Instrumental chemistry

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Instrumental analysis is a field of analytical chemistry that investigates analytes using scientific instruments.

Block diagram of an analytical instrument showing the stimulus and measurement of response

Spectroscopy

Further information: Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy
.

Nuclear spectroscopy

Further information: Nuclear spectroscopy

Methods of nuclear spectroscopy use properties of a nucleus to probe a material's properties, especially the material's local structure. Common methods include nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Mössbauer spectroscopy (MBS), and perturbed angular correlation (PAC).

Mass spectrometry

Further information: Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of molecules using

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
, and so on.

Crystallography

Further information: Crystallography

Crystallography is a technique that characterizes the chemical structure of materials at the atomic level by analyzing the diffraction patterns of electromagnetic radiation or particles that have been deflected by atoms in the material. X-rays are most commonly used. From the raw data, the relative placement of atoms in space may be determined.

Electrochemical analysis

Further information:
Electroanalytical method

potentiometry (the difference in electrode potentials is measured), coulometry (the cell's current is measured over time), and voltammetry
(the cell's current is measured while actively altering the cell's potential).

Thermal analysis

Further information: Calorimetry and Thermal analysis

Calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measure the interaction of a material and heat.

Separation

Further information: Separation process, Chromatography, and Electrophoresis

Separation processes are used to decrease the complexity of material mixtures. Chromatography and electrophoresis are representative of this field.

Hybrid techniques

Combinations of the above techniques produce "hybrid" or "hyphenated" techniques.[3][4][5][6][7] Several examples are in popular use today and new hybrid techniques are under development.

Hyphenated separation techniques refer to a combination of two or more techniques to separate chemicals from solutions and detect them. Most often, the other technique is some form of chromatography. Hyphenated techniques are widely used in chemistry and biochemistry. A slash is sometimes used instead of hyphen, especially if the name of one of the methods contains a hyphen itself.

Examples of hyphenated techniques:

Microscopy

Further information: Microscopy

The visualization of single

electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy. Recently, this field has been rapidly progressing because of the rapid development of the computer and camera
industries.

Lab-on-a-chip

Further information: Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-chip

Devices that integrate multiple laboratory functions on a single chip of only a few square millimeters or centimeters in size and that are capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than picoliters.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, 2000.
  2. ^ Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry New York: Saunders College Publishing, 5th Edition, 1988.
  3. PMID 6353577
    .
  4. PMID 9008869
    .
  5. PMID 9253184
    .
  6. PMID 12462614
    .
  7. PMID 12462615
    .
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_chemistry&oldid=1115347887"