Second Council of Lyon

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For 13th Ecumenical Council that took place in 1245, see First Council of Lyon.
Second Council of Lyon
Date1272–1274
Accepted by
crusade, internal reforms
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The Second Council of Lyon was the fourteenth

Thomas Cantilupe was an English attendee and a papal chaplain.[4]

In addition to

nation-states
.

The main topics discussed at the council were the conquest of the

Rudolf I as Holy Roman Emperor, ending the interregnum.[2]

Union of the Churches

Cathedral of St John, Lyon, illuminated for a festival

Wishing to end the

Council of Blachernae (1285)
, and Bekkos was forced to abdicate, being eventually exiled and imprisoned under house arrest until his death in 1297.

Plans for a Crusade

The council drew up plans for a crusade (

passagium generale) to recover the Holy Land, which was to be financed by a tithe imposed for six years on all the benefices of Christendom. The plans were approved but nothing concrete was done.[8] James I of Aragon wished to organize the expedition at once, but this was opposed by the Knights Templar.[9] The Franciscan friar Fidentius of Padua, who had experience in the Holy Land, was commissioned by the pope to write a report on the recovery of the Holy Land.[10]

Ambassadors of the Khan of the Tatars negotiated with the Pope, who asked them to leave Christians in peace during their war against

Mongol leader Abaqa Khan sent a delegation of 13[11]-16 Mongols to the council, which created a great stir, particularly when their leader underwent a public baptism. Among the embassy were David of Ashby, and the clerk Rychaldus.[12] According to one chronicler, "The Mongols came, not because of the Faith, but to conclude an alliance with the Christians".[13]

Abaqa's Latin secretary Rychaldus delivered a report to the council, which outlined previous European-Ilkhanid relations under Abaqa's father,

Hulagu, where after welcoming the Christian ambassadors to his court, Hulagu had agreed to exempt Latin Christians from taxes and charges, in exchange for their prayers for the Qaghan. According to Richardus, Hulagu had also prohibited the molestation of Frank establishments, and had committed to return Jerusalem to the Franks.[14] Richardus told the assembly that even after Hulagu's death, Abaqa was still determined to drive the Mamluks from Syria.[15]

At the council, Pope Gregory promulgated a new Crusade to start in 1278 in liaison with the Mongols.

Saracens, the supply of ships by the Italian maritime Republics, and the alliance of the West with Byzantium and the Il-Khan Abagha.[17]
However, despite papal plans, there was little support from European monarchs, who at this point were more likely to give lip service to the idea of a Crusade than to commit actual troops. The Pope's death in 1276 put an end to any such plans, and the money that had been gathered was instead distributed in Italy.

Purgatory

Main article: Purgatory § Catholicism

Basic Catholic teaching on Purgatory was defined for the first time.[18]

In the English version of Denzinger's Sources of Catholic Dogma these are given[19] as:

854 …We believe also in the true resurrection of this flesh, which now we bear, and in eternal life…

855 …(the Church) says and teaches that those who after baptism slip into sin must not be rebaptized, but by true penance attain forgiveness of their sins.

856 Because if they die truly repentant in charity before they have made satisfaction by worthy fruits of penance for (sins) committed and omitted, their souls are cleansed after death by purgatorical or purifying punishments…. And to relieve punishments of this kind, the offerings of the living faithful are of advantage to these, namely, the sacrifices of Masses, prayers, alms, and other duties of piety, which have customarily been performed by the faithful for the other faithful according to the regulations of the Church.

857 However, the souls of those who after having received holy baptism have incurred no stain of sin whatever, also those souls who, after contracting the stain of sin, either while remaining in their bodies or being divested of them, have been cleansed, as we have said above, are received immediately into heaven.

858 The souls of those who die in mortal sin or with original sin only, however, immediately descend to hell, yet to be punished with different punishments. The same most holy Roman Church firmly believes and firmly declares that nevertheless on the day of judgment "all" men will be brought together with their bodies "before the tribunal of Christ" "to render an account" of their own deeds (Rm 14,10).

Other topics debated

The council dealt with the reform of the Church, regarding which Gregory had sent out inquiries. Several bishops and abbots were deposed for unworthiness, and some

mendicant orders were suppressed. On the other hand, the two new orders of Dominicans and Franciscans
were approved.

There had been several lengthy vacancies of the

cardinals should not leave the conclave until they had elected a pope. This decision was suspended in 1276 by Pope Adrian V, and then revoked by Pope John XXI
. It has since been re-established, and is the basis of present legislation on papal elections.

Finally, the council dealt with the Imperial throne, which Alfonso X of Castile claimed. His claim was disallowed by the Pope, and

Rudolph I
was proclaimed King of the Romans and future emperor on 6 June 1274.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Gregory X convoked the general council on 31 March 1272...outlined three themes: union with the Greeks, the crusade, and the reform of the church. Regarding the third theme, which was not only traditional in medieval councils but was also required by the actual state of ecclesiastical morals, the pope in March 1273 sought the opinion of all christian people and asked for their help. After long preparatory arrangements the council assembled at Lyons and opened on 7 May 1274...The Greeks arrived late, on 24 June 1274, since they had been shipwrecked...The council had 6 general sessions: on 7 May 1274, 18 May 1274, 4 or 7 June 1274, 6 July 1274, 16 July 1274, and 17 July 1274. (from Papal Encyclicals.net, accessed 23 January 2012)
  2. ^ a b c Wetterau, Bruce. World history. New York: Henry Holt and company. 1994 [page needed]
  3. ^ Papal Encyclicals.net
  4. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  5. Charles of Anjou, whom the Papacy had placed on the throne of Sicily in 1266, to the detriment of Aragonese claims. The uprising in Aragon's favour called the Sicilian Vespers
    would take place 30 March 1282.
  6. ^ Levillain 2002, pp. 657–658.
  7. ^ Levillain 2002, p. 658.
  8. ^ Second Council of Lyons – 1274
  9. ^ a b Georges Goyau, "Second Council of Lyons (1274)" in Catholic Encyclopedia
  10. doi:10.1163/9789004362048_011
    .
  11. ^ Richard, p. 439/English
  12. ^ Richard, "Histoire des Croisades", p. 452
  13. ^ Quoted in Jean Richard, p. 452
  14. ^ Jean Richard, p. 435/French
  15. ^ Jackson, pp. 167–168
  16. ^ "1274: Promulgation of a Crusade, in liaison with the Mongols", Jean Richard, "Histoire des Croisades", p. 502/French, p. 487/English
  17. ^ "Le Pape Grégoire X s’efforce alors de mettre sur pied un vaste programme d’aide à la Terre Sainte, les "Constitutions pour le zèle de la foi", qui sont acceptées au Concile de Lyon de 1274. Ce texte prévoit la levée d’une dime pendant trois ans pour la croisade, l’interdiction de tout commerce avec les Sarasins, la fourniture de bateaux par les républiques maritimes italiennes, et une alliance de l’Occident avec Byzance et l’Il-Khan Abagha" (Michel Balard, Les Latins en Orient (XIe–XVe siècle), p. 210.
  18. ^ Session IV, 6 juil. 1274 "Denzinger EN 824". The Sources of Catholic Dogma (Enchiridion Symbolorum). Archived from the original on 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
  19. ^ "Denzinger (latin) 846". catho.org. Retrieved 27 September 2023.

References

External links
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