EDSA

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see EDSA (disambiguation).


C-4
Epifanio de los Santos Avenue
EDSA
AH26
Maintained by the Department of Public Works and Highways[note 1] and the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
Length23.8 km (14.8 mi)
Including extension in Bay City, Pasay
Existed1940–present
Component
highways
RestrictionsNo heavy trucks, tricycles
Major junctions
Beltway around Manila
North end AH 26 (N1) (Bonifacio Monument Circle) in Caloocan
Major intersections
South endSM Mall of Asia Globe Rotunda in Bay City, Pasay
Location
CountryPhilippines
Major citiesCaloocan, Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasay, Quezon City, San Juan
Highway system
  • Roads in the Philippines

Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, commonly referred to by its acronym EDSA (Tagalog:

local government units or cities, namely, from north to south, Caloocan, Quezon City, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Pasay.[1]

Named after academic Epifanio de los Santos, the section of the road from Balintawak Interchange in Quezon City to Magallanes Interchange in Makati connects the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) and South Luzon Expressway (SLEX). The avenue passes through the major financial districts of the metropolis which are Triangle Park, Araneta City, Ortigas Center, Makati CBD, and Bay City. It is the longest and the most congested highway in the metropolis, stretching some 23.8 kilometers (14.8 mi).[2]

Structure

The entire avenue forms part of

Metro Manila's arterial road network, National Route 1 (N1) of the Philippine highway network and Asian Highway 26 (AH26) of the Asian Highway Network.[3] The locations around the avenue were marked with great economic and industrial growth, proven by the fact that all but two industrial centers in the Metropolis are directly accessible from the thoroughfare. The decent economic growth of the areas around the avenue adds a significant volume of traffic on the avenue, and in recent estimates,[4] and an average of 385,096 vehicles go through it every day.[5]
The avenue is a divided carriageway, often consisting of 12 lanes, 6 in either direction, with the elevated railroads Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3 and Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1 often serving as its median. Although it is not an expressway, traffic rules and speed limits are strictly implemented to the vehicles that pass along it. It is operated by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority and is maintained and constantly being repaired by the Department of Public Works and Highways, whose maintenance over EDSA excludes the extension from Roxas Boulevard to SM Mall of Asia in Pasay.[3]

Route description

Main article: Circumferential Road 4
Quezon City
Pasay
Street signs used for EDSA
The northern terminus of EDSA at the Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan.

EDSA starts from the

Andres Bonifacio. The 1.7 kilometers (1.1 mi) of the road are in Caloocan. The Avenue will then enter Quezon City through the Balintawak district, after an intersection with the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) and A. Bonifacio Avenue at the Balintawak Interchange
.

EDSA looking north to SM North EDSA
EDSA-Aurora Underpass in Quezon City

EDSA crosses much of the northern part of Quezon City, passing through the Balintawak, Muñoz, and Project 7 districts. It sharply curves southwards after crossing the North Avenue-West Avenue Intersection in the

Greenhills Shopping Center and the Eastwood City are also located nearby. EDSA then continues on its route and serves as the boundary of the cities of San Juan and Quezon City. The People Power Monument can be seen on the northbound side of EDSA at its junction with White Plains Avenue. After 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) in Quezon City, EDSA will eventually leave the city, straddling along the boundary with San Juan. EDSA enters Mandaluyong after crossing the borders of the Ortigas Center. In the Ortigas Center, some notable buildings around the area are the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration building, Robinsons Galleria, SM Megamall, and the bronze EDSA Shrine, a memorial church to the 1986 People Power Revolution. It then curves smoothly westwards after it crosses Boni Avenue and Pioneer Street, and crosses the Pasig River via the Guadalupe Bridge
, leaving the city of Mandaluyong.

After crossing the Pasig River, EDSA enters the city of

J.P. Rizal Avenue. The highway also provides quick access to the city of Taguig and the Bonifacio Global City nearby. After crossing Buendia Avenue, the highway enters the Ayala Center, an important commercial district in the Philippines. The road then curves eastwards, continues on a straight route to the city of Pasay, and passing the Chino Roces Avenue, Osmeña Highway and South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) through Magallanes Interchange
.

EDSA Extension looking west towards SM Mall of Asia

EDSA enters

Bay City reclamation area, where SM Mall of Asia
is located. EDSA's terminus is at the Globe Rotunda fronting SM Mall of Asia.

Bicycle lanes

A one-way bike lane with physical protection along EDSA in Quezon City.

The entire span of EDSA has one-way Class II

Metropolitan Bike Lane Network and funded by the Bayanihan to Recover as One Act during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the bicycle lanes along EDSA are paint separated while some sections have physical separation using bollards and concrete barriers.[6]

Traffic management

Heavy traffic on EDSA as seen from Boni station, looking south towards Guadalupe

The lead agency that manages the flow of traffic along EDSA is the

Uniform Vehicular Volume Reduction Program
.

Many[

Commonwealth Avenue.[8][9]
The average speed of vehicles in EDSA is 15 kilometers per hour (9.3 mph).

On January 18, 2016, strict implementation on bus lanes started on the Shaw–Guadalupe segment, where plastic barriers are placed and prohibited entry of private vehicles and taxis on the bus lanes except when turning to EDSA's side streets.[10] Despite the plastic barrier, many private vehicles still enter the lanes.[10]

In June 2020, bus routes in the avenue were rationalized, creating the EDSA Carousel line carried by the new EDSA Busway. The EDSA Busway is separated from normal road traffic and now used only for buses and emergency vehicles. The new bus lane spans from Monumento to PITX and is divided by concreted barriers and steel fences. The old rightmost bus lanes was now opened for all vehicles, with the avenue now having total of 4-5 public-use lanes per direction instead of 3, excluding interchanges.

Decongestion program

A decongestion program under the Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Program is ongoing to help decongest EDSA (which is under overcapacity, carrying 402,000 vehicles daily while has the capacity of 288,000).[11] This involves the construction of other roads and bridges that will divert traffic from the avenue. The government aims to reduce travel time from Cubao to Makati to 5–6 minutes.[12]

History

Construction of what was then called the North and South Circumferential Road began in 1939 under President Manuel L. Quezon, amidst Manila's rapid expansion.[13] This necessitated inland growth and a planned new capital city, which became Quezon City.[14] The construction team was led by engineers Florencio Moreno and Osmundo Monsod,[1] integrating the former stretch of Calle Apelo Cruz from present-day Cabrera Street to Taft Avenue in Pasay and Calle Samson up to Balintawak in Quezon City to the east.[15]

The road, starting from North Bay Boulevard in Navotas, then in the province of Rizal, and ending at Taft Avenue (formerly known as Taft Avenue Extension / Manila South Road) in Pasay, also then in Rizal,[16] was partially opened in 1940, shortly before the outbreak of World War II and the subsequent Japanese occupation.[14] It was then known as the Manila Circumferential Road or simply as Circumferential Road.[17][18] During the war, its section in Diliman Estate served as a runway of the Quezon Airfield, along with Malawen Boulevard (now Quezon Avenue).[19][20] The road was also renamed to Highway 54 and thus designated as Route 54.[21][22] Due to the route number, there was a common misconception on that time that the avenue is 54 kilometers (34 mi) long.[1] The present-day North EDSA section in Caloocan and Quezon City was referred to as Calle Samson (Samson Street),[16] while its section in Pasay was also known as P. Lovina Street. It was later renamed as McArthur Boulevard in 1945,[14] and after the independence of the Philippines from the United States in 1946, it became known as Avenida 19 de Junio (June 19 Avenue), after the birth date of national hero José Rizal.[1]

In the 1950s, the northern end of the avenue was designated to its present terminus at Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan and its part west of it later becoming Samson Road, General San Miguel Street, and Letre Road.[23] The avenue was widened from two to four lanes during this decade.[14] Rizalists also wanted the avenue's name to remain 19 de Junio, while President Ramon Magsaysay wanted the avenue named after Rizal. Residents of Rizal province (to which most parts of Metro Manila belonged until 1975) wanted the avenue to be named after a Rizaleño: the historian, jurist and scholar named Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal, who was born in Malabon. The Philippine Historical Committee (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines), the Philippine Historical Association, the Philippine Library Association, Association of university and College Professors, the Philippine China Cultural Association, and the Philippine National Historical Society, led by fellow Rizaleños Eulogio Rodriguez and Juan Sumulong, supported the renaming of Highway 54 to Epifanio de los Santos Avenue.

On April 7, 1959, de los Santos' birth anniversary, Republic Act No. 2140 was passed, renaming the avenue to honor him.[24] Rapid urbanization in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly after the annexation of several Rizal towns to the newly established National Capital Region, marked the growth of the industrial centers along the road, and several other roads connected to the avenue, such as Ayala Avenue and McKinley Road in Makati.

Construction of EDSA continued into the 1970s, including the construction of the

Metro Manila Arterial Road System in 1965, in order to complete the Circumferential Road 4 system, EDSA was extended from Taft Avenue to Roxas Boulevard, occupying parcels of land along the old F. Rein Street and Del Pan Avenue in Pasay.[25]
Until the mid-1980s, many parts of the highway still overlooked vast grassland and open fields.

The EDSA Revolution

Main article: People Power Revolution

By 1986, political opposition to the 20-year dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos mounted. In late February, high-ranking military officers including

Fidel Ramos, defected from the Marcos government and seized Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo, two military bases located across each other midway along EDSA. This triggered three days of peaceful demonstrations that became the People Power Revolution
.

The majority of protesters were gathered at the gates of the two bases, along a stretch of EDSA between the commercial districts of Cubao in Quezon City and Ortigas Center in Mandaluyong. Over two million Filipino civilians, along with political, military, and religious groups led by

Benigno Aquino Jr., was installed as president on the morning of February 25; by midnight, Marcos had escaped Malacañang Palace with his family, and was flying to exile in Hawaii
.

Monuments

Several landmarks commemorate historical events that occurred along the avenue. At the intersection of EDSA and Ortigas Avenue is

Marian title
in memory of the pious folk belief that in the 1986 Revolution, the Virgin Mary personally shielded the protesters – many of whom were peacefully praying and singing – as they faced government troops, tanks, and aircraft.

The

Philippine flag rises behind her, while a statue of Ninoy Aquino
and an eternal flame stand on either side at its base. A huge, limestone-faced wall with grooves for ribbons in the national colors forms a backdrop to the scene. The surrounding pavement contains a row of flagstaffs, and is the center for protests and ceremonies held on the Revolution's anniversary of February 25.

Monuments dedicated to Andrés Bonifacio are situated at two locations along EDSA: the Balintawak Interchange and the avenue's terminus, the Monumento Circle. The monument at Balintawak, erected in 1971, replaced the old Cry of Balintawak Monument, a monument commemorating the Cry of Pugad Lawin and was transferred to the University of the Philippines Diliman campus in 1968.[26] On the other hand, the Bonifacio Monument at Monumento was built in 1929 and unveiled in 1933.

Recent history

NLEX-bound EDSA as seen from Roosevelt Avenue overpass, prior to the extension of the LRT Line 1 (LRT-1) of the Manila Light Rail Transit System

After the People Power Revolution, the highway was commonly referred to as EDSA, and it was connected to its southern extensions.

In 1997, construction began on the

North Avenue to Taft Avenue. It was opened under the administration of Joseph Estrada, the thirteenth President of the Philippines.[27][28]

The

Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr.
at noon on January 20, 2001, several hours before Estrada and his family fled Malacañang Palace.

The EDSA III, which also took place along the avenue from April 25 to May 1 of the same year, resulted in violence when the supporters of former President Estrada attempted to storm the presidential palace and the military and police were ordered to use their arms to drive them back. Arroyo declared a state of rebellion because of the violence and prominent political personalities affiliated with Estrada were charged and arrested.

In 2006, the avenue was further extended from Roxas Boulevard to the SM Mall of Asia on the Bay City Reclamation Project, where it now ends at the Globe Rotunda, a roundabout. That same year, the avenue was badly damaged in September, when Typhoon Milenyo hit Manila.

In 2010, the LRT Line 1 (LRT-1) of the Manila Light Rail Transit System was extended from Monumento to Roosevelt (now Fernando Poe Jr.), ultimately transversing EDSA to end at the site of the current North Avenue MRT station.

On September 9, 2015, the Philippine National Police (PNP) deployed the Highway Patrol Group to support MMDA traffic constables easing traffic on congested segments of EDSA.[29]

In September 2017, the construction of the North Triangle Common Station was started after numerous delays due to bureaucracy and location disputes. It will connect the LRT Line 1, MRT Line 3, MRT Line 7, and the Metro Manila Subway.[30]

EDSA Carousel

Main article: EDSA Carousel
The Monumento stop of the EDSA Carousel in Caloocan.

The EDSA Carousel is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system with stops mostly on the EDSA median lanes serving as the main bus route of the avenue. The system was put into place after almost all public and private transportation along EDSA was prohibited during the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon imposed during the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. Interim operations of the BRT system began on July 1, 2020. Intended to be largely served by bus stops along some stops are temporarily served by stations on the curbside. The system runs on a dedicated bus lane called the EDSA Busway, which is separated by concreted barriers.[31]

Prior to the establishment of the EDSA Carousel, the Department of Transportation proposed in 2017 to create two BRT lines in Metro Manila, which would be part of a Metro Manila Bus Rapid Transit System. EDSA would have had been designated as "Line 2: Central Corridor" and would have had 48.6 kilometers (30.2 mi) of segregated busways covering the length of the road.[32] The agency planned to scrap the project by June 2018.[33] However, this appeal was rejected and the Line 1 which will be built on Quezon Avenue, which passes EDSA, was later approved by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) on November 2, 2018.[34]

In 2019, Senator Win Gatchalian called for the approval of the BRT system as an alternate mode of transportation to the PNR Metro Commuter Line.[35]

Intersections

Taft Avenue
stations.

Intersections are numbered by kilometer post, with Rizal Park in Manila designated as kilometer zero. 

ProvinceCity/Municipalitykm[a]miDestinationsNotes
Rizal Avenue) – Valenzuela, Manila, Navotas
Bonifacio Monument Circle (Monumento). Northern terminus.
5th Street (B. Serrano)Northbound access via U-turn slot
8th Street (A. De Jesus)Unsignalized intersection. Access to 5th Avenue.
Biglang Awa StreetNorthbound access via U-turn slot. Access to 10th Avenue.
Katipunan StreetNorthbound entry only from the West Service Road
A. Bonifacio Avenue) / AH 26 (E1) (NLEX) – Manila, Baguio
Balintawak Interchange
N127 (Quirino Highway)[3]
Northbound access only. Access to East Service Road running parallel to NLEX.
Kaingin Road / Howmart RoadAccess from opposite direction via U-turn slot
12.4257.721Dario Bridge I over Dario Creek
12.6807.879Culiat Bridge I over San Juan River
N129 (Congressional Avenue) / Fernando Poe Jr. Avenue
Access from opposite directions via U-turn slot. Former traffic light intersection.
Corregidor Street / Bansalangin StreetAccess from opposite directions via U-turn slot
TriNoma
.
Trinoma Access Road/
TriNoma
.
Vertis North Access RoadNorthbound access only. Access to Vertis North Complex.
North end of Quezon Avenue Flyover
15.432–
16.536		9.589–
10.275
N170 (Quezon Avenue) – Manila, QMC
Traffic light intersection.
Panay AvenueSouthbound access only.
Mother Ignacia AvenueSouthbound access only. Access to
St. Mary's College of Quezon City
.
South end of Quezon Avenue Flyover
Eugenio Lopez DriveSouthbound access only. Access to ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center.
GMA Network DriveSouthbound access only. Access to GMA Network Center.
North end of Kamuning Flyover
Land Transportation Office
head office.
Kamias Road / Kamuning RoadTraffic light intersection. No left turn on both sides.
South end of Kamuning Flyover
17.65010.967Lagarian Bridge I over Diliman Creek
Ermin Garcia StreetNorthbound/southbound access only. Access from opposite directions via U-turn slots (northbound via Kamuning U-turn slot and southbound via Aurora Boulevard U-turn slot.) Southbound side access to Ramon Magsaysay High School
New York StreetNorthbound/southbound access only. Access from opposite direction via U-turn slots (northbound via Kamuning U-turn slot and southbound via Aurora Boulevard U-turn slot).
North end of Aurora Boulevard Underpass
Araneta Center
. No left turn from northbound.
General Roxas StreetNorthbound access only. Access to
Araneta Center
.
P.A. Bernardo AvenueSouthbound access only.
South end of Aurora Boulevard Underpass
North end of P. Tuazon Underpass
Mayor Ignacio Santos Diaz Street / General MacArthur StreetNorthbound/southbound access only. Access from opposite directions via U-turn slots (northbound via Aurora Boulevard U-turn slot and southbound via P. Tuazon U-turn slot). Access to
Araneta Center
from northbound.
P. Tuazon BoulevardTraffic light intersection. Access to
Araneta Center
.
South end of P. Tuazon Underpass
North end of Santolan Flyover
N185 (Bonny Serrano Avenue)
Traffic light intersection. Access to Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo.
South end of Santolan Flyover
San Juan – Quezon City boundaryAnnapolis StreetSouthbound access only
San Juan – Mandaluyong – Quezon City boundaryConnecticut StreetSouthbound access only. Access to Greenhills Shopping Center.
Mandaluyong – Quezon City boundary20.778–
21.659		12.911–
13.458		White Plains AvenueNorthbound access only
North end of Ortigas Flyover
EDSA–Ortigas Interchange. Access to Ortigas Center, Meralco Complex, and The Medical City
.
EDSA–Ortigas Interchange. Access to Robinsons Galleria and EDSA Shrine
.
Greenhills Shopping Center
.
South end of Ortigas Flyover
MandaluyongGuadix DriveNorthbound access only. Access to Asian Development Bank.
Julia Vargas AvenueNorthbound access only. No right turn from Shaw Underpass. Access to SM Megamall.
North end of Shaw Underpass
N141 (Shaw Boulevard) – Pasig, ManilaTraffic light intersection. Access to Shangri-La Plaza and Starmall EDSA-Shaw. No left turn from both sides of EDSA to Shaw Boulevard.
South end of Shaw Underpass
Reliance StreetNorthbound access only. Access to
TV5
Media Center and United Laboratories (Unilab) head office.
Boni Avenue / Pioneer StreetNorthbound and southbound access only.
Mandaluyong – Makati boundary25.000–
25.163		15.534–
15.636		Guadalupe Bridge over the Pasig River
J.P. Rizal Avenue
Guadalupe Interchange
Bernardino Street / P. Burgos StreetNo access from opposite directions.
Orense StreetNorthbound access only. Access to MMDA Metrobase.
Estrella StreetExit from northbound via flyover ramp. Access to Power Plant Mall. Connection with Estrella–Pantaleon Bridge.
27.13216.859
N190 (Kalayaan Avenue) – BGC
Southbound access via U-turn slot. Access to EDSA southbound via flyover ramp.
Kalayaan FlyoverSouthbound entrance only from the Bonifacio Global City.
Kalayaan FlyoverNorthbound entrance only from Gil Puyat Avenue.
N190 (Gil Puyat Avenue
) / Buendia Avenue Extension		Northbound access to Buendia Avenue Extension accessible via U-turn slot at Ayala Avenue Intersection.
East end of Ayala Underpass
Ayala Avenue / McKinley RoadTraffic light intersection. Access from Ayala Avenue either through flyover ramp or traffic light intersection. Access to Makati Central Business District, Glorietta, Forbes Park, and Bonifacio Global City.
Arnaiz AvenueTraffic light intersection. Access to Dasmariñas Village.
West end of Ayala Underpass
Chino Roces AvenueConnects with U-turn to EDSA northbound, also route for vehicles which exceeds the height of the Chino Roces Avenue underpass.
N145 (Osmeña Highway) / AH 26 (E2) (South Luzon Expressway) – Manila, Alabang, Laguna, Batangas
Magallanes Interchange. Access from northbound via at-grade roads and to Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR Tollway).
Evangelista StreetSouthbound only. Access via U-turn slot under Magallanes Interchange
Pasay31.83919.784Malibay Bridge over Malibay Creek
Tramo StreetSouthbound ramp, and northbound at-grade intersection. Access to EDSA southbound via U-turn slot under Magallanes Interchange.
N170 (Taft Avenue
) / Taft Avenue Extension		Pasay Rotunda. No left turn from EDSA southbound, no left turn to EDSA northbound from Taft Avenue. Access to EDSA southbound via u-turn slot under Magallanes interchange.
F.B. Harrison Avenue
Access to opposite direction provided by U-turn slot (northbound under Magallanes Interchange and southbound fronting The Heritage Hotel).
32.28520.061
N61 (Roxas Boulevard) – Manila, Cavite
Traffic light intersection. Access to opposite direction formerly provided by U-turn slot and Manila–Cavite Expressway (CAVITEX). C-4 segment of EDSA ends here. Change from N1/AH26 to unnumbered highway. End of DPWH maintenance.[b]
Macapagal BoulevardTraffic light intersection. Access to NAIA Expressway (NAIAX) and Manila–Cavite Expressway (CAVITEX).
Sunrise DriveNo access to opposite directions.
J.W. Diokno Boulevard
Roundabout. Southern terminus. Serves SM Mall of Asia and surrounding areas.
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Notes

  1. ^ Sources:[36][37][38][39][40][41]
  2. ^ The section of the avenue from Roxas Boulevard towards SM Mall of Asia is unnumbered, since it is not an original part of the avenue.

Future developments

Proposed interchanges

An overpass over the North Avenue–West Avenue Intersection and Mindanao Avenue Junction in the Triangle Park and a felyover over Congressional Avenue–Fernando Poe Jr. Avenue intersection in Muñoz are already approved and was slated to begin construction construction in 2013.[42] As of 2020, the project is currently on hold.

Proposed renaming

In 2011, Representative Rene Relampagos (Bohol–1st) filed House Bill (HB) No. 5422, proposing to rename Epifanio de los Santos Avenue as "Corazon Aquino Avenue." According to Relampagos, the idea to rename EDSA after Aquino, who led the 1986 People Power, was conceptualized in the aftermath of her death.[43]

Construction of EDSA-Taft flyover

On April 2, 2013, then-President Benigno Aquino III gave the go-signal for the construction of a flyover at the perennially traffic-choked corner of EDSA and Taft Avenue in Metro Manila.[44]

The project is estimated to cost ₱2.8 billion, with the flyover extending to about 1.4 kilometers (0.87 mi) each side and it will take one and a half years to complete the project.[44]

Barrier-separated bus lanes

After stricter implementation of bus lanes and barrier separation through plastic barriers, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) started to replace the orange barriers with a concrete permanent barrier used to separate the bus lanes from private vehicle lanes.[45]

Proposed road pricing scheme

With support from Singapore, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority proposed the implementation of road pricing, based on the Electronic Road Pricing scheme on Singapore, on EDSA to alleviate traffic congestion, along with providing alternate routes and opening some gated community roads. Implementation is set for 2018, but Rene Santiago, a transport engineer and planner, criticized the proposal because it may only worsen congestion, along with the numerous intersections and side streets along EDSA.[46]

Proposed shared bicycle-motorcycle lanes

On August 18, 2023, the MMDA proposed converting the bicycle lanes on EDSA exclusive to bicycles into shared lanes for bicycles and motorcycles, claiming that the EDSA bicycle lanes are "underutilized", and also proposed plans to build an elevated walkway and bikeway on EDSA from Guadalupe to Cubao. A preliminary feasibility study will be conducted within the week, with a stakeholders' meeting with cyclists and motorcycle riders taking place on August 29, 2023.[47][48]

The proposal was criticized by sustainable transport advocates, who claimed that the proposed scheme would compromise the safety of cyclists and argued instead to carve an exclusive motorcycle lane from the regular lanes.[47][48] The Department of Transportation will have the final say on the MMDA's proposal, which has jurisdiction over the EDSA bicycle lanes.[49]

In popular culture

EDSA is frequently used as a protest site. In August 2012, the

Leila De Lima to focus on issues such as the Mamasapano clash instead of a case filed by former INC minister Isaias Samson Jr., against Church leaders.[54] On November 30, 2016, an anti-Marcos protest was held in the People Power Monument due to the burial of Ferdinand Marcos at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.[55][56] On November 5, 2017, critics of the Duterte administration attended a mass held in EDSA shrine to protest against extrajudicial killings in the country.[57][58] On February 22, 2018, groups gathered at People Power Monument to hold a prayer vigil to show their opposition against constitutional reform.[59] On February 22, 2020, demonstrators gathered at the People Power Monument to call on President Rodrigo Duterte to resign from office.[60]

The avenue is also used in political campaigns by several politicians, particularly those who had been involved in the EDSA Revolution such as Joseph Estrada and Benigno Aquino III.

EDSA was also featured in the film The Bourne Legacy. Portions of the road from Magallanes Interchange to Taft Avenue were featured in a car chase wherein Aaron Cross, played by Jeremy Renner, jumps from the Taft Avenue footbridge to a plying bus.[61][62]

Due to its notorious traffic congestion, Programang EDSA, a weekday rush hour radio program airing on 90.7 Love Radio Manila from afternoon to evening, is named after the avenue.[63]

Notes

  1. ^ The DPWH maintenance over EDSA excludes the extension from Roxas Boulevard to SM Mall of Asia in Pasay.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Peter Uckung (February 22, 2012). "History in Asphalt". Business world Online. Archived from the original on May 25, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  2. ^ Lamentillo, Anna Mae (January 23, 2021). "21 things you need to know about the EDSA decongestion program". Manila Bulletin.
  3. ^ a b c "Road and Bridge Inventory". Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  4. ^ Philippine Daily Inquirer (July 7, 2009). "Inquirer Headlines: EDSA". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  5. ^ "Metropolitan Manila Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) 2022" (PDF). Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
  6. ^ "List of all bike lanes based on DPWH classifications". Freedom of Information Philippines. August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  7. ^ "MMDA Resolution No. 03-28". Archived from the original on November 30, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  8. ^ Jao-Grey, Margarte (December 27, 2007). "Too Many Buses, Too Many Agencies Clog Edsa". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  9. ^ "MMDA Resolution No. 04-01". Archived from the original on November 30, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  10. ^ a b Zarzuela, Maricar B. (January 12, 2016). "Private cars can't enter Edsa bus lanes starting Jan. 18". Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  11. ^ Abad, Roderick (October 29, 2020). "Edsa Decongestion Program: Making travel a breeze for Filipinos | Roderick Abad". BusinessMirror. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  12. ^ "EDSA Decongestion Masterplan on time for 2022 finish – The Manila Times". manilatimes.net. November 11, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  13. ^ Villasanta, Art (December 4, 2011). "Edsa: Greatest Filipino genius after Rizal". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  14. ^ a b c d e Alcazaren, Paulo (February 24, 2024). "The road from Highway 54 toward a more inclusive and safe EDSA". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
  15. ^ Buenaventura, Fidel (1946). "Municipality of Pasay" (Map). Municipality of Pasay. 1:8000. National Library of the Philippines. NLP00CG0000000204. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  16. ^ a b Manila, Philippines map (Map). American Red Cross Service Bureau. August 1945.
  17. ^ Executive Order No. 311, s. 1940 (December 17, 1940), Establishing the Classification of Roads, retrieved September 30, 2021
  18. ^ Executive Order No. 483, s. 1951 (November 6, 1951), Establishing the Classification of Roads, archived from the original on August 19, 2022, retrieved September 30, 2021
  19. ^ "Map of North Avenue Airfield (Quezon Airfield) in Quezon north of Manila". Pacific Wrecks. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  20. ^ Manila and Suburbs, (Japanese Airfields) Philippines (Map). July 25, 1944. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  21. ^ "Aerial view to the southwest overlooking Grace Park Airfield in northern Manila bordering Manila Bay". Pacific Wrecks. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  22. ^ Ragodon, Richard Wilhelm (October 10, 2017). "This is what EDSA looked like in traffic-free times". TopGear Philippines. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
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External links

  • Media related to EDSA at Wikimedia Commons
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