilogora 925 1.8 7,986 65.1
Karlovac 1,035 2.0 8,301 67.7
Koprivnica-Križevci 979 1.9 8,711 71.0
Krapina-Zagorje 1,021 2.0 7,919 64.5
Lika-Senj 436 0.9 8,878 72.4
Međimurje 1,142 2.2 10,302 84.0
Primorje-Gorski Kotar 4,270 8.3 14,797 120.6
Sisak-Moslavina 1,309 2.6 7,868 64.1
Varaždin 1,865 3.6 10.899 88.8
Zagreb 3,011 5.9 9,710 79.1
City of Zagreb 17,544 30.9 22,695 185.0
TOTAL: 33,537 65.5 14,414 117.5
Source: Croatian Bureau of Statistics (2018 data)[34][35]

In contrast, the regions of

farming and animal husbandry. Forests represent a development potential of the area as 45% of Lika and as much as 83% of Gorski Kotar is forested.[36] Industrialisation of the region started after the World War II, with a particular emphasis on development of wood processing industry in Gorski Kotar and other industries elsewhere in the region, but it did not create sufficient jobs to prevent economic migrations. Furthermore, the economic structure of the area sustained great downturn in the 1990s during the Croatian War of Independence.[10] Since the 2000s, an increasing prominence is given to tourism sector, especially rural tourism.[37]

Infrastructure

Lučko interchange—junction of two Pan-European corridors in Zagreb
See also: Transport in Croatia

Three Pan-European transport corridors and corridor branches run through Croatia proper. The corridor Vb encompasses the A4 motorway, spanning from Zagreb to Varaždin and the border of Hungary, and a section of the A1 and A6 motorways, extending south of Zagreb towards Karlovac and Rijeka. The transport corridor also contains a parallel railway line connecting the Port of Rijeka and Budapest via Zagreb. The second major transport route is the corridor X, represented as the A3 motorway and a double-track railway spanning the region from west to east, as well as the A2 motorway—the Xa branch of the corridor X. The three routes form junctions near Zagreb.[38]

The region is also home to the largest airport in Croatia—the Zagreb Airport.[39] In April 2012, a 30-year concession contract to develop and manage the airport as a regional transport centre was signed by the Government of Croatia and Zagreb Airport International Company Limited.[40] The only navigable river in the region is the Sava, downstream of Sisak. The navigable route became disused after onset of the Croatian War of Independence in 1991, and it has not been fully restored since the end of the war, limiting the size of vessels that may reach Sisak.[41][42]

petroleum derivatives pipeline to a fuel handling terminal in Zagreb.[43] The region forms a center of Croatia's natural gas supply system, based on an underground storage facility located approximately 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of Zagreb.[44]

The Dinaric mountain ranges of

motorways.[48]

Culture

Trakošćan Castle located north of Krapina
See also: Culture of Croatia

Most of Central Croatia is distinguished in Croatia by its relatively high population density – a consequence of the fact that the region was largely spared from large-scale war damage. This also allowed preservation of numerous

discovered in Krapina.[49]

The region contains most of the 180 preserved or restored

Ottoman conquest was no longer a threat. A substantial number of buildings were destroyed in the Second World War. The largest number of preserved castles and manor houses are situated in Hrvatsko Zagorje, including the Trakošćan Castle—the most beautiful castle in Croatia. Its construction started in the 14th century, and it has been substantially expanded and rebuilt since. Another example is the Veliki Tabor Castle—the best-preserved medieval castle in Croatia—completed in the second half of the 15th century.[50]

Among the cities in the region, Varaždin and Zagreb occupy particularly prominent places in terms of culture. Varaždin is often considered the most significant centre of

higher education in Croatia and Southeast Europe, operating continuously since 1669.[55] It is also home to the Ruđer Bošković Institute—the leading Croatia's scientific research institute—and to the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.[56][57]

History

  Kingdom of Croatia in 1867
See also: History of Croatia

Croatia proper as a region has defined itself historically through territorial losses of the

Croatian–Ottoman Wars.[60]

Monument to the uprising of the people of Kordun and Banija

After the Ottoman defeat in the

AVNOJ of 1943 and 1945.[66]

After the

Areas of Special State Concern
.

See also

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External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Croatia&oldid=1220062570"