Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)
Fourth Council of Constantinople (869–870) | |
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Date | 869–870 |
Accepted by | Catholic Church |
Previous council | Second Council of Nicaea |
Next council | First Council of the Lateran |
Convoked by | Emperor Basil I and Pope Adrian II |
President | papal legates |
Attendance | 20–25 (first session 869), 102 (last session 870) |
Topics | Photius' patriarchate |
Documents and statements | Deposition of Photius, 27 canons |
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The Fourth Council of Constantinople was the eighth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held in Constantinople from 5 October 869, to 28 of February 870. It was poorly attended, the first session by only 12 bishops and the number of bishops later never exceeded 103.[1] In contrast the pro-Photian council of 879–80 was attended by 383 bishops.[2] The Council met in ten sessions from October 869 to February 870 and issued 27 canons.
The council was called by Emperor
The Council also reaffirmed the decisions of the Second Council of Nicaea in support of icons and holy images and required the image of Christ to have veneration equal with that of the gospel book.[5]
A later council, the
Background
With the coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III in 800, the papacy had acquired a new protector in the West. This freed the pontiffs to some degree from the power of the emperor in Constantinople but it also led to a schism, because the emperors and patriarchs of Constantinople interpreted themselves as the true descendants of the Roman Empire.[citation needed]
After the Byzantine emperor summarily dismissed St.
Photian schism
In 858,
Support for icons and holy images
One of the key elements of the Council was the reaffirmation of the decisions of the
We decree that the sacred image of our Lord Jesus Christ, the liberator and Savior of all people, must be venerated with the same honor as is given the book of the holy Gospels. For as through the language of the words contained in this book all can reach salvation, so, due to the action which these images exercise by their colors, all wise and simple alike, can derive profit from them. For what speech conveys in words, pictures announce and bring out in colors.
The council also encouraged the veneration of the images of the
If anyone does not venerate the image of Christ our Lord, let him be deprived of seeing him in glory at his second coming. The image of his all pure Mother and the images of the holy angels as well as the images of all the saints are equally the object of our homage and veneration.
Notes
- ^ "Constantinople, Fourth Council of | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- ^ Richard Price, 'Constantinople III and Constantinople IV: Minorities posing as the Voice of the Whole Church', Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 49 (2018/2019) 134.
- ^ "Photius." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- ^ "Fourth Council of Constantinople". Papal Encyclicals. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
- ^ ISBN 1-879038-15-3p. 41
- ^ Fr. Francis Dvornik argues that Pope accepted the acts of the council and annulled those of the Council of 869–870. Other Catholic historians, such as Warren Carroll, dispute this view, arguing that the pope rejected the council.
- ^ Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010) says that the Pope only gave a qualified assent to the acts of the council. See "The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy" p. 104.
- ^ Schaff, Philip opines that the Pope, deceived by his legates about the actual proceedings, first applauded the Emperor but later denounced the council. See "The Conflict of the Eastern and Western Churches and Their Separation."
- ^ Mansi vol xvii, cls. 400D & 401BC
- ^ Dositheos op. cit. pp. 281f
- ^ Mansi vol. xvii cl. 416E
- ^ Dositheos op. cit. p. 292
- ^ Mansi vol. xvii, cl. 472AB. See also cls. 489/490E
- ^ Dositheos op. cit. pp. 345, 361
- S2CID 145772692.
- ^ Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010). The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195372045.
- ISBN 978-1-4051-6658-4.
- ^ Dvornik, The Photian Schism, 122–128
- ISBN 0-86012-006-6p. 389
- ISBN 0-8028-2888-4p. 65
References
- Cross, F. L. (ed.). The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press (2005).
- Dvornik, Francis (1948). The Photian Schism: History and Legend. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010). The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537204-5.
- "Acts of the 869 Fourth Council of Constantinople".