History of Tripoli, Lebanon
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During
Ancient period
Many historians reject the presence of any Phoenician civilization in Tripoli before the 8th (or sometimes 4th) century BCE. Others argue that the north–south gradient of Phoenician port establishments on the Lebanese coast indicates an earlier age for the Phoenician Tripoli.
Tripoli has not been extensively excavated because the ancient site lies buried beneath the modern city of
Tripoli became a financial center and main port of northern Phoenicia with sea trade (East Mediterranean and the West), and caravan trade (North Syria and hinterland).
Seleucid Empire
Under the
Roman period
During the
During the late 3rd Century, Tripolis was the site of a Roman mint from around 270 to 286.[4][5][6]
In 488, Severus of Antioch is baptised at the Church of Saint Leontius at Tripolis (modern-day Tripoli) with Evagrius as his sponsor.[7][8]
Rashidun era
Tripoli was conquered for the first time in a separate conquest by the commander Yuqna in the year 18 AH (639/640 AD),[9] then the Byzantine Empire reoccupied some of its coast at the end of the Caliphate of Umar Ibn Al-Khattab or the beginning of the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan. When Uthman appointed Muawiyah over the Levant, Muawiyah sent Sufyan bin Mujib al-Azdi to Tripoli to restore it, and it was three cities combined, so he built in Al-Marj ("the meadow"), miles from it, a fortress called "Sufyan's fort", and he used to stay in his fortress every night and fortify the Muslims there, then go to the enemy in the morning. He besieged Tripoli and cut off the supply of its people from the sea and land. Ibn Asaker adds in his “History of Damascus” details that confirm the story, which he transmitted with his chain of transmission on the authority of Abu Muti’ Mu’awiyah bin Yahya al-Tarabulsi[a] (died after 170 AH, 786/787 AD) on the authority of a Sheikh from Tripoli that Sufyan bin Mujib camped with his great army in Marj al-Silsilah (Beddawi), which is five miles from Tripoli. At the origin of Mount Terbol, he used to walk to Tripoli to besiege it and then return to his camp in Al-Beddawi, and he continued on that for months until Muawiyah wrote to him ordering him to build for him and his companions a fortress that would shelter him by night and besiege them by day. As a result, Sufyan built a fortress two miles from Tripoli, which is called “Sufyan’s Fort.”
On the basis of this historical text of Abu Al-Muti’ al-Tarabulsi, the historian Omar Tadmouri said that the Sufyan fortress is now located at the now-known Tripoli Citadel. The castle is two miles away from old Tripoli (El Mina), or 3200 meters.[10] When the siege intensified upon them, they gathered in one of the city's fortresses and wrote to the Roman king Constans II asking him to supply them or to send them boats to escape to. Subsequently, the emperor sent numerous boats to them, so they boarded them at night and fled. When Sufyan became aware, he found the fortress in which they were empty, so he entered it, and wrote the news of the conquest to Muawiyah. Then Abd al-Malik re-built it afterwards and fortified it (in modern El Mina).[11]
Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid periods
Tripoli gained in importance as a trading centre for the whole Mediterranean after it was inhabited by the
Abbasid era
The Byzantines took advantage of the political changes resulted by the Abbasid revolution, by attacking the Islamic regions and occupying Tripoli in 141 AH (758/759 AD) from its governor, Rabāh bin al-Nu’mān, with Bekaa getting attacked by the rebel Elias in the year 137 AH (754/755 AD) and the Munaytirah revolt took place in 141 AH. And when events escalated, it became imperative for the Abbasid Caliph to fight back with combat to defend the Caliphate. He mobilized the frontiers with fighters to protect them. He assigned the Tanukhid tribes to head to the mountains of Beirut to protect the coasts of the Levant and Islamic possessions from the Byzantine danger and local hostile movements.[14]
Revolt of Tripoli
In Tripoli, 357 AH corresponding to the year 968 AD, there was a revolution against the Turkic Abbasid-appointed
Fatimid era
After the year 969 AD, the
Among the most prominent industries of the Fatimids that spread in Lebanon was the manufacture of brocade clothes and the manufacture of the Tunfusah (طُنْفُسَةٌ). The city of Tripoli was famous for making paper for writing. The ports of the Lebanese coast were a popular market for all agricultural and industrial products, as well as a center for their export to the cities of the Mediterranean Basin.[22]
11th century Tripoli
During a visit by the traveler
Tripoli was ruled by
Crusader period
After the siege of Tripoli, that lasted from 1102 until July 12, 1109, the city became the chief town of the
Mamluk period
Tripoli was captured by
During the Mamluk period, Tripoli became a central city and provincial capital of the six kingdoms in Mamluk
Tripoli became a major trading port of Syria supplying Europe with candy, loaf and powdered sugar (especially during the latter part of the 14th century). The main products from agriculture and small industry included citrus fruits, olive oil, soap, and textiles (cotton and silk, especially velvet).
The
Mamluk Tripoli witnessed a high rate of urban growth and a fast city development (according to traveler's accounts). It also had poles of growth including the fortress, the
The urban form of Mamluk Tripoli was dictated mainly by climate, site configuration, defense, and urban aesthetics. The layout of major thoroughfares was set according to prevailing winds and topography. The city had no fortifications, but heavy building construction characterized by compact urban forms, narrow and winding streets for difficult city penetration. Residential areas were bridged over streets at strategic points for surveillance and defense. The city also included many loopholes and narrow slits at street junctions.
The religious and secular buildings of Mamluk Tripoli comprise a fine example of the architecture of that time. The oldest among them were built with stones taken from 12th and 13th-century churches; the characteristics of the architecture of the period are best seen in the mosques and
Public buildings in Mamluk Tripoli were emphasized through sitting, façade treatment, and street alignment. Well-cut and well-dressed stones (local sandstone) were used as media of construction and for decorative effects on elevations and around openings (the ablaq technique of alternating light and dark stone courses). Bearing walls were used as vertical supports. Cross vaults covered most spaces from prayer halls to closed rectangular rooms, to galleries around courtyards. Domes were constructed over conspicuous and important spaces like tomb chambers, mihrab, and covered courtyards. Typical construction details in Mamluk Tripoli included cross vaults with concave grooves meeting in octagonal openings or concave rosettes as well as simple cupolas or ribbed domes. The use of double drums and corner squinches was commonly used to make the transition from square rooms to round domes.[1]
Decorations in Mamluk buildings concentrated on the most conspicuous areas of buildings:
Mosques evenly spread with major concentration of madrasas around the Mansouri Great Mosque. All
Ottoman period
Tripoli came under Ottoman sovereignty when the Turks defeated the Mamluks in the
The Ottomans created several new residential areas that surrounded the Mamluk city which created a population boom, and the number of its mosques, madaris, Hammamat and khans increased substantially. Among the Ottoman landmarks established includes; Tekke dervish Mevlevi, Hammam al-Azem (the new), Mahmoud Bey al-Sanjak Mosque, Mahmoud Lutfi al-Zaim Mosque, Hamidi Mosque, Sabeel al-Basha, Minister Muhammad Pasha, Sabeel al-Zahid, Tekiyya al-Qadiriyya, and Sa’at al-Tal.[37] The reign of the Turks in Tripoli is considered the longest Islamic era under its sovereignty, as their rule extended for about four and a half centuries, with the exception of eight years during which it was subjected to Egyptian rule when Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad Ali al-Kabir, entered it in 1832.
On 9 August, Sunni supporters of Hezbollah clashed with Salafists in Tripoli.[112] On 20 and 21 August, seven people were killed and more than 100 wounded in clashes between Sunni Muslims and Alawites in a spillover from the war in neighbouring Syria, according to security and medical sources. Two of the dead were from Jabal Mohsen, while the rest were from Bab al-Tabbaneh. Five Lebanese soldiers were injured by gunfire and another five on the next day after a grenade was lobbed at an army checkpoint.[113][114] Fighting continued throughout 23 August, with at least 2 further deaths reported.[115] Further fighting occurred after a dawn exchange of small arms fire and rocket-propelled grenades between Sunni and Alawite fighters in the Qobbah and Jabal Muhsin neighbourhoods. The skirmish provoked unrest throughout both districts, and at least 7 Alawite-owned shops in Sunni neighbourhoods were torched by unknown assailants. Fighting escalated after the death of Sunni cleric Sheikh Khaled al Baradei, who was shot by a sniper during the morning skirmishes. Sheikh Baradei was reportedly a commander of the Sunni Islamist fighters, and his death led to further sectarian unrest within the city. Two journalists from an unknown news agency were also wounded during the day's fighting. At least 3 killed and 21 wounded were reported.[116] Fighting continued until 24 August.
Clashes broke out on 19 October following the killing of Wissam al-Hassan, leaving one dead.[117] On 21 October, clashes occurred throughout the country which were triggered by the assassination. Two young girls and a man were killed during clashes between Bab Tabbaneh and Jabal Mohsen.[118] The parents of one of the girls, a nine-year-old called Jana, crossed sectarian lines, as her father is Sunni and her mother is Alawite.[119] Two Sunnis and one Alawi were killed on 22 October.[120] By 24 October, 11 people had been killed in the fighting.[121] At least 12 people were killed and 73 injured in Tripoli between 4 and 6 December, as Alawites and Sunnis were involved in heavy clashes, which were sparked by the Tall Kalakh incident, where 20 Lebanese Salafists that were going to join the insurgency in Syria were ambushed.[122][123][124][125][126][127]
On 28 February, five men were arrested for throwing grenades into both neighbourhoods. They claimed they had been tasked by "Z.S." to create strife.[128] During March 2013, several sporadic incidents happened between the neighbourhoods. Two were hurt by sniper fire in Jabal Mohsen.[129] Three days later, a man from Jabal Mohsen was shot and killed.[130]
By 22 March, six people, including an army soldier, had been killed. On 23 March, three more people were killed.[131]
On 19 and 20 May, two civilians and two army soldiers were killed during renewed fighting between the neighbourhoods.[132] By 22 May, 12 people had been killed since renewed fighting began.[133] The Lebanese army pulled out of the city on 23 May after being targeted.[134] Six more were killed the following night, following the use of mortars for the first time.[135] 31 were killed by 26 May.[136] After two days of calm, six more were killed by 4 June within 24 hours. Jabal Mohsen was subsequently raided by the army. ADP leader Rifa'at Eid questioned why they had been targeted since similar raids were not done in Bab al-Tabbaneh.[137]
On 29 and 30 November, 13 people were killed by clashes.
On 23 August 2013, twin bombings in Tripoli caused extensive damage with some 47 people killed and more than 500 wounded according to Lebanon's state-run National News Agency.[138] In later conflicts numerous bombings and suicide attacks took place. On 23 August 2013, twin bombings in Tripoli caused extensive damage with some 47 people killed and more than 500 wounded according to Lebanon's state-run National News Agency.[139] In January 2014, Abdul Rahman Diab, an ADP official, was gunned down in his car in Tripoli.[140] Over nine days in March 2014, 25 people were killed and 175 were wounded.[141] On 10 January 2015, two suicide bombers killed 9 people and wounded 30 more in a Jabal Mohsen café. It was the first suicide attack on a civilian neighbourhood in nearly a year, following a security sweep.[142]
Liquidity crisis and riots
National demonstrations took place in 2019 in protest of corruption, unemployment and government failure. Events were most notable in Tripoli where
Refugee crisis
The Lebanese crisis became so severe that multiple boats left the cost holding migrants in a desperate run from the country. Many proved unsuccessful and fatal. In April 2022, 6 people died and around 50 people are rescued after an overloaded boat sinks in Tripoli, Lebanon.[147] And on September 22, at least 94 people were killed when a boat carrying migrants from Lebanon capsizes off Syria's coast. 9 people survived. Many were declared missing and some were found either dead or injured. Dead bodies were sent to nearby hospitals. 40 people are still missing as of 24 September.[148]
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Notes
- ^ Al-Tarābulsi meaning "The Tripolitan"
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