Culture of Croatia
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Culture of Croatia has historically been influenced by Central European, Mediterranean and Balkan cultures.[1][2][3] Croatia's unique culture and identity can be traced back to the historical llyricum. The Croatian language is believed to have been formed in the 6th or 7th century,[4] and the written language is present in Glagolitic texts from the 11th century.[5]
In terms of Croatian national emancipation, the 19th-century Illyrian movement was a significant period of national cultural history. During this movement, Croatians and saw unprecedented developments in fields of art and culture, giving rise to a number of historical figures. Most notably, Croatia has a place in the history of Mediterranean architecture and urbanism and clothing as place of origin of the cravat, a precursor of the modern necktie.
Modern and contemporary arts, music, urban, independent and youth culture in Croatia has been exceptionally growing due to numerous festivals and frequent manifestations,[6] as well as (re-)emergence of new cultural infrastructure all over Croatia.[7]
History
Prehistoric heritage
Ancient monuments from the
Bronze Age culture of Illyrians, ethnic group with distinct culture and art form started to organize itself in 7th century BC. Numerous monumental sculptures are preserved, as well as walls of citadel, Nezakcij near Pula, one of numerous Istrian cities from Iron Age.
Ancient heritage
During Greek colonisation period, Greeks from Syracuse arrived to islands of Vis (Issa), Hvar (Pharos), and Korčula (Corcyra Nigra) in 390 BC and founded their city-states on Adriatic parts of modern Croatia, where they lived quite isolated.
While the
In the 3rd century AD, the city of
One of few preserved basilicas in western Europe (beside ones in
Medieval heritage
Media
Cinema
First Croatian production company was called "Croatia" and in 1917, this company produced first Croatian feature film called Brcko in Zagreb. This film, as well as all other films made in Zagreb in interwar period are lost to this day.[68] First film screening in Zagreb was held on 8 October 1896, when Lumiere brothers films were shown.[68]
From 1960's to 1990's Croatian production company Jadran Film became one of the largest film producers in Central Europe,[69] for which it was called "Croatian Hollywood".[70] Some of well known international movie productions filmed in Croatia in that time were: Austerlitz,[71] The Valley of Death,[72] Death Train[73] etc. However, Croatian war of Independence, and subsequent bad privatization led to company's downfall, as Croatia lost the competitive advantage it had over other socialist block countries during Cold War.[69] The sixties in particular are known as a "golden age" of film in Croatia.[74][75][76]
In 1989/1990 and 1999/2000 One Song a Day Takes Mischief Away was proclaimed as best Croatian feature film of all time. However, in 2020, a 1958 movie H-8 was proclaimed as best Croatian feature film of all time.[77] The same election proclaimed Oscar winning Surogat as best Croatian animated film of all time, while Od 3 do 22 was proclaimed the best Croatian documentary film of all times.[78] Since 1992, Croatian society of film critics gives annual award "Okatavijan", named after Croatian film pioneer Oktavijan Miletić.[79]
Modern film production in Croatia is subsidized by Croatian Audiovisual Center (HAVC).[80] Some of the well known film festivals held in Croatia are: Pula Film festival, Zagreb Film Festival, Vukovar Film Festival, Motovun Film Festival, Animafest Zagreb or ZagrebDox.
In recent years, indie cinemas of Zagreb started closing down. Out of 24 indie cinemas which used to operate in Zagreb, only 6 remained opened by 2018.[81] First multiplex cinema in Croatia was opened in 2003 by German company CineStar.[68] During summer period in Zagreb, outdoor cinema in Tuškanac forest is open. This cinema was originally opened back in 1954. After it was shut down for several decades after 1970, it was again refurbished and reopened in 2012.[82]
Television
Television in Croatia was first introduced in 1956. As of 2012 there are 10 nationwide and 21 regional DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial) television channels, and more than 30 other channels either produced in the Republic of Croatia or produced for the Croatian market and broadcast via IPTV (Internet Protocol television), cable or satellite television. The electronic communications market in Croatia is regulated by the Croatian Regulatory Authority for Network Industries (HAKOM), which issues broadcast licenses and monitors the market. The DVB-T and satellite transmission infrastructure is developed and maintained by the state-owned company Odašiljači i veze (OiV).
The first television signal broadcast in Croatia occurred in 1939 during the Zagreb Fair, where Philips showcased its television system. The first regular broadcasts started in 1956, when Television Zagreb was established as the first TV station in the Yugoslav Radio Television system. Color broadcasts began in 1972. Coverage and number of channels grew steadily, and by the 2000s there were four channels with nationwide coverage in Croatia. DVB-T signal broadcasts began in 2002, and in 2010 a full digital switchover was completed. During that period the IPTV, cable and satellite television markets grew considerably, and by 2011 only 60.7 percent of households received DVB-T television only; the remainder were subscribed to IPTV, cable and satellite TV in addition, or as the sole source of TV reception. As of January 2012 DVB-T is broadcast in three multiplexes, while the territory of Croatia is divided into nine main allotment regions and smaller local allotments corresponding to major cities. High-definition television (HDTV) is broadcast only through IPTV, although HDTV DVB-T test programming was broadcast from 2007 to 2011. A DVB-T2 test broadcast was conducted in 2011.
As of November 2019 all national channels are transmitted via three DVB-T and one DVB-T2 (HEVC/H.265) MUXes. After June 2020 DVB-T MUXes will be switched off and all channels will be distributed via two DVB-T2 (HEVC/H.265) MUXes.
Television in Croatia, as all other media in the country are criticised for lack of balance of global issues and trends on one hand and national topics covered on the other. All major television networks in Croatia are generally thought to be under excessive influence of commercialism. State owned Croatian Radiotelevision is required to produce and broadcast educational programmes, documentaries, and programmes aimed at the diaspora and national minorities in Croatia. The television in Croatia is considered to be important in avenue for non-governmental organizations communicating their concerns to the public and to criticising the authorities. Television is the primary source of information for 57% of the population of Croatia.
- Croatian radiotelevision
Radio
Croatian Radio (Croatian: Hrvatski radio) is the official broadcasting service of Croatia. Founded on May 15, 1926 as Zagreb Radio, it was the first radio station in Southeast Europe, now part of Croatian Radiotelevision.
The broadcast, which began with just one channel that could be listened to only in
On May 25, 2012, the television and radio program archive and a collection of music production were given the status of Croatia's cultural heritage.[84]
- List of radio stations in Croatia
- List of Croatian language television channels
Video games
Some video games created by Croatian developers include: Serious Sam franchise, Talos Principle, Gas Guzzlers Extreme, Doodle Jump, I Hate Running Backwards, SEUM: Speedrunners from Hell, Inked, The Ward, etc.[85] According to 2023 research results published in Croatian daily Jutarnji list; 92% of Croatian citizens play video games.[86]
Education
People in Croatia enjoy free government-sponsored education at the primary and secondary level, and partially free university education. There are over 800
The higher education is also government-sponsored, and mostly free for students who enroll with better results. There are thirty two various
There are also a number of other educational and scientific institutions, such as
The
Philosophy
Between 1964 and 1974 Praxis School of Marxist philosophy used to exist inside Socialist Republic of Croatia as well as wider Socialist Yugoslavia. During its existence, the movement organized a Summer school on island of Korčula.[88]
Places
The
- Episcopal complex of the Poreč
- The cathedral of St. James in Šibenik
- Historic city of Trogir
- Diocletian's Palace, built by Roman Emperor Diocletian
- Old city of Dubrovnik
- Plitvice Lakes
- Stari Grad Plain on the Adriatic island of Hvar, parceled by Ancient Greece
Regarding conservation and natural beauty, Croatia has
Fashion
According to Dubravka Prpić Znaor, main editor of ItGirl.hr magazine, modern Croatians do not have its own unique dressing style, but instead combine elements of Italian, American, Japanese and French style.[89] According global survey results published by US news, Croatia is 45th most fashionable country in the world.[90]
Festivities and traditions
Some of the festivities held in Croatia include:
- Sinjska alka - held in memory of victory Siege of Sinj in 1715
- Koprivnica Renaissance Festival
- Špancirfest in Varaždin
- Dubrovnik Summer Festival
- Đakovački vezovi
- Neretva Boat Marathon
- Music Biennale Zagreb
- Vinkovačke jeseni
- Rijeka Carnival
- Samobor fašnik (Samobor Carnival)
- Rapska fjera
- Chivalry Tournament of Franjo Tahy in Donja Stubica (VIteški turnir Franje Tahija)
- Susreti za Rudija - the annual airshow in Gornja Stubica, held in memory of Rudolf Perešin
- Večernjakova ruža (Rose of Večernji list) - Croatia's oldest and most prestigious media award[91][92][93]
- Varaždin Baroque Evenings
- Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day and the Day of Croatian Defenders
- Vukovar and Škabrnja Remembrance Day
- Vladimir Nazor Award - an annual award given by Croatian Ministry of Culture and Media for best artistic achievements in: literature, music, architecture, film, theatre and visual and applied arts[94]
- Zagreb Classic - festival of classical music on King Tomislav Square in Zagreb[95]
Food and drink
Cuisine
Croatian cuisine is heterogeneous, and is therefore known as "the cuisine of regions". Its modern roots date back to proto-Slavic and ancient periods and the differences in the selection of foodstuffs and forms of cooking are most notable between those on the mainland and those in coastal regions. Mainland cuisine is more characterized by the earlier proto-Slavic and the more recent contacts with the more famous gastronomic orders of today, Hungarian, Viennese and Turkish, while the coastal region bears the influences of the Greek, Roman and Illyrian, as well as of the later Mediterranean cuisine, including Italian and French.
A large body of books bears witness to the high level of gastronomic culture in Croatia, which in European terms dealt with food in the distant past, such as the Gazophylacium by Belostenec, a Latin-Kajkavian dictionary dating from 1740 that preceded a similar French dictionary. There is also Beletristic literature by Marulić, Hektorović, Držić and other writers, down to the work written by Ivan Bierling in 1813 containing recipes for the preparation of 554 various dishes (translated from the German original), and which is considered to be the first Croatian cookbook.
Wine
Croatian wine (vino, pl. vina) has a history dating back to the Ancient Greek settlers, and their wine production on the southern Dalmatian islands of Vis, Hvar and Korčula some 2,500 years ago.<[97] Like other old world wine producers, many traditional grape varieties still survive in Croatia, perfectly suited to their local wine hills. Modern wine-production methods have taken over in the larger wineries and EU-style wine regulations [98] have been adopted, guaranteeing the quality of the wine.
There are currently over 300 geographically defined wine regions and a strict classification system to ensure quality and origin. The majority of Croatian wine is white, with most of the remainder being red and only a small percentage being
Wine is a popular drink in Croatia, and locals traditionally like to drink wine with their meals. Quite often, the wine is diluted with either still or sparkling water—producing a drinks known as gemišt (a combination of white wine and carbonated water) and bevanda (a combination of red wine and still water).
Coffee
Drinking coffee is a ritual and a mean of socialising for Croatians.[100][101] If they want to socialise with someone, they invite this person for a coffee.[102] This is the reason why in Croatian towns coffee bar terraces can always be seen crawling with locals drinking their cappuccino[103] and hanging out.[104] Average coffee drinking time among Croatians tends to extend to between 40 and 45 minutes.[105] According to the research done by Gfk Agency, 80% of Croatians older than 15 drink coffee on a daily basis.[101] During the COVID-19 pandemic, 44% of Croatian citizens reported that they miss drinking coffee in their caffe bars.[106] Among Dalmatians, 65% reported that the first thing they will do when the lockdown ends is go to their coffee bar and order coffee.[106] In Croatian culture, the person who invites for a coffee usually pays the bill.[104] Exception is if another person wants to make a nice gesture and pays instead.[104]
Croatian domestic animals
- Croatian Sheepdog[107]
- Dalmatian dog[108]
- Istrian Shorthaired Hound[109]
- Hrvatica chicken[110]
- Posavac (horse)[111]
Sports
Since independence Croatia has been a fairly successful sporting country. The most popular team sports have been association football (soccer). In 2022 Croatian Football Federation (Croatian: Hrvatski nogometni savez) had between 130,000 and 130,000 registered players, and making it the largest sporting association in the country.[112] According to a research conducted by CIES Football Observatory in 2017, Croatia was the single largest exporter of football players per capita, in the world.[113][114] It was also ranked eight globally by the number of football players who play abroad.[114][115] Since its existence, Croatian male national football team achieved notable results on worldwide scale by winning 3rd place in FIFA 1998 World Cup, 2nd place in FIFA 2018 World Cup and 3rd place in FIFA 2022 World Cup.[116] [117][118]
Croatian male handball team also achieved some notable successes by winning gold medal on summer Olympics in 1996 and 2004, gold medal on 2003 World Championship and silver medal on 2008, 2010 and 2020 European Championship.
Other popular sports are basketball and to some extent water polo. The most popular sports played mainly by individuals are tennis, skiing, swimming, and to some extent table tennis and chess. The nation's arenas are primarily used for handball and basketball games.
Some notable Croatian martial artists include Mirko "Cro Cop" Filipović, Željko Mavrović, Mate Parlov, Branko Cikatić, Ana Zaninović, Lucija Zaninović, Ivana Habazin and Maša Martinović.
See also
- Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector
- List of museums in Croatia
- Natural and Cultural Heritage of Croatia
- Public holidays in Croatia
- Register of Cultural Goods of Croatia
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With the festival attracting attendance from Spain, Finland, Italy, Poland, Belgium, the US, Slovenia, the UK and Croatia, it has always been a rich mix of experience.
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