Isfizar under Dilawar Khan.[4] The Taymanis would go onto siding with the Durrani Empire during their rise and gave troops to the Sadozais. The Taymanis began declining in the nineteenth century until finally being stripped of their privileges in 1894, ending Taymani rule in Ghor.[5]
Ghilzai Pashtuns.[6][7] The Hotaki dynasty ruled over much of southern Afghanistan and most of Iran (Persia) at its peak. The dynasty lasted until 1738 when it was overthrown by the Afsharids of Persia under Nader Shah
northern India (including Kashmir), northeastern Iran and eastern Turkmenistan.[10] In the second half of the 18th century, the Durrani Empire was the second-largest Muslim empire in the world after the Ottoman Empire.[10]
royal family of Afghanistan
. The Barakzais ruled over the Emirate of Afghanistan.
Azad Khan Afghan.(1751-57) Ruler of Iran and Azerbaijan.
In South Asia
Territory controlled by the Khaljis circa 1320[11]
Ghurid Empire.[12][13] The Khaljis ruled Bengal until 1227 before they were deposed from power and integrated as a province of the Delhi Sultanate under the Mamluk dynasty. The Khaljis returned to power briefly in 1229 but were again deposed from power in 1231.[14]
Turko-Afghan descendant of the Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.[26][27][28][29] The Khilji dynasty continued to reign until 1531, when it was Bahadur Shah, the ruler of the Gujarat Sultanate. The Khilji dynasty would return to rule in 1537 under Qadir Shah, a former officer.[30] Qadir Shah held power until 1542, when he was deposed by the Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri. Sher Shah gave governorship of Malwa to an Afghan chief, Shujaat Khan.[31] Following Shujaat Khan's death, his son Baz Bahadur succeeded him. Baz Bahadur declared the Malwa Sultanate independent, and he reigned until he was deposed by the Mughal Empire, and his kingdom absorbed in 1562.[32][33]
Map showing the territory under the Lodi dynasty.[34]
Map of the Sur Empire at its heightSur Empire (1538/1540—1556), founded by Sher Shah Suri, a Pashtun military and political figure who belonged to the Sur tribe of Kakars.[35] The Sur dynasty ousted the Mughals in north India and controlled areas encompassing, Pakistan, northern India and up to Bengal, with Delhi as its capital. Sher Shah expanded the empires territory significantly until his accidental death in 1545, where he was succeeded by his son, Islam Shah Suri.[36][37] The Empire began falling into civil war following Islam Shah's death.[38][39] The Surs were supplanted again by the Mughals in 1556 after a sixteen-year rule.[40][41]
Deccan, with his headquarters at Hasanabad. The Bahmanis were the first independent Muslim kingdom centred in the Deccan.[54]
Andre Wink puts forward the opinion that Shah Mir was possibly of Afghan, Turk, or even Tibetan origin.[64] The Encyclopaedia of Islam also suggests a possible Afghan origin.[65] However, A.Q. Rafiqi believes that Shah Mir was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat.[57]: 311–312 Some scholars state that Shah Mir arrived from the Panjgabbar valley (Panchagahvara),[66] which was populated by Khasa people, and so ascribe a Khāsa ethnicity to Shah Mir.[67][68] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the various versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara).[67] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family from Swat which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani and were associated to the Kubrawiya, a Sufi group in Kashmir.[55] Older sources and historians such as Jonaraja state that Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Abu ’l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada’uni translated into Persian at Akbar’s orders. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate.[57][66][67]
Princely states
Several independent
North-West Frontier. The Pashtun tribal agencies along the Durand Line, further west from the North-West Frontier, formed a buffer zone between Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of British India. Following the end of the Raj and the creation of Pakistan and India, the North-West Frontier and tribal agencies became part of Pakistan. The princely states were also given only two choices, the choice to formally accede to the Dominion of Pakistan or Dominion of India, depending on their geographical location. These princely states were eventually abolished and integrated into the federation (see Former administrative units of Pakistan and Political integration of India
).
Hafiz Rahmat Khan, Najib ad-Dawlah, Dundy Khan, and Faizullah Khan (the son of Ali, also an ethnic Jat and honorary Pathan). In 1772 the total Rohilla armed forces were estimated at 80,000 cavalry and infantry.[69] Rohillas were the main allies of the Durranis in Third Panipat War in 1761. Most of the Rohilla leaders were defeated in Anglo-Rohilla wars. Only Rampur
, under Faizullah Khan, survived as a princely state.
Orakzai dynasty was a dynasty which directly descended from the Orakzai tribe. Various branches ruled these princely states:
Mughal Army who belonged to the Mirazi Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe from Tirah[70] (located in the present-day tribal areas of northwest Pakistan).[71] The state came under the suzerainty of the Nizam of Hyderabad shortly after its foundation in 1723, and then came under the Marathas in 1737 after their victory in the Battle of Bhopal. It became a princely state in 1818, following the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. Islamnagar served as the first capital, followed by Bhopal (in present-day Madhya Pradesh). The city of Islamnagar and Bhopal was founded by Dost Mohammad Khan in 1716 and early 1720s. It was the second largest Muslim princely state in pre-independence India, after Hyderabad State. In 1949, the state acceded to the Dominion of India (see Pathans of Madhya Pradesh
for more information).
Kurwai State (1713–1948), founded by Muhammad Diler Khan, a Pashtun rising through merit in the Mughal Army. Muhammad Diler Khan belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, Diler Khan's state consisted of the town of Kurwai and several surrounding villages in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The town of Kurwai was founded by Mohammed Diler Khan in 1715
Basoda State (1753–1947), established by Muhammad Ahsanullah Khan son of Muhammad Diler Khan founder of Kurwai State belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, its headquarters were at Ganj Basoda in present-day Madhya Pradesh.
Mohammadgarh State (1818–1947), established by Muhammad khan son of Muhammad Ahsanullah Khan founder of Basoda State belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, its headquarters were at Muhammadgarh in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The town of Muhammadgarh was founded by Muhammed Khan and named by his name.
Bantva Manavadar (1733–1947), 1st Nawab, Diler Khan Salabat Muhammed Khan Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Dilawer Khan Salabat Muhammed khan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) of Pashtuns. Its headquarters were at Manavadar in present-day Gujarat.[76]
Sardargarh Bantva (1733–1948), 1st Nawab, Khan Shri Sherzamankhanji Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Khan Shri Sherzamankhanji Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Bantva in present-day Gujarat.[77]
Dir
serving as the capital. Dir nawab acceded to Pakistan in 1948. In 1969, the state along with the royal house was abolished.
Malerkotla State (1657–1948), The Malerkotla state was founded in 1454 A.D. by Sheikh Sadruddin-i-Jahan, a pious man of the Sherani tribe of the Darban Kalan and Frontier Region of Drazinda. The State of Malerkotla was established in 1657 by Bayazid Khan. Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state. On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a British protectorate and was made part of the Cis-Sutlej states until 1862. Many local people attribute this peaceful strain to the presence of the shrine of 'Baba Haidar Sheikh', the Sufi saint, who founded the town of Malerkotla more than 500 years ago.
Pataudi State (1804–1947), established in 1804 by Nawab Faiz Talab Khan of Barech tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and capital as Pataudi[79]
Dujana State (1806–1948), established in 1806 by Nawab Abdus Samad Khan of Yusufzai tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and situated in Jhajjar district[80][81]
Muhammad Amir Khan an adventurer and military leader of pashtun descent and belonged to the salarzai subtribe of the Tarkani tribe and a Rohilla. In 1817, upon submitting to the British East India Company, he kept his territory of Tonk and received the title of Nawab. While retaining internal autonomy and remaining outside British India, the state consisted of six isolated districts. Four of these were under the Rajasthan province, namely, Tonk, Chhabra, Pirawa and Nimbahera. The other two, Aligarh formerly Rampura and Sironj
were in Madhya pradesh province.
Muhammad Amir Khan, the Pashtun founder of the princely state of Tonk. Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan also served the Holkar ruler, annexing Rajput territories in northern Malwa. For his services, he was designated the title of a nawab. His state existed in modern Madhya Pradesh, comprising the tehsils of Jaora, Barauda, Tal and Barkhera, along with the dependencies of Piploda and Panth-Piploda
.
Palanpur State (1370–1948), Palanpur state was founded in 1370 by Malek Khurram Khan and was ruled by the Jhalore dynasty,[82] of the Lohani tribe a forebearer of the family is reputed to have wed the foster-sister of the Mughal emperor Akbar and received Palanpur and surrounding areas as dowry.
Savanur State (1672–1948), Savanur State was founded in 1672 when Abdul Karim Khan, a Pathan of the Miyana or Miani tribe, in the service of the sultanat of Bijapur, was granted the jagir of Sarkar Bankapur near Bijapur in 1672. His successors ruled over extensive territories almost independently for over a century. However, Savanur was located between the increasing power of the Marathas and the equally powerful Nizam of Hyderabad, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, ofKingdom of Mysore which gradually eroded away Savanur's territory. By the second half of the eighteenth century, more than half of Savanur had been ceded to the Marathas. By the end of the century, Tipu Sultan had annexed the remainder. The occupation by the Kingdom of Mysore (Mahisur) had begun on 29 Oct 1786 and lasted until 17 December 1791. The name Savanur is said to be the corruption of the Persian/Urdu word Shahnoor, which means 'king of light'.[83]
Princely Taluqdars, Jagirdars, Nawabs
Bahraich District. He was also granted five villages as jagir, and these five villages formed the core of what was to become the Nanpara Taluqdari. His descendant, Karam Khan taking advantage of the collapse of Mughal authority in the early 18th century, extended his rule over pretty much the entire district.[84] The Nanpara Taluqdari was one of the taluqdars (feudatory states) in British India. The title of "Raja" was conferred on the Nanpara House in 1763 by the Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula, the King of Oudh and has then recognized by British. With holding of 439 villages it was the largest Muslim taluqdars (landowners) in British India.[85][86]
from the original on 2017-04-16. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
^"Aḥmad Shah Durrānī". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Archived from the original on 2014-04-04. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
University of Nebraska. 2010. Archived from the original
on October 31, 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
^ ab"The Durrani dynasty". Louis Dupree, Nancy Hatch Dupree and others. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
^Know Your State West Bengal. Arihant Experts. 2019. p. 15. Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.
^Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526). p. 226. Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions . That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.
from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2022. In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khilji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty
from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2022-11-23. The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish sections in the nobility. The Khaljis who were of a mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but the rise of the Khaljis to power ended the Turkish monopoly of high offices
. His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks.
ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2022-10-10:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link
)
^"Khalji Dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2014-11-13. This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of Turkish origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in Afghanistan. Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration to the South of India.
. Originally he belonged to a neighborhood of Bukhara, and after much wandering across the cities of the Islamic world, at last, came to settle in Mandu, capital city of the Independent Sultans of Malwah claiming descent from the Khalji clan, the Turko-Afghan mixture.
. Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.
. The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.
. In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).
. Some Authors write that he was descended from Bahman, one of the ancient kings of Persia. And I have seen a pedigree of him, fo derived (?), in the royal library of Ahmednagar: but am inclined to believe, such lineage was only framed upon his accession to royalty, by flatterers and poets, and that his origin is too obscure to be authentically traced. The apellation of Bahmani, he certainly took in compliment to Kango Brahmin, which is often pronounced Bhamen, and by tribe he was an Afghan.
, The first Muslim dynasty of Kashmir was founded in 1324 by Shah Mìrzà, who was probably an Afghan warrior from Swat or a Qarauna Turk, possibly even a Tibetan ...
, Jonaraja records two events of Suhadeva's reign (1301-20), which were of far-reaching importance and virtually changed the course of the history of Kashmir. The first was the arrival of Shah Mir in 1313. He was a Muslim condottiere from the border of Panchagahvara, an area situated to the south of the Divasar pargana in the valley of river Ans, a tributary of the Chenab.
^ abcZutshi, N. K. (1976), Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment, Nupur Prakashan, p. 7, "This area in which Panchagahvara was situated is mentioned as having been the place of habitation of the Khasa tribe. Shah Mir was, therefore, a Khasa by birth. This conclusion is further strengthened by references to the part of the Khasas increasingly played in the politics of Kashmir with which their connections became intimate after the occupation of Kashmir.
