Economy of Israel
OECD, WTO and others | |
Country group | |
---|---|
Statistics | |
Population | 9,870,640[3] |
GDP | |
GDP growth |
|
GDP per capita | |
GDP by sector |
|
Population below poverty line | 20.9% (2023)[6] |
32.8 medium (2021)[7] | |
Labour force | |
Labour force by occupation |
|
Unemployment | |
Average gross salary | |
External | |
Exports | $166 billion (2022 est.)[13] |
Export goods | Cut diamonds, refined petroleum, pharmaceuticals, machinery and equipment, medical instruments, computer hardware and software, agricultural products, chemicals, textiles and apparel.[4][14] |
Main export partners |
|
Imports | $108.26 billion (2019 est.)[4] |
Import goods | Raw materials, military equipment, motor vehicles, investment goods, rough diamonds, crude petroleum, grain, consumer goods.[4][14] |
Main import partners |
|
FDI stock | $28.7 billion (2022 est.; 19th) $82.82 billion (2011 est.) |
Gross 28th) | |
−3% of GDP (2011 est.; 105th) | |
Revenues | $126.35 billion (2022 est.) [17] |
Expenses | $123.73 billion (2022 est.) |
Economic aid |
|
$204.669 billion (January 2024 est.;[22] 15th) | |
The economy of Israel is a highly
The country's major economic sectors are high-technology and industrial manufacturing. The
Israel's quality
In its early decades, the Israeli economy was largely state-controlled and shaped by social democratic ideas. In the 1970s and 1980s, the economy underwent a series of free-market reforms and was gradually liberalized.[45] In the past three decades, the economy has grown considerably, though GDP per capita has increased faster than wages.[46] Israel is the most developed and advanced country in West Asia,[47][48] possessing the 17th largest foreign-exchange reserves in the world and the highest average wealth per adult in the Middle East (10th worldwide by financial assets per capita).[4][49][50] Israel is the 9th largest arm exporter in the world[51] and has the highest number of billionaires in the Middle East, ranked 18th in the world.[52] In recent years, Israel has had among the highest GDP growth rates within the developed world along with Ireland.[53] The Economist ranked Israel as the 4th most successful economy among developed countries for 2022.[54] The IMF estimated Israel's GDP at US$564 billion and its GDP per capita at US$58,270 in 2023 (13th highest in the world), a figure comparable to other highly developed countries.[55] Israel was invited to join the OECD in 2010.[56] Israel has also signed free trade agreements with the European Union, the United States, the European Free Trade Association, Turkey, Mexico, Canada, Ukraine, Jordan, and Egypt. In 2007, Israel became the first non-Latin-American country to sign a free trade agreement with the Mercosur trade bloc.[57][58]
History
The
In 1937, there were 86 spinning and weaving factories in the country, employing a workforce of 1,500. Capital and technical expertise were supplied by Jewish professionals from Europe. The Ata textile plant in Kiryat Ata, which went on to become an icon of the Israeli textile industry, was established in 1934.[63] In 1939, the cornerstone was laid for one of the kibbutz industry's first factories: the Naaman brick factory, which supplied the growing need for construction materials.[64]
The textile underwent rapid development during World War II, when supplies from Europe were cut off while local manufacturers were commissioned for army needs. By 1943, the number of factories had grown to 250, with a workforce of 5,630, and output increased tenfold.[65]
From 1924, trade fairs were held in Tel Aviv. The Levant Fair was inaugurated in 1932.[66]
After independence
After statehood, Israel faced a deep economic crisis. As well as having to recover from the devastating effects of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, it also had to absorb hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees from Europe and almost a million from the Arab world. Israel was financially overwhelmed and faced a deep economic crisis, which led to a policy of austerity from 1949 to 1959. Unemployment was high, and foreign currency reserves were scarce.[67]
In 1952, Israel and
The proceeds from these sources were invested in industrial and agricultural development projects, which allowed Israel to become economically self-sufficient. Among the projects made possible by the aid was the
plants, and national infrastructure projects.After statehood, priority was given to establishing industries in areas slated for development, among them,
In its first two decades of existence, Israel's strong commitment to development led to economic growth rates that exceeded 10% annually. Between 1950 and 1963, the expenditure among wage-earner's families rose 97% in real terms.
Two developments have helped to transform Israel's economy since the beginning of the 1990s. The first is waves of
During the early 2000s, the Israeli economy went into a downturn due to the crashing of the global dot-com bubble which bankrupted many startups established during the height of the bubble. The Second Intifada, which cost Israel billions of dollars in security costs, and a decline in investment and tourism,[79] sent unemployment in Israel to the double digits; growth in one quarter of 2000 was 10%. In 2002, the Israeli economy declined about 4% in one quarter. Afterward, Israel managed to create a remarkable recovery by opening up new markets to Israeli exporters farther afield, such as in the rapidly growing countries of East Asia. This was possible thanks to a rebound in the Israeli tech sector, spurred on by the gradual bottoming out of the dotcom crash and a growing increase in demand for computer software, which in turn was due to burgeoning rates of global internet usage at this time. The explosion in demand for security and defense products following 9/11 also allowed Israel to sell even more of its technologies abroad - a situation only made possible due to Israel’s prior investments in the technology sector in an effort to curb high levels of domestic unemployment.
In the 2000s, there was an influx of foreign investment in Israel from companies that formerly shunned the Israeli market. In 2006, foreign investment in Israel totalled $13 billion, according to the Manufacturers Association of Israel.[80] The Financial Times said that "bombs drop, yet Israel's economy grows".[81] Moreover, while Israel's total gross external debt is US$95 billion, or approximately 41.6% of GDP, since 2001 it has become a net lender nation in terms of net external debt (the total value of assets vs. liabilities in debt instruments owed abroad), which as of June 2012[update] stood at a significant surplus of US$60 billion.[82] The country also maintains a current account surplus in an amount equivalent to about 3% of its gross domestic product in 2010.
The Israeli economy weathered and withstood the
OECD membership
In May 2007, Israel was invited to open accession discussions with the OECD.[86] In May 2010, the OECD voted unanimously to invite Israel to join, despite Palestinian objections.[87] It became a full member on 7 September 2010.[56][88] The OECD praised Israel's scientific and technological progress and described it as having "produced outstanding outcomes on a world scale."[87]
Challenges
Despite economic prosperity, the Israeli economy faces many challenges, some are short term and some are long term challenges. On the short term its inability to duplicate its success in the
Data
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates in 2022–2027). Inflation under 5% is in green.[97]
Year | GDP
(in Bil. US$PPP) |
GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP) |
GDP
(in Bil. US$nominal) |
GDP per capita
(in US$ nominal) |
GDP growth
(real) |
Inflation rate
(in Percent) |
Unemployment
(in Percent) |
Government debt
(in % of GDP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 28.4 | 7,240.1 | 24.9 | 6,356.5 | 3.6% | 316.6% | 4.8% | n/a |
1981 | 32.5 | 8,240.4 | 26.4 | 6,687.2 | 4.7% | 116.8% | 5.1% | n/a |
1982 | 35.0 | 8,717.7 | 28.3 | 7,040.6 | 1.4% | 120.4% | 5.0% | n/a |
1983 | 37.3 | 9,100.1 | 31.6 | 7,688.7 | 2.6% | 145.6% | 4.6% | n/a |
1984 | 39.5 | 9,514.1 | 29.9 | 7,186.1 | 2.2% | 373.8% | 5.9% | n/a |
1985 | 42.6 | 10,072.8 | 27.8 | 6,562.4 | 4.5% | 304.6% | 6.7% | n/a |
1986 | 45.0 | 10,477.6 | 34.2 | 7,955.1 | 3.6% | 48.2% | 7.1% | n/a |
1987 | 49.6 | 11,355.8 | 40.8 | 9,349.1 | 7.5% | 19.9% | 6.1% | n/a |
1988 | 53.2 | 11,975.7 | 50.6 | 11,391.5 | 3.6% | 16.2% | 6.4% | n/a |
1989 | 56.0 | 12,408.2 | 51.5 | 11,394.3 | 1.4% | 20.2% | 8.9% | n/a |
1990 | 62.0 | 13,308.1 | 60.7 | 13,035.7 | 6.6% | 17.2% | 9.6% | n/a |
1991 | 67.0 | 13,553.3 | 68.9 | 13,924.0 | 4.6% | 19.0% | 10.6% | n/a |
1992 | 73.5 | 14,340.4 | 77.0 | 15,021.2 | 7.2% | 11.9% | 11.2% | n/a |
1993 | 78.1 | 14,841.5 | 77.4 | 14,708.3 | 3.8% | 10.9% | 10.0% | n/a |
1994 | 85.3 | 15,813.5 | 88.3 | 16,367.6 | 7.0% | 12.3% | 7.8% | n/a |
1995 | 95.5 | 17,233.8 | 104.9 | 18,927.9 | 9.7% | 10.0% | 6.9% | n/a |
1996 | 103.0 | 18,131.5 | 114.5 | 20,153.2 | 5.9% | 11.3% | 8.3% | n/a |
1997 | 108.8 | 18,677.3 | 118.9 | 20,410.4 | 3.8% | 9.0% | 9.5% | n/a |
1998 | 114.5 | 19,191.2 | 120.1 | 20,119.2 | 4.1% | 5.4% | 10.7% | n/a |
1999 | 120.0 | 19,616.7 | 120.9 | 19,766.9 | 3.3% | 5.2% | 11.1% | n/a |
2000 | 133.4 | 21,216.5 | 136.0 | 21,641.3 | 8.7% | 1.1% | 10.9% | 77.4% |
2001 | 136.8 | 21,258.3 | 134.6 | 20,918.3 | 0.3% | 1.1% | 11.6% | 81.3% |
2002 | 138.8 | 21,137.0 | 125.1 | 19,044.9 | -0.1% | 5.7% | 12.9% | 87.3% |
2003 | 143.5 | 21,460.9 | 131.3 | 19,634.9 | 1.4% | 0.7% | 13.4% | 89.7% |
2004 | 154.4 | 22,687.4 | 140.0 | 20,565.8 | 4.8% | -0.4% | 12.9% | 88.3% |
2005 | 165.8 | 23,941.4 | 147.1 | 21,233.8 | 4.1% | 1.3% | 11.2% | 85.4% |
2006 | 180.5 | 25,596.8 | 158.7 | 22,501.1 | 5.6% | 2.1% | 10.5% | 77.7% |
2007 | 196.6 | 27,390.9 | 184.1 | 25,647.7 | 6.0% | 0.5% | 9.2% | 70.9% |
2008 | 206.8 | 28,309.7 | 220.5 | 30,182.5 | 3.3% | 4.6% | 7.7% | 70.4% |
2009 | 210.0 | 28,068.5 | 212.0 | 28,330.2 | 0.9% | 3.3% | 9.4% | 73.0% |
2010 | 224.6 | 29,469.5 | 238.4 | 31,278.0 | 5.7% | 2.7% | 8.3% | 69.3% |
2011 | 242.0 | 31,172.7 | 266.8 | 34,366.9 | 5.6% | 3.4% | 7.1% | 67.4% |
2012 | 255.7 | 32,336.1 | 262.3 | 33,170.0 | 2.6% | 1.7% | 6.9% | 67.1% |
2013 | 280.0 | 34,755.0 | 297.7 | 36,957.4 | 4.4% | 1.5% | 6.2% | 66.0% |
2014 | 285.4 | 34,755.7 | 314.3 | 38,276.6 | 3.9% | 0.5% | 5.9% | 64.9% |
2015 | 300.5 | 35,876.9 | 303.4 | 36,221.1 | 2.5% | -0.6% | 5.2% | 63.1% |
2016 | 326.6 | 38,229.6 | 322.1 | 37,701.9 | 4.5% | -0.5% | 4.8% | 61.4% |
2017 | 344.3 | 39,533.6 | 358.2 | 41,131.7 | 4.3% | 0.2% | 4.2% | 59.7% |
2018 | 366.9 | 41,320.4 | 376.7 | 42,422.9 | 4.1% | 0.8% | 4.0% | 59.9% |
2019 | 389.0 | 42,977.1 | 402.5 | 44,466.8 | 4.2% | 0.8% | 3.8% | 58.8% |
2020 | 386.4 | 41,930.7 | 413.3 | 44,850.4 | -1.9% | -0.6% | 4.3% | 70.7% |
2021 | 437.1 | 46,659.3 | 488.5 | 52,151.9 | 8.6% | 1.5% | 5.0% | 68.0% |
2022 | 496.8 | 52,173.1 | 527.2 | 55,358.8 | 6.1% | 4.5% | 3.9% | 61.5% |
2023 | 530.0 | 54,750.6 | 564.2 | 58,273.4 | 3.0% | 3.6% | 3.8% | 57.6% |
2024 | 557.4 | 56,633.2 | 591.3 | 60,082.8 | 3.0% | 2.5% | 3.7% | 55.7% |
2025 | 585.1 | 58,474.2 | 618.8 | 61,846.7 | 3.1% | 2.2% | 3.7% | 55.1% |
2026 | 615.6 | 60,526.4 | 647.4 | 63,650.9 | 3.3% | 2.0% | 3.7% | 54.7% |
2027 | 649.5 | 62,813.2 | 678.6 | 65,625.6 | 3.5% | 1.9% | 3.7% | 54.4% |
Sectors
Agriculture
In 2017, 2.4% of the country's GDP is derived from agriculture. Of a total labor force of 2.7 million, 2.6% are employed in agricultural production while 6.3% in services for agriculture.[98] While Israel imports substantial quantities of grain (approximately 80% of local consumption), it is largely self-sufficient in other agricultural products and foodstuffs. For centuries, farmers of the region have grown varieties of citrus fruits, such as grapefruit, oranges and lemons. Citrus fruits are still Israel's major agricultural export. In addition, Israel is one of the world's leading greenhouse-food-exporting countries. Israel also produces and exports flowers and cotton. The country exports more than $1.3 billion worth of agricultural products every year, including farm produce as well as $1.2 billion worth of agricultural inputs and technology.[99]
Financial services
Israel has over 100 active venture capital funds operating throughout the country with US$10 billion under management. In 2004, international foreign funds from various nations around the world committed over 50 percent of the total dollars invested exemplifying the country's strong and sound reputation as an internationally sought after foreign investment by many countries.[100] Israel's venture capital sector has rapidly developed from the early 1990s, and has about 70 active venture capital funds (VC), of which 14 international VCs have Israeli offices. Israel's thriving venture capital and business-incubator industry played an important role in financing the country's flourishing high-tech sector.[101] In 2008, venture capital investment in Israel, rose 19 percent to $1.9 billion.[102]
"Between 1991 and 2000, Israel's annual venture-capital outlays, nearly all private, rose nearly 60-fold, from $58 million to $3.3 billion; companies launched by Israeli venture funds rose from 100 to 800; and Israel's information-technology revenues rose from $1.6 billion to $12.5 billion. By 1999, Israel ranked second only to the United States in invested private-equity capital as a share of GDP. Israel led the world in the share of its growth attributable to high-tech ventures: 70 percent."[103]
Israel's thriving venture capital industry has played an important role in funding the country's booming high-technology sector, with hundreds of prosperous Israeli private equity and venture capital firms.
Israel also has a small but fast growing hedge fund industry. Within five years between 2007 and 2012, the number of active hedge funds doubled to 60. Israel-based hedge funds have registered an increase of 162% from 2006 to 2012, when they managed a total of $2 billion (₪8 billion) and employed about 300 people.[107][108][109][110][111] The ever-growing hedge fund industry in Israel is also attracting a myriad of investors from around the world, particularly from the United States.[112]
High technology
Science and technology in Israel is one of the country's most highly developed and industrialized sectors. The modern Israeli ecosystem of high technology is highly optimized making up a significant bulk of the Israeli economy. The percentage of Israelis engaged in scientific and technological inquiry, and the amount spent on research and development (R&D) concerning gross domestic product (GDP), is among the highest in the world,[113] with 140 scientists and technicians per 10,000 employees. In comparison, the same is 85 per 10,000 in the United States and 83 per 10,000 in Japan.[114] Israel ranks fourth in the world in scientific activity, as measured by the number of scientific publications per million citizens. Israel's percentage of the total number of scientific articles published worldwide is almost 10 times higher than its percentage of the world's population.[115] The country is home to over 1,400 life science companies, including about 300 pharmaceutical companies, 600 medical device companies, 450 digital health companies, and 468 biotechnology companies.[116][117][118] Israeli scientists, engineers, and technicians have contributed to the modern advancement of the natural sciences, agricultural sciences, computer sciences, electronics, genetics, medicine, optics, solar energy and various fields of engineering. The country has one of the world's technologically most literate populations.[119] Israel has the second largest number of startup companies globally, behind only the United States, and remains one of the largest centers in the world for technology start-up enterprises.[39][23] As of 2013, around 200 start-ups were being created annually in Israel.[41][120] In 2019, there were nearly 7,000 active start-ups operating throughout the country.[121] In 2021, there were 79 Israeli-estalished tech unicorns, with 32 of them headquartered in Israel.[122] More than one-third of cybersecurity unicorns in the world were Israeli in 2021.[123] Israel is also home to nearly 400 research and development centers owned by various multinational companies, including prominent high-technology giants such as Google, Microsoft, and Intel.[124][125][126][127]
Israel is also a major semiconductor design hub. The country is home to numerous chip design centers owned by major multinational corporations, and is considered as having one of the most advanced chip design industries in the world. In 2021, a total of 37 multinational corporations were operating in Israel in the semiconductor field.[128][129]
In 1998, Tel Aviv was named by Newsweek as one of the ten technologically most influential cities in the world.[130] In 2012, the city was also named one of the best places for high-tech startup companies, placed second behind its California counterpart.[131][132] In 2013, The Boston Globe ranked Tel Aviv as the second-best city for business start-ups, after Silicon Valley.[133] In 2020, StartupBlink ranked Israel as having the third best startup ecosystem in the world, behind only the United States and United Kingdom.[134]
As a result of the country's highly prolific and dynamic start-up culture, Israel is often referred to as the "Start-Up Nation."[135][136][137] and the "Silicon Valley of the Middle East".[104] Programs that send people to Israel to explore the "Start-Up Nation" economy include TAVtech Ventures and TAMID Group.[138][139][140] This success has been attributed by some to widespread service in the Israel Defense Forces and its development of talent which then fuels the high-tech industry upon discharge.
In recent years, the industry has faced a shortage of technology specialists; 15% of positions in the high technology sector of Israel were unfilled as of 2019.
Energy
Historically, Israel relied on external imports for meeting most of its energy needs, spending an amount equivalent to over 5% of its GDP per year in 2009 on imports of energy products.
Natural gas
Until the early 2000s, natural gas use in Israel was minimal. In the late 1990s, the government of Israel decided to encourage the usage of natural gas because of environmental, cost, and resource diversification reasons. At the time however, there were no domestic sources of natural gas and the expectation was that gas would be supplied from overseas in the form of
2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018* | 2020* | 2022* | 2024* | 2026* | 2028* | 2030* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.2 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 7.6 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 11.1 | 11.7 | 13 | 14.3 | 15.3 | 16.8 |
Figures are in Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) per year. *Projected |
Recent discoveries
In 2000, a 33-billion-cubic-metre (BCM), or 1,200-billion-cubic-foot, natural-gas field was located offshore
The Tamar field began commercial production on 30 March 2013 after four years of development.[160] The supply of gas from Tamar was expected to aid the Israeli economy, which had suffered losses of more than ₪20 billion between 2011 and 2013 resulting from the disruption of gas supplies from neighboring Egypt (and which are not expected to resume due to Egypt's decision to indefinitely suspend its gas supply agreement to Israel).[161][162] As a result, Israel, as well as its other neighbor Jordan, which also suffered from disruption of gas deliveries from Egypt, had to resort to importing significantly more expensive and polluting liquid heavy fuels as substitute sources of energy. The ensuing energy crisis in Israel was lifted once the Tamar field came online in 2013, while Jordan committed to a US$10 billion, 15-year gas supply deal totaling 45 BCM from the Israeli Leviathan field which is scheduled to come online in late 2019.[163] The agreement is estimated to save Jordan US$600 million per year in energy costs.[164] In 2018, the owners of the Tamar and Leviathan fields announced that they are negotiating an agreement with a consortium of Egyptian firms for the supply of up to 64 BCM of gas over 10 years valued at up to US$15 billion.[165] In early 2012 the Israeli cabinet announced plans to set up a sovereign wealth fund (called "the Israeli Citizens' Fund").[166]
Field[167] | Discovered | Production | Estimated size |
---|---|---|---|
Noa North | 1999[168] | 2012 to 2014 | originally, 50 billion cubic feet (1.4 billion cubic metres); field depleted |
Mari-B | 2000 | 2004 to 2015 | originally, 1 trillion cubic feet (28 billion cubic metres); field depleted |
Tamar | 2009 | 2013 | 10.8 trillion cubic feet (310 billion cubic metres)[156] |
Dalit | 2009 | Not in production | 700 billion cubic feet (20 billion cubic metres) |
Leviathan | 2010 | 2019 | 22 trillion cubic feet (620 billion cubic metres) |
Dolphin | 2011 | Not in production | 81.3 billion cubic feet (2.30 billion cubic metres)[169] |
Tanin | 2012 | Not in production | 1.2–1.3 trillion cubic feet (34–37 billion cubic metres) |
Karish | 2013 | 2022 | 2.3–3.6 trillion cubic feet (65–102 billion cubic metres) |
Electricity
This section needs to be updated.(February 2020) |
Since the founding of the state through the mid-2010s decade, the state-owned utility, Israel Electric Corporation (IEC) had an effective monopoly on power generation in the country. In 2010 the company sold 52,037 GWh of electricity. Until the mid-2010s the country also faced a persistently low operating reserve, which is mostly the result of Israel being an "electricity island". Most countries have the capability of relying on power drawn from producers in adjacent countries in the event of a power shortage. Israel's grid however, is unconnected to those of neighboring countries. This is mostly due to political reasons but also to the considerably less-developed nature of the power systems of Jordan and Egypt, whose systems constantly struggle to meet domestic demand and whose per-capita electric generation is less than one fifth that of Israel's. Nevertheless, while operating reserves in Israel were low, the country possessed sufficient generation and transmission capacity to meet domestic electricity needs and unlike in the countries surrounding it, rolling blackouts have historically been quite rare, even at periods of extreme demand.
Facing the increasing demand for electricity and concerned about the low reserve situation, the government of Israel began taking steps to increase the supply of electricity and operating reserve, as well to reduce the monopoly position of the IEC and increase competition in the
In addition to the above steps, Israel and Cyprus are considering implementing the proposed EuroAsia Interconnector project. This consists of laying a 2000MW HVDC undersea power cable between them and between Cyprus and Greece, thus connecting Israel to the greater European power grid.[170] If carried out, this will allow a further increase in the country's operating reserve as well as sell surplus electricity abroad.
In 2016, total nationwide electricity production was 67.2 GWh, of which 55.2% was generated using natural gas and 43.8% using coal — the first time the share of electricity production using natural gas exceeded that generated using coal.
Coal | Fuel oil | Natural gas | Diesel | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Installed capacity by plant type | 39.7% | 3.4% | 39.8% | 18.9% |
Total annual generation by fuel source | 61.0% | 0.9% | 36.6% | 1.5% |
Solar power
Solar power in Israel and the Israeli solar energy industry has a history that dates to the founding of the country. In the 1950s, Levi Yissar developed a solar water heater to help assuage an energy shortage in the new country.[171] By 1967 around one in twenty households heated their water with the sun and 50,000 solar heaters had been sold.[171] With the 1970s oil crisis, Harry Zvi Tabor, the father of Israel's solar industry, developed the prototype solar water heater that is now used in over 90% of Israeli homes.[172]
Industrial manufacturing
Israel has a large industrial capacity. It has a well-developed chemical industry with many of its products aimed at the export market. Most of the chemical plants are located in
One of the country's largest employers is
Diamond industry
Israel is one of the world's three major centers for
Defense contracting
Israel is one of the world's major exporters of military equipment, accounting for 10% of the world total in 2007. Three Israeli companies were listed on the 2010
Tourism
Israel is a major tourist destination, especially for those of
External trade
In 2016, Israeli goods exports totaled US$55.8 billion.[207] It imported US$61.9 billion worth of goods in the same year.[208] In 2017 total exports (goods and services) amounted to US$102.3 billion, while imports totaled $96.7 billion.[209] Israel usually posts a modest trade deficit in goods. Its main goods imports consist of raw materials, crude oil, production inputs and finished consumer goods. Most of its exports are high-value-added items such as electronic components and other high-technology equipment, tools, and machinery, cut diamonds, refined petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. It normally posts a substantial trade surplus in services thanks to tourism and service industries such as software development, engineering services, and biomedical and scientific research and development. Therefore, overall external trade is positive, contributing to a significant current account surplus which as of 2017 stood at 4.7% of GDP.[4]
The United States is Israel's largest trading partner, and Israel is the United States' 26th-largest trading partner;[210] two-way trade totaled some $24.5 billion in 2010, up from $12.7 billion in 1997. The principal U.S. exports to Israel include computers, integrated circuits, aircraft parts and other defense equipment, wheat, and automobiles. Israel's chief exports to the U.S. include cut diamonds, jewelry, integrated circuits, printing machinery, and telecommunications equipment. The two countries signed a free trade agreement (FTA) in 1985 that progressively eliminated tariffs on most goods traded between the two countries over the following ten years. An agricultural trade accord was signed in November 1996, which addressed the remaining goods not covered in the FTA. Some non-tariff barriers and tariffs on goods remain, however. Israel also has trade and cooperation agreements in place with the European Union and Canada, and is seeking to conclude such agreements with a number of other countries, including Turkey, Jordan and several countries in Eastern Europe.
In regional terms, the European Union is the top destination for Israeli exports. In the four-month period between October 2011 and January 2012, Israel exported goods totalling $5 billion to the EU – amounting to 35% of Israel's overall exports. During the same period, Israeli exports to East Asia and the Far East totaled some $3.1 billion.[211]
Until 1995, Israel's trade with the
In 2013, commercial trade between Israel and the Palestinian territories were valued at US$20 billion annually.[212]
In 2012, ten companies were responsible for 47.7% of Israel's exports. These companies were
Export destinations and import origins
|
|
Rankings
The
Having moved away from the socialist economic model since the mid-1980s and early 1990s, Israel has made dramatic moves toward the free-market capitalist paradigm. As of 2020[update], Israel's economic freedom score is 74.0, making its economy the 26th freest in the 2020
See also
References
- ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ^ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Israel At A Glance". IMF.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The World Factbook- Israel". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ סימון, גיא בן (15 February 2022). "האינפלציה בשיא של עשר שנים וחורגת מהיעד של בנק ישראל". Globes.
- ^ ברקת, עמירם (31 December 2018). "דוח העוני 2017: פחות אי-שוויון, פחות עניים - אבל ישראל עדיין במקום הראשון בשיעור העניים". Globes. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- ^ "Income inequality". data.oecd.org. OECD. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Human Development Index (HDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)". hdr.undp.org. UNDP. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Oops, Something is wrong". www.cbs.gov.il. Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- ^ "Youth unemployment rate". www.cbs.gov.il. Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- ^ "Israel: Trade Statistics". Global Edge. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ "Reuters : Israel export 2022". Reuters. 25 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Israel". OEC. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ "Foreign export trade partners of Israel". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ "Foreign import trade partners of Israel". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ Sharon Wrobel (11 January 2023). "For first time in 35 years, Israel posts budget surplus driven by higher tax revenue".
- ^ "Total US Foreign Aid to Israel". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ^ "Credit scoring agency gives Israel its highest-ever rating". Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ "Credit Rating - Moody's". moodys.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ Reuters Editorial. "Fitch Affirms Israel at 'A+'; Outlook Stable". U.S. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
{{cite news}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Bank of Israel - Press Releases - Foreign Exchange Reserves at the Bank of Israel, April 2021". Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-0385721868.
- ^ "Economy of Israel" in CIA 2011 World Factbook, web: CIA-IS.
- ^ "Country Rankings: World & Global Economy Rankings on Economic Freedom". www.heritage.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- ^ "Israel's shift towards a knowledge-based economy".
- ^ "Top 15 Most Advanced Countries in the World". finance.yahoo.com. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ISBN 0-7506-7773-2.
- ^ Richard Behar (11 May 2016). "Inside Israel's Secret Startup Machine". Forbes. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^ Krawitz, Avi (27 February 2007). "Intel to expand Jerusalem R&D". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ "Microsoft Israel R&D center: Leadership". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
Avi returned to Israel in 1991, and established the first Microsoft R&D Center outside the US ...
- ^ Shelach, Shmulik (14 December 2011). "Apple to set up Israel development center". Globes. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ Shelach, Shmulik (10 February 2013). "Apple opens Ra'anana development center". Globes. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Berkshire Announces Acquisition". The New York Times. 6 May 2006. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
- ^ a b "OEC - Israel (ISR) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners". atlas.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ a b Buck, Tobias (31 August 2012). "Field of dreams: Israel's natural gas". Financial Times Magazine. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ "What a gas!". The Economist. 11 November 2010.
- ^ David Adler (10 March 2014). "Ambitious Israeli students look to top institutions abroad". ICEF. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ a b Karr, Steven (24 October 2014). "Imagine a World Without Israel - Part 2". Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ISBN 978-0385721868.
- ^ a b "The Intellectual Capital of the State of Israel" (PDF). State of Israel Ministry of Industry, Trade, and Labor. November 2007. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ "Israel's technology cluster". The Economist. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ Dolmadjian, Katia (28 June 2011). "Israeli innovators build new 'Silicon Valley'". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ a b "FUNDING THE FUTURE: Advancing STEM in Israeli Education" (PDF). STEM Israel. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ISBN 978-1-134-97632-4. Archivedfrom the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ^ Shlomo Swirski; Etty Konor; Aviv Lieberman (20 February 2020). Israel – A Social Report 2020: The Public Interest Needs to Return to Center Stage (Report). Avda Center. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ^ "Top 15 Most Advanced Countries in the World". finance.yahoo.com. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ISBN 978-9-211-26451-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.)
{{cite book}}
:|website=
ignored (help - ^ "Global Wealth Report". Credit Suisse. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
- ^ "Global Wealth Databook 2022" (PDF). Credit Suisse. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022. Financial assets by adult in selected countries on page 109.
- ^ "SIPRI Arms Transfers Database". sipri.org. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ Chang, Richard J. "The Countries With The Most Billionaires 2022". Forbes. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- ^ "Israel Economic Snapshot – OECD". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
- ^ "Israel ranked 4th-best-performing economy among OECD countries in 2022 | The Times of Israel". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ "IMF, Israel 2023".
- ^ a b "Israel's accession to the OECD". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ Israel's Free Trade Area Agreements, IL: Tamas, archived from the original on 3 October 2011, retrieved 8 September 2011
- ^ "Israel signs free trade agreement with Mercosur". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 19 December 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ISBN 9781107507180.
- ^ The political economy of Israel: From ideology to stagnation, Yakir Plessner, p.72. Google Books. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- ^ "The Seventh Dominion?". Time. 4 March 1929. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.
- ISBN 9780815625780. Retrieved 19 January 2019 – via Google Books.
- ^ Tsur, Doron. (12 October 2010) "When the guns fell silent", Haaretz. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- ^ Man, Nadav (15 February 2009). "Naaman factory: Settlement's building blocks". Ynetnews.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica
- ^ "City of Work and Prosperity": The Levant Fair Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b הויכוח סביב הסכם השילומים (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service" (PDF).
- ^ "ORGANIZATIONS: Dollars for Israel". Time. 21 January 1957. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011.
- ^ Mark, Clyde (12 July 2004). "Israel: US Foreign Assistance" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Textiles", Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- ^ The Challenge Of Israel by Misha Louvish
- ^ Israel: A History by Anita Shapira
- ^ Eleventh Knesset. Knesset.gov.il. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- JSTOR 1344561.
- ^ Israel's Economy: 1986–2008, Rafi Melnick and Yosef Mealem
- JSTOR 1805463.
- ^ Sherwood, Harriet (17 August 2011). "Israel's former Soviet immigrants transform adopted country". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
- ^ De Boer, Paul; Missaglia, Marco (September 2007). "Economic consequences of intifada: a sequel" (PDF). Econometric Institute Report. Erasmus University Rotterdam. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "Israeli Growth", Dateline World Jewry, September 2007
- ^ / Middle East / Arab-Israel conflict – Israeli economy shrugs off political turmoil. Financial Times (7 May 2007). Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- ^ "Israel's International Investment Position (IIP), June 2012". Bank of Israel. 19 September 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ Bassok, Moti (1 January 2010). "GDP, jobs figures end 2009 on a high". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- S2CID 54847945.
- ^ Rolnik, Guy (31 December 2009). כך ביזבזנו עוד משבר ענק [How another Giant Crisis was Wasted]. TheMarker (in Hebrew). Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ "Israel invited to join the OECD". Ynetnews. 16 May 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2007.
- ^ a b OECD members vote unanimously to invite Israel to join. BBC News (10 May 2010). Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- ^ "Members and partners". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "What's Next for the Startup Nation?". Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ OECD Economic Outlook: Israel
- ^ "BoI Chief: Haredi Unemployment Is Hurting Israel's Economy". Haaretz. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ "Helping business people blossom". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
- ^ "Made in Israel". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
- ^ "Native and new Israelis try to bridge the immigrant gap". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
- ^ "Nonprofit Gvahim celebrates first career-placement program for olim in Jerusalem". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
- ISBN 9781438774657. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
- ^ Agriculture in Israel – Facts and Figures 2008 – Israeli ministry of Agriculture Presentation Archived 9 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Moag.gov.il. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- ^ "Israeli Agro-Technology". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- ^ "Economic Overviews". Israel Trade Commission. 3 November 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ Venture Capital in Israel Archived 18 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Investinisrael.gov.il (21 June 2010). Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- ^ International venture funding rose 5 percent in 2008. VentureBeat (18 February 2009). Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- ^ Gilder, George (Summer 2009). "Silicon Israel – How market capitalism saved the Jewish state". City Journal. 19 (3). Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- ^ a b "China-Israel economic, tech cooperation to enter new stage: Israeli minister". China Daily. 9 September 2017.
- ^ Venture Capital in Israel Archived 18 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Yoram Ettinger. "Investing in Israel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ "Israel Belatedly Joins the Global Hedge Fund Boom". Haaretz. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ "Israel Stakes Claim As Future Hedge Fund Center - FINalternatives". www.finalternatives.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Israeli hedge fund industry enjoys massive growth[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Hedge Funds Review - Audio: Israel's hedge fund industry shows promise". Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
- ^ "Tzur Management - Israel Hedge Fund Survey - Tzur Management". tzurmanagement.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ "How Israeli hedge funds can exploit their US potential". Globes. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Invest In Israel. Where Breakthroughs Happen Archived 17 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Shteinbuk, Eduard (22 July 2011). "R&D and Innovation as a Growth Engine" (PDF). National Research University – Higher School of Economics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ^ Ilani, Ofri (17 November 2009). "Israel ranks fourth in the world in scientific activity, study finds". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ Reflections on Israel’s Thriving Biotech Industry
- ^ Israel: The 'Start-Up Nation' is now the 'Biotech Nation' - opinion
- ^ Reflections on Israel’s Thriving Biotech Industry
- ^ "Israel profile - Media". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ "Israel Association of Electronics & Software Industries Overview 2011" (PDF). Israel Association of Electronics and Software Industries. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ Google Wants In on 6,000 Israeli Startups Within the Next 3 Years, Says Exec
- ^ 33 unicorns and $25b in funding: Israeli tech sector sets new records in 2021
- ^ Israel cybersecurity firms raise record $3.4b, 41% of global sector investment
- ^ "Start-Up Nation Finder - Israeli innovation network".
- ^ Five Google features developed in Israel
- ^ Microsoft R&D Israel
- ^ Intel in Israel
- ^ As global demand for microchips surges, tech giants go all-in on Israel
- ^ Israel seen as major player as global chip war intensifies
- ^ "Tel Aviv One of The World's Top High-Tech Centers". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Archived from the original on 14 July 2002. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ "After Silicon Valley, Tel Aviv Ranks Best for Tech Startups: Study". Bloomberg.
- ^ Press, Viva Sarah (9 December 2012). "Tel Aviv named top startup center". Israel21c. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Eichner, Itamar (11 August 2013). "Tel Aviv No. 2 city for tech startups". Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ Israel is ranked third in the world for tech, but can it hold its spot?
- ^ "How Israel turned itself into a startup nation - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ Rogers, Stewart (6 October 2017). "Israel: 'Startup Nation' — the good, the great, and the one fatal flaw". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ "The TAMID Israel Investment Group". www.schusterman.org. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ "Ivy Leaguers on winter break learn coding in Israel". Israel21c. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ "TavTech: Launching The Next Generation Of The Startup Nation". The Forward. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ a b "Israeli tech sector faces shortage of 15,000 workers - Hi tech news - Jerusalem Post". www.jpost.com. 16 December 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "How Israeli Companies Respond to Local Tech Talent Shortage". 8allocate. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ a b Solomon, Shoshanna. "15,000 tech worker shortfall pushing firms to seek talent offshore". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "How IT Outsourcing To Ukraine Helps Israeli Companies Stay Ahead Of The Curve". 8allocate. 1 February 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Start Up Nation Central Human Capital Report 2018" (PDF). Start-Up Nation Central: 7, 16. December 2018.
- ^ Asa-El, Amotz (27 January 2009). "Gas discovery tempers Israeli recession blues". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ Israel's Key Energy Statistics - Energy Information Administration site
- ^ "Oil and natural gas in the Eastern Mediterranean region (summer 2013 report)". U.S. Energy Information Administration. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ Levinson, Charles; Chazan, Guy (30 December 2010). "Big Gas Find Sparks a Frenzy in Israel". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- ^ Bar-Eli, Avi (26 April 2011). "400 Drills in 60 Years: Is there Oil in Israel?". TheMarker (in Hebrew). Retrieved 27 April 2011.
- ^ Udasin, Sharon (3 July 2012). "New Natural Gas Wealth Means Historic Change for Israel". National Geographic News. part of "The Great Energy Challenge" series. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ "Delivery System". Israel Natural Gas Lines, Ltd. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
- ^ "Delek Group Subsidiaries Announce Preliminary Results of 3D Seismic Survey & Updates on Tamar & Mari-B Fields" (Press release). Delek Group. 3 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
- ^ Bar-Eli, Avi (12 August 2009). "Tamar offshore field promises even more gas than expected". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ Scheer, Steven (3 June 2010). "Noble increases Tamar gas reserve estimate 15 pct". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Tamar Reserves Update". Isramco Negev 2, LP. 1 February 2014. p. 2. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ^ Solomon, Shoshanna; Khan, Sarmad (13 July 2014). "Israel Shares Rise as Gas Field Reserves Are Increased". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- ^ "Significant Discovery Announced at Leviathan-1" (Press release). Delek Group. 29 December 2010. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ Barkat, Amiram; Koren, Hillel (1 May 2013). "Leviathan gas reserves raised again". Globes. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
- ^ Solomon, Shoshanna; Ackerman, Gwen (30 March 2013). "Israel Begins Gas Production at Tamar Field in Boost to Economy". Bloomberg. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
- ^ Barkat, Amiram (24 December 2013). "Israel in talks to export gas via Egypt". Globes. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ Barkat, Amiram (30 March 2013). עצמאות אנרגטית: החלה הזרמת הגז הטבעי ממאגר "תמר"; צפוי להגיע לישראל תוך 24 שעות [Energy Independence: Gas from Tamar Expected to Arrive in 24 Hours]. Globes (in Hebrew). Retrieved 30 March 2013.
- ^ "Leviathan partners say all conditions met to supply natgas to Jordan". Reuters. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ Omari, Raed (8 March 2018). "Lands for Israel gas pipeline acquired". The Jordan Times. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ "Israel announces major gas deal with Egypt". Deutsche Welle. 19 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ Shemer, Nadav; Udasin, Sharon (19 February 2012). "Cabinet outlines plan for sovereign wealth fund". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ Israel's Natural Gas Bonanza Archived 22 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Energy Tribune. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- doi:10.2118/0311-0046-JPT. Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ Yeshayahou, Koby (12 February 2012). "Dolphin gas field estimate cut by 85%". Globes. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
- ^ "Israel, Cyprus in underwater electricity cable deal". AFP. 4 March 2012. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ a b Petrotyranny by John C. Bacher, David Suzuki, published by Dundurn Press Ltd., 2000; reference is at Page 70 Petrotyranny
- ^ Sandler, Neal (26 March 2008). "At the Zenith of Solar Energy". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Case Study: Dead Sea Works - Sdom, Israel". Water Online. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "Medical equipment leads rise in Israel's exports". Globes. 16 February 2017.
- ^ An overview of the Israeli semiconductor industry
- ^ Azulai, Yuval (13 October 2017). "בלעדי: מנכ"ל התעשייה האווירית מדבר על הכל בראיון סוער" [IAI CEO tells all in exclusive interview]. Globes (in Hebrew). Retrieved 14 October 2017.
- ^ "Aerospace Industry". InvestinIsrael.gov.il. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018.
- ^ How Israel became a leader in drone technology
- ^ "Teva - Top 10 Generic Drug Companies 2010 - FiercePharma". 24 April 2011. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011.
- ^ "Teva Pharmaceutical Industries - Jerusalem - BioJerusalem". 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Shipyard’s Deliveries
- ^ "Israel Shipyards (ISL)". Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- ^ "Israel's 2012 polished diamond exports decline". Jewellery Business. 5 January 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ "Diamond Exports". Ynetnews. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
- ^ Scheer, Steven (2 January 2013). "Israel 2012 diamond exports fall, may rebound if no more crises". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
- ^ "Diamonds.net - Israel's Polished Diamond Exports -22% in 2012". www.diamonds.net. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- Jerusalem, Israel. The Media Line. Archived from the originalon 1 July 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies, 2010". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ Top List TIV Tables-SIPRI Archived 14 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
- ^ "Israel among top arms exporters and importers - Defense - Jerusalem Post". www.jpost.com. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Ali, Nysoulcontrolla aka. "THENAKEDFACTS". Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ "Defense equipment and arms exports from Israel to reach $7 billion in 2012 1101134 - Army Recognition". Archived from the original on 18 January 2013.
- ^ Harel, Amos (10 January 2013). "Israel's Arms Exports Increased by 20 Percent in 2012". Haaretz. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Coren, Ora (22 November 2012). "Israel's Arms Industry Hoping Success of Iron Dome Will Bring It Sales". Haaretz. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Riedel, Bruce (30 November 2001). "Israel & India: New Allies". Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ "$10 bn business: How Israel became India's most important partner in arms bazaar". The Times Of India. 23 September 2012.
- ^ Israel builds up its war robot industry. United Press International. 26 April 2013.
- ^ "Israel – an unmanned air systems (UAS) super power". Defense Update.
- ^ Ahronheim, Anna (12 April 2022). "Defense exports in 2021 reach 20-year high with $11.2b in sales". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ "Israel welcomes record-breaking 4.55 million tourists in 2019". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
- ^ "Israel Welcomes Record 4.55 Million Tourists In 2019, Says Ministry". NoCamels. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
- ^ Yan (3 January 2018). "Israel sees record 3.6 mln inbound tourists in 2017". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018.
- ^ Amir, Rebecca Stadlen (3 January 2018). "Israel sets new record with 3.6 million tourists in 2017". Israel21.
- ^ Raz-Chaimovich, Michal (27 December 2017). "Record 3.6m tourists visit Israel in 2017". Globes.
- ^ "Israel Sees Record 3.6 Million Tourists in 2017". Atlanta Jewish Times. 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018.
- Ynetnews. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
- ^ "OEC - Products exported by Israel (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "OEC - Products imported by Israel (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה - cbs.gov.il". www.cbs.gov.il.
- ^ "MAX - Unsupported Browser Warning". Ustr.gov. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ Coren, Ora; Bassok, Moti (6 March 2012). "Asia overtakes U.S. as target market for Israeli exports". Haaretz. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ Kane, Hadar (28 March 2013). "Israeli-Palestinian business arbitration center established". Ynetnews. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Cohen, Ora (9 July 2013). "Israel 'dangerously reliant on handful of exports'". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 July 2013. (Subscription required.)
- ^ "OEC - Products that Israel exports to the United States (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ "OEC - Products that Israel exports to Hong Kong (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "OEC - Products that Israel exports to the United Kingdom (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "OEC - Products that Israel exports to China (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "OEC - Products that Israel exports to Belgium-Luxembourg (2015)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ "OEC - Products that Israel exports to India (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "OEC - Products that Israel exports to the Netherlands (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "OEC - Products that Israel exports to Germany (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "OEC - Products that Israel exports to Switzerland (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "OEC - Products that Israel exports to France (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "What does Israel import from the United States (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ^ "What does Israel import from China (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 5 May 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "What does Israel import from Switzerland (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 5 May 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "What does Israel import from Germany (2016)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 5 May 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "What does Israel import from Belgium-Luxembourg (2015)". Atlas.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ "What does Israel import from the United Kingdom? (2016)". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "What does Israel import from the Netherlands? (2016)". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "What does Israel import from Italy? (2016)". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Products that Israel imports from Turkey (2015)". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ "What does Israel import from Japan? (2016)". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "The most innovative country in the world takes top spot again". World Economic Forum. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
- ^ "The 2016 IMD World Competitiveness Scoreboard" (PDF). IMD World Competitiveness Center. 30 May 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
- ^ a b 'Israel's economy most durable in face of crises'. Ynet News (20 May 2010). Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- ^ U.S. listed Israeli companies. Ishitech.co.il. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Israel". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
Further reading
- Argov, Eyal. "The Development of Education in Israel and its Contribution to Long-Term Growth" (No. 2016.15. Bank of Israel, 2016) online Archived 17 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
- Shalev, Michael. Labour and the Political Economy in Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
- Ben-Porath, Yoram ed. The Israeli Economy: Maturing through Crises. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.
- Chill, Dan. The Arab Boycott of Israel: Economic Aggression and World Reaction. New York: Praeger, 1976.
- Kanovsky, Eliyahu. The Economy of the Israeli Kibbutz. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966.
- Klein, Michael. A Gemara of the Israel Economy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.
- Michaely, Michael. Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Israel. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1975.
- Ram, Uri (2008). The Globalization of Israel: McWorld in Tel Aviv, Jihad in Jerusalem. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-95304-7.
- Seliktar, Ofira (2000), "The Changing Political Economy of Israel: From Agricultural Pioneers to the "Silicon Valley" of the Middle East", in Freedman, Robert (ed.), Israel's First Fifty Years, Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, pp. 197–218.
- ISBN 0-446-54146-X
- Rubner, Alex. The Economy of Israel: A Critical Account of the First Ten Years. New York: Frederick A Praeger, 1960.
- Aharoni, Sara; Aharoni, Meir (2005), Industry & Economy in Israel, Israel books, archived from the original on 12 December 2006, retrieved 14 December 2006.
- Maman, Daniel and Rosenhek, Zeev. The Israeli Central Bank: Political Economy: Global Logics & Local Actors. Routledge, 2011.
- The Global Political Economy of Israel
External links
- Finance Israel (official website), Israel Ministry of Finance, archived from the original on 7 March 2012, retrieved 14 March 2012.
- Israel. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Israel and the IMF, International Monetary Fund
- World Bank Trade Summary Statistics Israel 2012
- Israel, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
- Israel Economy, The Heritage Foundation, archived from the original on 21 May 2020, retrieved 19 March 2012.
- Israel Business and Economy at Curlie
- Tariffs applied by Israel as provided by ITC's ITC Market Access Map[permanent dead link], an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements
- Investigative Dashboard List of Israel Company Registries
- Hebrew documents about the recession in Israel 1966-1967:
- ישראל - הסיפור המתועד: "האחרון שיוצא שיכבה את האור" - 50 שנה למיתון 1966 - 1967 Archived 13 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine