Demographics of Philadelphia
Demographics of Philadelphia | |
---|---|
Population | 1,584,064 (2019) |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1683* | 600 | — |
1731* | 12,000 | +1900.0% |
1790 | 28,522 | +137.7% |
1800 | 41,220 | +44.5% |
1810 | 53,722 | +30.3% |
1820 | 63,802 | +18.8% |
1830 | 80,462 | +26.1% |
1840 | 93,665 | +16.4% |
1850 | 121,376 | +29.6% |
1860 | 565,529 | +365.9% |
1870 | 674,022 | +19.2% |
1880 | 847,170 | +25.7% |
1890 | 1,046,964 | +23.6% |
1900 | 1,293,697 | +23.6% |
1910 | 1,549,008 | +19.7% |
1920 | 1,823,779 | +17.7% |
1930 | 1,950,961 | +7.0% |
1940 | 1,931,334 | −1.0% |
1950 | 2,071,605 | +7.3% |
1960 | 2,002,512 | −3.3% |
1970 | 1,948,609 | −2.7% |
1980 | 1,688,210 | −13.4% |
1990 | 1,585,577 | −6.1% |
2000 | 1,517,550 | −4.3% |
2010 | 1,526,006 | +0.6% |
2019 | 1,584,064 | +3.8% |
Populations for City of Philadelphia, not for Philadelphia County. Population for Philadelphia County was 54,388 (including 42,520 urban) in 1790; 81,009 (including 69,403 urban) in 1800; 111,210 (including 91,874 urban) in 1810; 137,097 (including 112,772 urban) in 1820; 188,797 (including 161,410 urban) in 1830; 258,037 (including 220,423 urban) in 1840; and 408,762 (including 340,045 urban) in 1850. Under Act of Consolidation, 1854, City of Philadelphia absorbed the various districts, boroughs, townships, other suburbs, and remaining rural area in Philadelphia County as the consolidated City and County of Philadelphia. Source: [1][2][3][4][5] [6] |
At the
Of the 590,071 households, 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.1% were married couples living together, 22.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.3% were non-families. 33.8% of households were one person and 11.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.22.
The age distribution was 25.3% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.
The median household income was $30,746 and the median family income was $37,036. Males had a median income of $34,199 versus $28,477 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,509. 22.9% of the population and 18.4% of families were below the
The male-female ratio was 86.8 to 100, with 46.5% of the population male and 53.5% female. Of places with 100,000 or more people, this was the third lowest in the United States. Only Gary, Indiana and Birmingham, Alabama had a higher proportion of women.[8]
Of housing units, 590,071 (89.1%) were occupied and 71,887 (10.9%) were vacant. Of occupied housing units, 349,633 (59.3%) were owner-occupied and 240,438 (40.7%) were renter-occupied.
The mean
63.97% of Philadelphians drove an automobile to work (including carpools), 25.93% commuted by
Population history
From its founding in the 17th century through the early 19th century, the City of Philadelphia was considered the area between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers and between Vine and South Streets. Although the city proper was second to New York City in population at the time of the first U.S. Census in 1790, Philadelphia County was the most populous urban (or metropolitan) area in the nation until 1810, when it was surpassed by New York. In 1854, the Act of Consolidation incorporated the rest of Philadelphia County and created Philadelphia's modern border. This resulted in a large population increase, evident in the 1860 census.
Philadelphia experienced steady growth between 1860 and 1950, except for a brief lull in the 1930s, which was due in part to the Great Depression. Its population peaked at 2,071,605 in 1950. Between 1950 and 2000, the city lost 554,055 people, or 26.7% of its population. To put this into perspective, Chicago lost 20.0% of its population during the same era, and Baltimore lost 31.4%, according to US Census data. This nationwide trend is often referred to as "white flight", named for the movement of upper- and middle-class white families from the increasingly racially diverse cities in favor of more racially homogeneous suburbs.
In 2011, census data was released showing that Philadelphia had achieved its first confirmed population growth in 60 years.
Ethnography
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2011) |
For most of its early history from the 1600s and up until the mid to late 1800s, the vast majority of Philadelphia's population was
Statistics
Demographic profile[15] | 1850 | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1900 | 1910 | 1920 | 1930 | 1940 | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Hispanic White alone | 94.3% | 96.7% | 96.1% | 95.9% | 94.9% | 94.0% | 91.7% | 88.3% | 87.0% | – | 72.2% | 64.1% | 57.0% | 52.1% | 42.4% | 36.8% | 33.7% |
Non-Hispanic Black alone | 5.6% | 2.8% | 3.8% | 3.7% | 4.6% | 5.6% | 7.9% | 11.2% | 12.5% | – | 26.3% | 33.2% | 37.6% | 39.3% | 43.6% | 42.3% | 37.8% |
Hispanic or Latino, any race(s) | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.4% | – | 1.2% | 2.1% | 4.0% | 5.2% | 8.0% | 12.3% | 15.7% |
Pacific Islander alone
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.3% | 3.1% | 3.8% | 6.3% | 8.0% |
Non-Hispanic Native American | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Non-Hispanic Other | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1% | 0.1% | 1.9% | 2.3% | 4.6% |
Non-Hispanic Two or more races | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
First Immigrant Wave
Prior to the 1820s, the overwhelming majority of
Second Immigrant Wave
Like its other
Though Italians in Philadelphia would experience high levels of discrimination and prejudice, including intense
1940s to present
Since the 1940s, Philadelphia experienced large waves of
Recent immigrants from Asia are mainly of
Non-Hispanic White people
Large concentrations of non-Hispanic whites live in Center City, Northeast Philadelphia, and Northwest Philadelphia (although this is changing).[citation needed] Gentrification is altering the racial demographics of predominantly Black neighborhoods close to Center City.
European immigration is also growing, with more
.The city's
backgrounds residing in Philadelphia.Irish
In the 1960s, many of the Irish in Philadelphia were known to join the Philadelphia Police Department and Philadelphia Fire Department.[18]
Italians
Armenians
As of 2012[update], there were about 25,000 people of
Polish
Germans
Around 65,000 Germans settled in Philadelphia between 1727 and 1775.[22] Nowadays, it is estimated that over 500,000 people in the Philadelphia metropolitan area have German heritage.
Dutch
The Dutch settled in Philadelphia.[23]
French
There is a French community in Philadelphia.[24]
Scots Irish
There is a Scotch Irish community in Philadelphia.[25]
Slovaks
There is a Slovak community in Philadelphia.[26]
Greeks
There is a Greek community and a Greektown in Philadelphia.[27]
Non-Hispanic Black people
Non-Hispanic Black people make up 32% of Philadelphia's population, and 44% when including Hispanic Black people. The African-American population represents the vast majority of Black residents in the city and about 39% of the citywide population. The remaining Black population being Black immigrants from the Caribbean and Africa, and Afro-Hispanics within the Puerto Rican and Dominican communities.[28][29][30][31]
Circa 2008, a phenomenon of polygamy occurred among Muslims in Philadelphia who were Black. Persons engaging in that behavior had the potential of being prosecuted by the state government for bigamy.[32]
African Americans
The largest concentrations of native-born
African immigrant groups
Philadelphia has one of the most notable
In 2005, Philadelphia had immigrants from Ethiopia, Ghana, the Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.[36] By 2008, about 15,000 Liberians had immigrated to Philadelphia area, the Liberians left their native country due to two civil wars and the destruction of Liberian infrastructure.[37] The African population is largely concentrated in West and Southwest sections of Philadelphia. However, the Cedar Park neighborhood is the only neighborhood predominantly made up of West Indian/Caribbean and Sub-Saharan African immigrants.
Around 2005, there had been instances of violence perpetrated by native-born African-Americans against African immigrants. The head of the Liberian Association of Pennsylvania, Samuel Slewion, said that as a result many African immigrants withdrew children from public schools.[36] The head of African Congress USA, Cyprian Anyanwu, proposed a charter school to improve relations between native-born blacks and immigrants; his 2003 proposal was rejected by the city, and he issued a revised proposal in 2005.[38]
Caribbean-Americans
Philadelphia also has a large
Though, Haitians and Jamaicans are near even in population, Jamaicans represent the majority of West Indians in West Philadelphia, where most of the overall West Indian population lives. This is because Haitians are more evenly distributed throughout the city, outside of West Philadelphia, there are smaller numbers of Haitians in several neighborhoods in the
Hispanics and Latinos
As of the 2010 census, there were 187,611 Latinos and Hispanics in Philadelphia, constituting over 12 percent of the city's population, the vast majority of which are Puerto Ricans.[40] Most Philadelphia Hispanics self-identify as either White, Black, Mixed, or other, for government purposes i.e. United States Census.
In the early 20th century, companies such as the Pennsylvania Railroad and Spanish-speaking immigrant networks attracted Spanish-speaking workers to Philadelphia.[41] By 1910 several Latino and Hispanic groups had resided in Philadelphia. Cubans and Spaniards founded and initially lead the Latino and Hispanic community organizations. Due to the Immigration Act of 1924 Puerto Ricans, who were already U.S. citizens, became the predominant Hispanic group and had taken control of the organizations by the 1950s. Other Latino and Hispanic groups began establishing themselves by the 1960s.[40] By 2005, most of the leadership was still Puerto Rican and some non-Puerto Ricans had taken some leadership positions[42]
Puerto Ricans
As of 2010, there was a population of 121,643 Puerto Ricans living in Philadelphia. This meant that Puerto Ricans are the largest Latino group in the city and that Philadelphia has the second largest Puerto Rican population, after New York City.[43][44] Though, smaller numbers of Puerto Ricans can be found throughout the city, overall, eastern North Philadelphia has one of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the country, largely the result of high levels of segregation and a very large Puerto Rican population.[45][46]
Philadelphia has been a heavy Puerto Rican destination since the 1950s, though migration to the city has picked up and now Philadelphia has one of the fastest-growing Puerto Rican populations in the country.
Puerto Ricans make up the majority of Hispanics inside of the city of Philadelphia and in the Philadelphia metropolitan area as whole, numbering about 300,000 in far southeastern Pennsylvania (around Philadelphia), and neighboring areas in New Jersey and Delaware, making up 60% of Metro Philly's Hispanics and 4.5% of Philadelphia metro as a whole.
Dominicans
As of the 2010 census, there were 15,963
Dominicans began coming to Philadelphia after 1965.[40] Prior to 1990, there was a very small population of Dominicans. Then a significant wave of Dominican immigration started in 1990 with a group of Dominicans moving from New York to gain jobs.[48] Though, immigration from the Dominican Republic to the Philadelphia region is increasing, most Dominicans moving to Philadelphia actually come from New York City and other nearby areas.[44][49][50] The vast majority of Dominicans live scattered in Lower Northeast and eastern North Philadelphia especially north of Erie Avenue, sharing neighborhoods with the city's larger Puerto Rican population.[51] Smaller numbers of Dominicans live in West Philadelphia. Recent estimates have the current Dominican population according to the 2017 Census from 29,524 to as high as 65,000 people of Dominican descent, the latter estimate giving Philadelphia the second-largest Dominican population amongst American cities.[52][53] Only New York, NY has more Dominican Americans. Dominicans are one of Philadelphia's fastest growing ethnic groups.[48]
Mexicans
As of the
A small group of Mexicans arrived in the 19th Century. A small group of Mexicans remained throughout the city's history. A group of Mexicans arrived in the 1970s.[44] Small Mexican communities in South Philadelphia opened as a result of a 1990s wave of Mexican immigration.[48][54] Another wave of immigration started in 1998 with Mexicans arriving from Mexico and areas outside of Mexico such as New York.[48][54]
Most of Philadelphia's Mexican community lives in the area of South Philadelphia east of Broad Street, adding to the area's melting pot like cultural mix, sharing neighborhoods with Italian Americans and Asian immigrants.[44] As of 2011 most Mexicans in South Philadelphia originate from the state of Puebla.[44][54] Mexican immigrants have drastically changed the Italian area in South Philadelphia and have set up a small community in and around the market.[55]
The Carnaval de Puebla, one of the largest Poblano carnivals (a celebration of the Battle of Puebla) held in countries other than Mexico, began circa 2006. It is held every May.[55]
Cubans
As of the 2010 census, there was an estimate of 3,930 Cubans.[43][48] Cubans, along with Spaniards, had founded and initially controlled several Latino and Hispanic organizations in Philadelphia. In the early 1960s large numbers of Cuban refugees arrived in Philadelphia.[40]
Other Latino and Hispanic groups
As of the 2010 census, Hispanics of all other Hispanic groups numbered nearly 30,000, including an estimate of 4,675 Colombians, 2,262 Guatemalans, 1,641 Hondurans, 1,542 Ecuadorians, 1,085 Peruvians, 1,049 Salvadorans, 1,006 Argentineans.[43][48][56]
Asian Americans
The Asian American community has long been established in the city's bustling
There is an ethnic Pakistani congregation at St. William Church in Philadelphia.[59]
In 1999 there were about 1,500 people who were Japanese citizens with non-immigrant visas or Japanese immigrants to the Philadelphia area. There is a
Hmong
A group of Hmong refugees had settled in
Native Americans
About 13,000 Philadelphians identified as
Romani
Some Macedonian Romani people live in Philadelphia.[66]
Religion
Many other religions have arrived, including Islam and Hinduism. With immigration from the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India, these two religions have increased their presence. The largest concentrations of Muslims and Hindus live in the Northeast and North parts of the city, Center City, West Philadelphia, and sprawling into the nearby suburbs.
The Muslim African American community in Philadelphia has grown substantially over the last decade.[69] According to several statistics, Philadelphia has surpassed Detroit and New York City to become the American metropolitan area with the highest proportion of Muslims.[70]
Religions with less numerous adherents can also be found. There are pockets of
Ethno-religious groups
Jews
Ancestries
Ancestry by origin[75] | Number | % |
---|---|---|
American | 32,573 | |
Arab | 13,590 |
References
- Vázquez-Hernández, Víctor. "From Pan-Latino Enclaves to a Community:Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia, 1910-2000" (Chapter 4). In: Whalen, Carmen Teresa and Víctor Vázquez-Hernández (editors). The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives. ISBN 1592134149, 9781592134144.
Notes
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 - 2014 Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
- ^ "Census" (PDF). United States Census. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-24. page 36
- ^ Campbell Gibson. "Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790 to 1990". United States Bureau of the Census.
- ^ "Historical, demographic, economic, and social data: the United States, 1790–1970". Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Pennsylvania's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting Archived March 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Philadelphia's population increased, but it's not all good, according to Census data". The Inquirer. March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data - Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
- ^ "Census Bureau News". Archived from the original on 2006-03-03. Retrieved 2006-03-30. Archived copy at the Library of Congress (November 27, 2002).
- ^ Cornfield, Josh (10 March 2011). "This is Not a Misprint: Philadelphia's Population is Up". Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^ Matza, Michael (2011-03-13). "Immigrant Surge: Why Area Grew". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
- ^ Cornfield, Josh (10 March 2011). "This is Not a Misprint: Philadelphia's Population is Up". Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
- ^ Pressler, Jessica (August 14, 2005). "Philadelphia Story: The Next Borough". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ Muhammad, Nisa Islam. "D.C. 'exodus' sparks district renewal efforts for Whites", The Final Call, June 21, 2007. Accessed June 25, 2007.
- ^ "Washington's Black Majority Is Shrinking". The New York Times. September 16, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ "IPUMS USA". usa.ipums.org. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
- ^ Hepp, Chris (August 7, 2014). "Mummers Parade going south? City mulls big change". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
- ^ Trulia (15 March 2013). "America's Most Irish Towns". Forbes. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Potter (1960), p. 530
- ^ Holmes, Kristin E. (2012-04-04). "An Armenian school in Philadelphia fights to survive". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
Many families began immigrating to the United States after the start of persecution in the 1890s, said [...] [this would refer to the Hamidian massacres
- ^ "Home". Armenian Sisters Academy. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
440 Upper Gulph Road | Radnor, PA 19087
- ^ "Township Zoning Map". Upper Merion Township, Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2019-09-01. - Also see: Township Street Map and Map of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
- ^ "German Settlement in Pennsylvania An Overview" (PDF). Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ "Dutch (The) and the Netherlands".
- ^ "France and the French".
- ^ "Scots Irish (Scotch Irish)".
- ^ "Slovaks and Slovakia".
- ^ "Greeks and Greece (Modern)".
- ^ "The health of the African and Caribbean immigrant community". 21 May 2013.
- ^ Fast Facts About Africa and African Immigrants in Philadelphia (PDF) (Report). Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies. 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-23.
- ^ Garsd, Jasmine (25 May 2013). "'Las Caras Lindas': To be Black and Puerto Rican in 2013". NPR.
- ^ "African Descendants in Puerto Rico (Afro-Puerto Ricans)".
- National Public Radio. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
- ^ United States Census
- ^ "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
- ^ a b United States Census
- ^ FrontPageAfrica. 2005-11-14. Archived from the originalon 2005-11-25. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
- ^ Herold, Benjamin. "Student 'ambassadors' tackle divide between Africans, African Americans." The Notebook.[clarification needed] Northern hemisphere Fall 2008. Volume 16, No. 1. 1. Retrieved on December 16, 2010.
- ^ Moran, Robert; Gaiutra Bahadur; Susan Snyder (2005-11-03). "Residents say beating fits widespread pattern". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 2005-11-05. Retrieved 2018-01-06.
- ^ "Philadelphia (Jamaica)". Archived from the original on 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
- ^ a b c d Vázquez-Hernández, p. 88.
- ^ Vázquez-Hernández, p. 89.
- ^ Vázquez-Hernández, p. 88-89.
- ^ a b c d e "American FactFinder - Results". Archived from the original on 2014-12-18. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
- ^ a b c d e f "Latino Philadelphia at a Glance." (Archive) Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 1. Retrieved on January 15, 2014.
- ^ Casellas, Marisa (2007). "El Barrio: Latino Relationships in North Philadelphia and Impacts on Puerto Rican Businesses". Urban Studies Senior Seminar Papers. University of Pennsylvania, Urban Studies Program. Archived from the original on 2023-03-20.
- ^ "21 Maps of Highly Segregated Cities in America". Business Insider.
- ^ "American FactFinder - Results". Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Latino Philadelphia at a Glance." (Archive) Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 2. Retrieved on January 15, 2014.
- ^ "Dominican businesses booming in Philadelphia". Archived from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2014-07-20.
- ^ "Where Others Fled, Dominicans Settle in In N. Phila., Many Find Lucrative Haven". Archived from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2014-07-20.
- ^ "American FactFinder - Results". Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
- ^ "American FactFinder - Results". Archived from the original on 2020-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
- ^ "Unos 65 mil dominicanos residen en la Ciudad de Filadelfia - noticias telemicro". ntelemicro.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-04.
- ^ a b c d "From Puebla to South Philly." The Philadelphia Inquirer. October 28, 2011. Retrieved on January 15, 2014.
- ^ Fox News Latino. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
- ^ "Latino Philadelphia at a Glance." (Archive) Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 3. Retrieved on January 15, 2014.
- ^ Teague, Matthew. "Heroes: South Philly High's Protesters." Philadelphia (magazine). August 2010. 1 Archived 2013-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on January 31, 2013.
- ^ "Bullying against Asian students roils Philadelphia high school." Associated Press at the USA Today. January 22, 2010. Retrieved on January 20, 2013. "Many of the city's nearly 60,000 residents who report being born in China live in the neighborhoods, said David Elesh, an urban sociologist at Temple University."
- ^ "Pakistani Community". St. William Church. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Directions Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine." Japanese Language School of Philadelphia. Retrieved on March 30, 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-374-52564-4. p. 192. "In Philadelphia, anti-Hmong muggings, robberies, beatings, stonings, and vandalism were so commonplace during the early eighties that the city's Commission on Human Relations held public hearings to investigate the violence. One source[...]"
- ^ a b c Robbins, William. "VIOLENCE FORCES HMONG TO LEAVE PHILADELPHIA" (Archive). The New York Times. Monday September 17, 1984. Late City Final Edition, Section B, Page 16, Column 2, 1100 words
- ISBN 978-0-374-52564-4. p. 195.
- ^ "Indigenous Peoples of Philadelphia". ALA. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-19-991022-9. Retrieved 12 February 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles, Pew Research Center
- ^ Philadelphia". Jewish Virtual Library
- ^ "Philly's Black Muslims Increasingly Turn to Polygamy". NPR.org.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "The Jivaka Project". Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ Levitt, Ross (2009-12-30). "Group: Remains of more than 500 animals found at Philadelphia home". CNN.com. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
- ^ "Man gets life sentence in killing over Santeria". 15 January 2012.
- ^ "Voodoo: A Growing Presence in Philadelphia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
- ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
Sources and further reading
- U.S. Census website, US Census.
- Philadelphia in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000, Brookings Institution, November 2003.
- Licht, Walter (1992). Getting Work: Philadelphia, 1840-1950. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. LCCN 91035021.. A discussion of how Philadelphia workers found jobs and how employers found workers, including how the process was affected by race, ethnicity, origin (immigrant versus native-born), industrial sector, unionization, and other demographic differences.
- "A City Transformed: The Racial and Ethnic Changes in Philadelphia Over the Last 20 Years." Pew Charitable Trusts Philadelphia Research Initiative. June 1, 2011. (Archive)
- "A study of Southeast Asian youth in Philadelphia: A final report." United States Office of Refugee Resettlement, 1988.