J
J | |
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J j | |
Usage | |
Writing system | ჲ |
Other | |
Other letters commonly used with | j(x), ij |
Writing direction | Left-to-Right |
ISO basic Latin alphabet |
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AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz |
J, or j, is the tenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its usual name in English is jay (pronounced /ˈdʒeɪ/), with a now-uncommon variant jy /ˈdʒaɪ/.[2][3]
When used in the
History
Egyptian hieroglyph ꜥ | Phoenician Yodh |
Western Greek Iota |
Etruscan I |
Latin I |
Latin J |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The letter J used to be used as the swash letter I, used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral twenty-three. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German.[5] Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.[6] Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; however, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial sound in the English language word "yet").
Use in writing systems
Languages in italics are not usually written using the Latin alphabet | ||||
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Language | Dialect(s) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
Afrikaans | /j/ | |||
Albanian | /j/ | |||
Arabic | Standard; most dialects | /dʒ/ or /ʒ/ | Romanization | |
Azeri | /ʒ/ | |||
Basque[7] | Bizkaian | /dʒ/ | ||
Lapurdian | /j/ | Also used in southwest Bizkaian | ||
Low Navarrese | /ɟ/ | Also used in south Lapurdian | ||
High Navarrese | /ʃ/ | |||
Gipuzkoan | /x/ | Also used in east Bizkaian | ||
Zuberoan | /ʒ/ | |||
Cantonese | /t͡s/ | Yale romanization | ||
/j/ | Jyutping romanisation | |||
Catalan | /ʒ/ | |||
Mandarin Chinese | Standard | /tɕ/ | Pinyin romanization | |
/ʐ/ | Wade–Giles romanization | |||
Czech | /j/ | |||
Danish | /j/ | |||
Dutch | /j/ | |||
English | /dʒ/ | |||
Esperanto | /j/ or /i̯/ | |||
Estonian | /j/ | |||
Filipino | /dʒ/ | English loan words | ||
/h/ | Spanish loan words | |||
Finnish | /j/ | |||
French | /ʒ/ | |||
German | /j/ | |||
Greenlandic | /j/ | |||
Hindi | /dʒ/ | Romanization | ||
Hokkien | /dz/~/dʑ/ | |||
/z/~/ʑ/ | ||||
Hungarian | /j/ | |||
Icelandic | /j/ | |||
Igbo | /dʒ/ | |||
Indonesian | /dʒ/ | |||
Italian | /j/ | |||
Japanese | /dʑ/~/ʑ/ | /ʑ/ and /dʑ/ distinct in some dialects, see Yotsugana | ||
Khmer | /c/ | ALA-LC romanization | ||
Kiowa | / t /
|
|||
Konkani | /ɟ/ | |||
Korean | North | /ts/ | ||
/dz/ | After vowels | |||
South | /tɕ/ | |||
/dʑ/ | After vowels | |||
Kurdish | /ʒ/ | |||
Luxembourgish | /j/ | |||
/ʒ/ | Some loanwords | |||
Latvian | /j/ | |||
Lithuanian | /j/ | |||
Malay | /dʒ/ | |||
Maltese | /j/ | |||
Manx | /dʒ/ | |||
Norwegian | /j/ | |||
Oromo | /dʒ/ | |||
Pashto | /dʒ/ | Romanization | ||
Polish | /j/ | |||
Portuguese | /ʒ/ | |||
Romanian | /ʒ/ | |||
Scots | /dʒ/ | |||
Serbo-Croatian
|
/j/ | |||
Shona | /dʒ/ | |||
Slovak | /j/ | |||
Slovenian
|
/j/ | |||
Somali | /dʒ/ | |||
Spanish | Standard | /x/ | ||
Some dialects | /h/ | |||
Swahili | /ɟ/ | |||
Swedish | /j/ | |||
Tamil | /dʑ/ | |||
Tatar | /ʐ/ | |||
Telugu | /dʒ/ | |||
Turkish | /ʒ/ | |||
Turkmen | /dʒ/ | |||
Urdu | /dʒ/ | Romanization | ||
Yoruba | /ɟ/ | |||
Zulu | /dʒ/ |
English
In English, ⟨j⟩ most commonly represents the
Later, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). In loanwords such as bijou or Dijon, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/, as in modern French. In some loanwords, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the use of /ʒ/ an instance of hyperforeignism, a type of hypercorrection.[10] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents its original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord (see Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, such as jalapeño, English speakers usually pronounce ⟨j⟩ as the voiceless glottal fricative /h/, an approximation of the Spanish pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ (usually transcribed as a voiceless velar fricative [x], although some varieties of Spanish use glottal [h]).
In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names.
Romance languages
In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan (except Valencian), and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (like ⟨s⟩ in English measure). In Valencian and Occitan it has the same sound as in English, /dʒ/. In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x/ or /h/,[11] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect.
⟨j⟩ is not commonly used in modern standard
Other European languages
The great majority of
/.The letter also represents /
The Maltese language, though a Semitic language, has been deeply influenced by the Romance languages (especially Sicilian), and also uses ⟨j⟩ for /j/.
In Basque, the diaphoneme represented by ⟨j⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: [j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa).
Other languages
Among non-European languages that have adopted the
⟨j⟩ stands for /.
For
The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter ⟨j⟩, although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ [tɕ] or ช [tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents).
In romanized
In Greenlandic and in the Qaniujaaqpait spelling of the Inuktitut language, ⟨j⟩ is used to transcribe /j/.
Following Spanish usage, ⟨j⟩ represents [x] or similar sounds in many Latin-alphabet-based writing systems for indigenous languages of the Americas, such as [χ] in Mayan languages (ALMG alphabet) and a glottal fricative [h] in some spelling systems used for Aymara.
Other writing systems
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨j⟩ is used for the voiced palatal approximant, and a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩ is used to represent palatalization.
Other uses
- In international licence plate codes, J stands for Japan.
- In mathematics, j is one of the three imaginary units of quaternions.
- Also in mathematics, j is one of the three unit vectors.
- In the Metric system, J is the symbol for the joule, the SI derived unit for energy.
- In some areas of current).
- A J can be a marijuanacigarette)
Related characters
- 𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
- I i : Latin letter I, from which J derives
- ȷ : Dotless j
- ᶡ : Modifier letter small dotless j with stroke[13]
- ᶨ : Modifier letter small j with crossed-tail[13]
- 𐞘[14]
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to J:
- J with J̃ j̇̃
Other representations
Computing
Preview | J | j | ȷ | J | j | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J | LATIN SMALL LETTER J | LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J | FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J | FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER J | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 74 | U+004A | 106 | U+006A | 567 | U+0237 | 65322 | U+FF2A | 65354 | U+FF4A |
UTF-8 | 74 | 4A | 106 | 6A | 200 183 | C8 B7 | 239 188 170 | EF BC AA | 239 189 138 | EF BD 8A |
Numeric character reference | J |
J |
j |
j |
ȷ |
ȷ |
J |
J |
j |
j |
Named character reference | ȷ | |||||||||
EBCDIC family | 209 | D1 | 145 | 91 | ||||||
ASCII 1 | 74 | 4A | 106 | 6A |
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Unicode also has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed above; Unicode further states that, for example i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ).[17]
In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical
Wingdings smiley issue
In the Wingdings font by Microsoft, the letter "J" is rendered as a smiley face, sometimes creating confusion in emails after formatting is removed and a smiley turns back into an out-of-context "J".[22] (this is distinct from the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺︎). In Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email. This autocorrection feature can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley.[23]
Other
NATO phonetic
|
Morse code |
Juliet |
ⓘ |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) | British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling )
|
Braille dots-245 Unified English Braille |
References
- ^ "J-letter". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ "J", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989)
- ^ "J" and "jay", Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993)
- ^ "yod". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "Wörterbuchnetz". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^ De le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana in Italian Wikisource.
- )
- ^ ISBN 0-521-26476-6.
- ^ English Grammar, Charles Butler, 1633
- ISBN 0-521-29719-2.
- ISBN 0-521-01184-1.
- ISBN 9781881901518. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
- ^ a b Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
- ^ a b Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
- ^ The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0, p. 293 (at the very bottom)
- ^ Nick Nicholas, "Yot" Archived 2012-08-05 at archive.today
- ^ "Unicode Character 'GREEK LETTER YOT' (U+03F3)". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^ "Unicode: Greek and Coptic" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-26.
- ^ "Unicode 7.0.0". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
- MSDN Blogs. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
- ^ Pirillo, Chris (26 June 2010). "J Smiley Outlook Email: Problem and Fix!". Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
External links
- The dictionary definition of J at Wiktionary
- The dictionary definition of j at Wiktionary
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. .