Biogeochemistry

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Vladimir Vernadsky, founder of biogeochemistry

Biogeochemistry is the

atmosphere, and the lithosphere). In particular, biogeochemistry is the study of biogeochemical cycles, the cycles of chemical elements such as carbon and nitrogen, and their interactions with and incorporation into living things transported through earth scale biological systems in space and time. The field focuses on chemical cycles which are either driven by or influence biological activity. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, iron, and phosphorus cycles.[1] Biogeochemistry is a systems science closely related to systems ecology
.

History

Early Greek

Early Greeks established the core idea of biogeochemistry that nature consists of cycles.[2]

18th-19th centuries

Agricultural interest in 18th-century soil chemistry led to better understanding of nutrients and their connection to biochemical processes. This relationship between the cycles of organic life and their chemical products was further expanded upon by Dumas and Boussingault in a 1844 paper that is considered an important milestone in the development of biogeochemistry.[2][3][4] Jean-Baptiste Lamarck first used the term biosphere in 1802, and others continued to develop the concept throughout the 19th century.[3] Early climate research by scientists like Charles Lyell, John Tyndall, and Joseph Fourier began to link glaciation, weathering, and climate.[5]

20th century

The founder of modern biogeochemistry was

phase-space. He observed that each sphere had its own laws of evolution
, and that the higher spheres modified and dominated the lower:

  1. Abiotic
    sphere – all the non-living energy and material processes
  2. Biosphere – the life processes that live within the abiotic sphere
  3. Nöesis or
    cognitive process

Human activities (e.g., agriculture and

industry) modify the biosphere and abiotic sphere. In the contemporary environment, the amount of influence humans have on the other two spheres is comparable to a geological force (see Anthropocene
).

The American

Gaia Hypothesis. Lovelock emphasized a concept that life processes regulate the Earth through feedback mechanisms to keep it habitable. The research of Manfred Schidlowski was concerned with the biochemistry of the Early Earth.[8]

Biogeochemical cycles

Part of a series on
Biogeochemical cycles
Water cycle
Carbon cycle
Nutrient cycle
Rock cycle
Marine cycle
Methane cycle
Other cycles
Related topics
Research groups

abiotic compartments of Earth. The biotic compartment is the biosphere and the abiotic compartments are the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. There are biogeochemical cycles for chemical elements, such as for calcium, carbon, hydrogen, mercury, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, iron and sulfur, as well as molecular cycles, such as for water and silica. There are also macroscopic cycles, such as the rock cycle, and human-induced cycles for synthetic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In some cycles there are reservoirs where a substance can remain or be sequestered for a long period of time.[9][10][11]

Research

Biogeochemistry research groups exist in many universities around the world. Since this is a highly

atmospheric sciences, biology, ecology, geomicrobiology, environmental chemistry, geology, oceanography and soil science. These are often bracketed into larger disciplines such as earth science and environmental science
.

Many researchers investigate the

stable isotopes. The cycles of trace elements, such as the trace metals and the radionuclides
, are also studied. This research has obvious applications in the exploration of ore deposits and oil, and in the remediation of environmental pollution.

Some important research fields for biogeochemistry include:

Evolutionary Biogeochemistry

Evolutionary biogeochemistry is a branch of modern biogeochemistry that applies the study of biogeochemical cycles to the geologic history of the Earth. This field investigates the origin of biogeochemical cycles and how they have changed throughout the planet's history, specifically in relation to the evolution of life.[12]

See also

References

  1. OCLC 1183905251.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  2. ^
    S2CID 128563314
    .
  3. ^
    S2CID 227165026
    .
  4. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.137099
    .
  5. ISSN 1631-0713
    .
  6. ISBN 0-907791-36-0
    (originally published in Russian in 1924)
  7. OCLC 1183905251.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  8. ^ Manfred Schidlowski: [?via%3Dihub Carbon isotopes as biochemical recorders of life over 3.8 Ga of Earth history: Evolution of a concept]. In: Precambrian Research. Vol. 106, Issues 1-2, 1 February 2001, pages 117-134.
  9. ^ Moses, M. (2012) Biogeochemical cycles Archived 2021-11-22 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia of Earth.
  10. ^ Fisher M. R. (Ed.) (2019) Environmental Biology, 3.2 Biogeochemical Cycles Archived 2021-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, OpenStax. "Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0". Archived from the original on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2022-05-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).
  11. ^ Biogeochemical Cycles Archived 2021-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, OpenStax, 9 May 2019. "Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0". Archived from the original on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2022-05-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).
  12. ISBN 978-1-4020-0992-1
    .

Representative books and publications

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&oldid=1187554397"