Mangalorean Catholics
Regions with significant populations | |
---|---|
Anglo-Indians& Luso-Indians |
Mangalorean Catholics (
Contemporary Mangalorean Catholics descend mainly from the
Although early assertions of a distinct identity date from the migration period, a fully formed
Ethnic identity
The community gets its name from the
In 1526,
Most migrants were people from the lower economic strata who had been left out of government and economic jobs; their lands had been confiscated due to heavy taxation under the Portuguese in Goa. As a consequence of the wealth and privileges which these Goan migrants enjoyed in Mangalore, they began feeling superior to their landless kindred in Goa. Their captivity at Seringapatam (1784–1799), where many died, were killed, or were forcibly converted to Sunni Islam, led to the formation of a separate and common cultural identity among members of the group, who had previously considered themselves an extension of Goans. They no longer self-identified as Goan Catholics after the captivity.[7] Historian Alan Machado Prabhu estimates that almost 95 per cent of Mangalorean Catholics have Goan origins.[8]
History
Pre-migration era
All records of an early existence of Christians in South Canara were lost at the time of their deportation by Tipu Sultan in 1784. Hence, it is not known exactly when Christianity was introduced in South Canara, although it is possible that Syrian Christians settled in South Canara, just as they did in Kerala, a state just south of Canara.[9] The Italian traveller Marco Polo recorded that there were considerable trading activities between the Red Sea and the Canara coast in the 13th century. It can be surmised that foreign Christian merchants were visiting the coastal towns of South Canara during that period for commerce; it is possible some Christian priests might have accompanied them for evangelistic work.[10]
In April 1321 the French
In 1498 the Portuguese explorer
The Portuguese Franciscans slowly started propagating Christianity in Mangalore.
Migration era
In 1510, a Portuguese fleet under
In 1542, the
The Christians who left Goa were for the most part skilled agriculturists who abandoned their irrigated fields in Goa to achieve freedom.
Under the provisional treaties between the Portuguese and the Bednore rulers, and the
At the recommendation of the
The Portuguese refused to recognise Bishop de Castro's appointment and vigorously opposed his activities. Archbishop Brandão's sudden death on 6 July 1678 further complicated matters, and the
The
In 1570, the
The
According to one estimate, emigrations from the
Subsequent to this steady rise in South Canara's Catholic population, the Portuguese took advantage of every opportunity to extend their control over the Mangalorean Catholics, who came to be identified with Portuguese interests.[49] The Portuguese sought to expand the power of the priests, as from the beginning of their empire, priests had accompanied Portuguese delegations on diplomatic missions and on occasion were the principal negotiators. Treaties they signed with the Keladi Nayakas progressively incorporated clauses which increased the authority of the priests over the local Catholic population, making them obedient to the priests in matters of Christian laws as well as granting priests the authority to punish violations.[49] The Portuguese promised to refrain from slaughtering cows and to halt forcible conversions in their factories.[49] The terms of these treaties were not always honoured by the Portuguese, with the result that whenever hostilities broke out between the Keladis and the Portuguese, the Catholic settlers were often harassed or arrested by the Nayakas.[50]
Post-migration era and captivity
In 1686,
From 1761 onwards, Hyder Ali, a distinguished soldier in the Mysore army, took de facto control of the throne of the Kingdom of Mysore through the Wodeyar dynasty. Hyder occupied Mangalore in 1763.[53] The Mangalorean Catholics numbered 80,000 in 1767.[54] In February 1768 the British captured Mangalore from Hyder.[53] Toward the end of 1768, Hyder and his son Tipu Sultan defeated the British and recaptured Mangalore fort. After the conquest, Hyder was informed that the Mangalorean Catholics had helped the British in their conquest of Mangalore. Hyder believed that this behaviour of the Christians amounted to treachery against the sovereign.[55]
The Christians were alleged to have helped General Mathews with a sum of Rs. 3,30,000/-.[56] Hyder summoned a Portuguese officer and several Christian priests from Mangalore to suggest the punishment for the Mangalorean Catholics for treachery. The Portuguese officer suggested the death penalty for those Catholics who helped the British, because it was a fitting punishment for people who betrayed the sovereign. But Hyder exhibited a diplomatic stance and imprisoned the Christians, rather than killing them.[57]
Later, he opened negotiations with the Portuguese. As a result of the agreement, the suspicion against the clergy and the Christians was removed.[58] During Hyder's regime, the Mangalorean Catholic community continued to flourish.[59] After Hyder's death in the Second Anglo-Mysore War on 7 December 1782, the British captured the fort again. Hyder was succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan.[60] Tipu laid several assaults on the Mangalore fort until January 1784, all of which resulted in failure. The fort was finally delivered to Tipu when the British capitulated on 30 January 1784.[61]
Tipu received highly exaggerated reports about the role of the Mangalorean Catholics and their help to the British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War.[62] To minimise the British threat to his kingdom and in the Sultan-ul-Tawarikh, due to "the rage of Islam that began to boil in his breast",[63] Tipu banished the Mangalorean Catholic community from their lands, and imprisoned them at Seringapatam, the capital of his empire.[64] The captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam, which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799, remains the most disconsolate memory in their history.[65]
Soon after the
According to the Barcoor Manuscript, written in
After arriving at Seringapatam, the Christian captives were made to forcibly embrace Islam, were tortured, or sentenced to death.[78] The young men who refused to embrace Islam were disfigured by cutting their noses, upper lips, and ears. They were seated on asses, paraded through the city, and thrown into the dungeons of Seringapatam.[79] Historian Praxy Fernandes, author of Storm over Seringapatam: The Incredible Story of Hyder Ali & Tippu Sultan, states that contrary to popular belief, 40,000 Christians were not kept manacled in the dungeons of Seringapatam.[80]
British and modern eras
In the
Historian Alan Machado Prabhu mentions that only 11,000 survived the captivity as Christians.
Later, the British took over South Canara. In 1800, they took a census of the region. Of the 396,672 people living in South Canara,
In 1800, there were 2,545 Catholic households with a population of 10,877.
The opening of the Protestant German
Under the leadership of Joachim Pius Noronha, a Mangalorean Catholic priest, and John Joseph Saldanha, a Mangalorean Catholic judge, the Mangalorean Catholics sent a petition to the Holy See in 1840 to establish Mangalore as a separate Vicariate.[108] Conceding to their request, Pope Gregory XVI established Mangalore as a separate Vicariate on 17 February 1845 under the Verapoly Carmelites. The Mangalore Mission was transferred to the French Carmelites by a bull dated 3 January 1870.[109] During the regime of Carmelites, the Mangalorean Catholics constantly sent memorandums to the Holy See to send Jesuits to Mangalore to start institutions for higher education, since students frequently had to go to Bombay and Madras for educational purposes.[110] Pope Leo XIII, by the Brief of 27 September 1878, handed over the Mangalore mission to the Italian Jesuits of Naples, who reached Mangalore on 31 December 1878.[34][111][112]
The Italian Jesuits played an important role in education, health, and social welfare of the community. and many other institutions and churches. On 25 January 1887,
During the later 19th century, they started migrating to other urban areas, especially
In 1901, Mangalorean Catholics accounted for 76,000 of the total 84,103 Christians in South Canara.,
Geographical distribution
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore estimates the population of Mangalorean Catholics in the areas that comprise historical South Canara to be 360,000 out of a total population of 3,957,071, or approximately 9.5 per cent of the population.
Culture
Architecture
The German missionary
Cuisine
Historically, the Mangalorean Catholic diet was completely vegetarian.[citation needed]This changed during the 20th century, when with the advent of Westernisation, meat came to be consumed increasingly in the community, especially amongst the elite.[140][verification needed] Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to most curries.[141] Sanna-Dukra Maas (Sanna is idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas is pork) is one of the most popular dishes of the Mangalorean Catholic community.[142] Rosachi Kadi (Ros Curry), a fish curry made with coconut milk (ros), is a traditional curry served during the Ros ceremony.[143] Patrode, a dish of colocasia leaves stuffed with rice, dal, jaggery, coconut, and spices is popular.[144] Kuswar are sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas and include around 22 varieties of sweets.[145] Fish and rice form the staple diet of most Mangalorean Catholics.[146] Par-boiled rice, known as red rice, is the traditional rice eaten[147] and is preferred over raw rice.[146]
Names and surnames
Bilingual names, having variants in both Konkani and English, like Zuãuñ (from Portuguese João, meaning
Mangalorean Catholic variant | English variant | Portuguese variant | Meaning | Sex |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mâri | Mary
|
Maria | Beloved | Female |
Monku | Monica | Mónica | To advise | Female |
Motes | Matthew
|
Mateus | Gift from God | Male |
Nâtu | Natalia | Natália | Birthday | Female |
Pedru | Peter | Pedro | Stone | Male |
Šila | Sylvester | Silva | Wooded | Male |
Zâbel | Elizabeth | Isabel | My God is my oath | Female |
Zoze | Joseph
|
José | The Lord will add | Male |
Source: An English–Konkani Dictionary (1882)[149] and A Konkani Grammar (1882)[148] |
Language and literature
Mangalorean Catholics speak the Konkani language, which they have retained as their mother tongue despite the migration; the language is central to the community's identity.[33] They speak a dialect known as Mangalorean Catholic Konkani, which the Ethnologue broadly identifies as the Mangalore dialect.[157]
The Mangalorean Catholic dialect has
. It also liberally usesThe Mangalorean Catholic dialect is largely derived from the Bardeskaar (
The Italian Jesuits who arrived in Mangalore in 1878, devoted themselves to the study and development of Konkani, and were thus responsible for the revival of the Konkani language in Mangalore.
Modern literature is diverse and includes themes such as Indian politics in books like What Ails the Socialists by George Fernandes,[176] historical awakening, in books such as Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians by Alan Machado Prabhu,[177][178] and sexual desires, in The Revised Kama Sutra: A Novel of Colonialism and Desire by Richard Crasta.[179] Genealogist Michael Lobo published the first genealogical Encyclopedia of the Mangalorean Catholic community in 1999. This genealogical encyclopaedia, which exceeds 6,000 pages, covers over a thousand families, each of which is researched as far as its ancestry can be traced. Three offshoots have thus far been launched, which include Mangaloreans Worldwide – An International Directory (1999), Distinguished Mangalorean Catholics (2000), and The Mangalorean Catholic Community – A Professional History / Directory (2002).[180] William Robert da Silva translated the first complete Bible from English into Konkani. The work entitled Baibol (Bible) was written in the Kannada script, and published by the Mangalore-based Konkani Bible committee in 1997.[181] In 2000, the Mangalore Diocese also released a Konkani Bible in Kannada script entitled Pavitr Pustak (Holy Book), which was made available online on 26 July 2007.[182]
Traditions and festivals
Mangalorean Catholics have retained many Indian customs and traditions; these are especially visible during the celebration of a marriage.[183] Their culture is more traditional and Indian.[citation needed] Though the Portuguese traded quite frequently in Mangalore, and most of the priests arriving in the region were Portuguese, there did not develop a community identified with Portugal and Portuguese culture.[
The Roce
In addition to common Christian festivals like Christmas,
Costumes and ornaments
Mangalorean Catholic men traditionally wore long, loose-frilled, white or black coats known as Kutanv (similar to the
Before marriage, women used to wear a Kirgi (sari) and Baju (blouse). The Kirgi is a piece of cloth not longer than four feet, and about three feet wide. It was wrapped around the body from the waist down. A jacket with long sleeves called a Baju, was used to cover the upper part of the body. This dress was a sign of the bride's virginity and was worn during the Ros ceremony.
Dantoni consist of two ordinary combs with the upper part of each one plated with gold; they are worn in the hair on both sides of the head over the ears. On the way to church the bride wears some white and red flowers stuck in the hair. In the centre of the forehead, a Bang (gold chain) was placed with a pendant.
Historical society
Mangalorean Catholics retained the same caste system as their Konkani ancestors in Goa. They were mainly divided into four castes: Bamonns, Charodis, Sudirs, and Gaudis.[184]
The Bamonns were converts from the priestly
The Charodis were converts from the
The Mangalorean Catholics constituted a small community widely scattered across the
Marriage between members of the various castes was not permitted, and such matches were strictly discouraged by the elders. For instance, a Bamonn boy would only marry a Bamonn girl and a Charodi boy would only marry a Charodi girl.[212] The Bamonns and Charodis would invite neighbours and friends belonging to the Sudir and Gaudi castes to special occasions such as weddings and baptisms, although the latter would have to observe certain restrictions with regards to sitting and eating. The lower castes felt honoured if they were invited and usually accepted such invitations.[213] The upper castes usually did not attend the ceremonies of the lower castes, even if expressly invited.[214]
It was difficult for the few priests who had accompanied the Christian emigrants to South Canara to look after them properly. Thus, the Gurkar system came into existence. Gurkars were Mangalorean Catholic men of good moral character who were selected as headmen in Christian settlements. They were entrusted with the social and religious supervision of the community.[42] After migration, the only possible occupation of a Mangalorean Catholic was agriculture, since they were skilled farmers.[29] Every farmer practised carpentry, but it was quite primitive and unskilled, and other crafts and industries were non-existent.[215] The mass was celebrated in Latin; but the sermon, the catechism, and the explication of the mysteries were delivered to the congregation in Konkani.[216]
The parishes were grouped into deaneries called Varados. Every parish was divided into wards, while
By the end of the 20th century however, social categorization and differentiation became manifested not on various factors apart from caste. Mangalorean Catholic society had become very mobile owing to factors such as education, job affiliation, non-agricultural jobs, acquisition of wealth, cultivation of cash crops, inter-caste marriages, inter-religious marriages, and migration to metropolitan cities.[218]
Songs and music
On 26 and 27 January 2008, a
Konkani
The tradition of Voviyo (wedding songs), sung by women during a Ros, is important to this community. The procedure is that an elderly lady, usually the yejman (wife of the master of ceremonies, who is known as yejmani) who knows the voviyos, leads the song while the rest of the women sing along. Only women whose husbands are still living may sing. In ancient times, the wedding songs expressed very lofty sentiments and gave vent to the feelings of the people about the marriage partners and their families, invoking the blessing of God on them.[232]
Aprosachi vatli, kasgran petli, ruzai mai betli, hea rosalagim.
The Ros brass plate is made by brass smith, our Lady of Rosary is here at this ros ceremony.Dimbi ami galeam, santa kuru kadeam, kurpa ami magieam amchea Jezulagim.
Let us kneel, make sign of the cross, and pray for God's grace.Akashim mod, narl kubear telacho kuris hokleachea kopalar.
Clouds in the sky, coconut on the tree, oily sign of cross on the forehead of the bride.— Voviyos taken from The Tradition of Voviyo article by Maurice D'Mello[233]
Organisations
Many organisations cater to the community in South Kanara. The most notable are Mandd Sobhann, which broke the Guinness record for non-stop singing, and the Catholic Association of South Kanara (CASK).[234] The first session of the Canara Konkani Catholic World Convention took place on 26 December 2004 in Mangalore.[235] The convention aimed to establish institutions to conduct research on the history of Mangalorean Catholics.[236]
In India, the Kanara Catholic Association, Mumbai, (KCA Mumbai,[237] established in 1901), the Kanara Catholic Association, (KCA Bangalore, established in 1955)[238] and Mangalore Catholic Association, (Pune)[239] (MCA, established on 10 February 1996) in are well known. Also the Kanara Entrepreneurs, Bangalore (established in 2007) a non profit group to promote skill development and success among Mangalorean Catholic Entrepreneurs, students and catholic institutions are part of the efforts to help the community.[240]
In the United Kingdom, Mangalorean United Konkani Association (MUKA) in Nottingham is popular.[241]
In Australia, The Mangalorean Catholic Association of Victoria (MCAV) established in Melbourne was the first organisation for the community in Australia.[242] In 2006 the Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS) was established in Australia.[133]
In Singapore, the Singapore Mangalorean and Goan Association (SingManGo) group caters to the needs of those who have migrated there.[citation needed]
In North America, the Mangalorean Association of Canada[243] and the Mangalorean Konkan Christian Association (MKCA) in Chicago[244] are well known.
In the Middle East, the Mangalore Cultural Association (MCA) in Doha, Qatar; was established in March 2008.[245]
Notable People
- Joachim Alva, member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament, from 1968 to 1974[246]
- Dr. Edmond Fernandes, Physician & Founder of CHD Group.[247][248]
- Margaret Alva, member of Rajya Sabha from 1972 to 1998; appointed Governor of Uttarakhand in 2009[249]
- Roman Catholic minister in the Karnataka state government[250]
- Jerome D'Souza, Jesuit priest, educationist, writer, and member of the Indian Constituent assembly from 1946 to 1950[251]*
- Tony D'Souza, American novelist[252]
- Erica Fernandes, television actress[253]
- Oscar Fernandes, member of Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, from 1980 to 1998[254]
- Defence Minister of Indiafrom 1998 to 2004
- Mabel Rebello, member of Parliament Bhopal
- Michael Lobo, Indian writer, scientist and genealogist[180]
- Maxwell Pereira, IPS officer[255]
- Freida Pinto, Hollywood actress known for her role in Slumdog Millionaire[256]
- Pius Fidelis Pinto, Indian historian, researcher and scholar on Christianity[257]
- Viren Rasquinha, captain of India's national field hockey team[258]
- Wilfy Rebimbus, Konkani singer and lyricist[259]
- Victor Rodrigues, Konkani novelist and short story writer[260]
- Melvyn Rodrigues, Sahitya Akademi Award (2011) Winning Konkani Poet[261]
- Lawrence Saldanha, archbishop of Lahore Archdiocese from 2001 to 2011[262]
- John Richard Lobo, former MLA of Mangalore South constituency[263]
- V.J.P. Saldanha, Konkani litterateur, dramatist, musician, and poet[264]
- Adline Castelino, winner of Miss Diva Universe 2020[265]
- Sonal Monteiro, Indian Actress - Tulu, Kannada, Konkani Language
- Allen Pereira, Former Chairman, Bank of Maharashtra.[266][267]
- Terence Lewis (choreographer), Indian dancer, singer and choreographer
- Ester Noronha, Indian actress and singer - Telugu, Kannada, Konkani language
- Faye D'Souza, Indian journalist and television news anchor
- Malishka Mendonsa, Indian radio personality and actress
- Jemimah Rodrigues, Indian professional cricketer - India women's national cricket team
Notes
- a
- b ^ The Ros is a ceremony similar to the Tel ceremony performed by the Goan Hindus.[269] The Tel is an auspicious ceremony during which the Hindu bride wears a yellow sari, while ladies from the family would rub the body with turmeric and oil. They would apply it with the help of two leaves of a mango tree over the forehead, neck, chest, shoulder arms and legs of the bride.[270] A similar pattern was followed wherein the Christian bride was smeared with turmeric paste, coconut milk, rice flour with the leaves of ambolim to make the skin smooth, fair and prepare the bride for marriage. In 1736, this practice was banned by the Holy Inquisition in Goa.[269]
- c ^ Bido is the small packet of pieces of areca nut wrapped into a betel leaf with the addition of several spices. Pan-pod is the same, but loosely placed on a plate, so that each guest can prepare his own pan. The areca nut, uncut, is called popal, cut into small pieces it is pod.[191]
- d betel nut known as tobak or dumti (Tobacco) was prepared and placed on the brass plate.[191]
- e ^ After the wedding was over, the sado was well preserved and worn only on high feast-days or for weddings. Sometimes, a particularly precious sado was handed down from mother to daughter and considered a valuable heirloom. The cost of a sado was reckoned in varahas. Saris are known for their variety by special names, such as Katari, Shilari, Gulabi, etc.[193] Both the Sado and Dharma sado were costly saris, while the Sado was the most expensive, the Dharma Sado was the second most expensive.[198]
- f mangalsutra or mangala sutra (the auspicious necklace). It is the symbol of the married state.[193] In the olden days, the Mangalsutra was made of black glass beads strung on a thread made of the fibres of dried pineapple leaves.[199] The ordinary crude pattern of the pirduk was improved in the course of time. Later longish beads of gold were inserted between the black glass beads and a pendant was added. The earliest pendant was a round disk of silver. It was called thali. Later it was changed into a golden pendant.[203]
See also
- Roman Catholicism in Mangalore
- Catholic Church in India
- Christianity in Karnataka
- Mangalorean Protestants
- Mangaloreans
- Monti Fest
- World Konkani Centre
- List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East
- 2008 anti-Christian attacks in Carnataca
- Americanisation
- Anglicisation
References
- ^ a b c "Statistics". Diocese of Mangalore. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
- ^ a b Pai & Supriya 1981, p. 203: "This city (Mangalore) has a very influential proportion of Roman Catholics, numbering over a good quarter of the total population. It is the seat of the Diocese of Mangalore, a Latin Church jurisdiction, and hence when we speak of the Mangalorean Catholics, we do not limit ourselves only to the roughly 60,000 Catholics within the city limits, but to a total of much over 200,000 Catholics spread over the whole diocese, which is co-terminous with the civil district of South Kanara."
- ^ Farias 1999, p. 299: "Four centuries of living in South Kanara gave these Catholics an identity of their own. Thus they are commonly known as Mangalorean Catholics."
- ^ "Did Shivaji think of conquering 'Portuguese' Goa?". Archived from the original on 9 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 6
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, pp. 4–5
- ^ a b c Pereira, Maxwell (3 May 1999). "We the Mangaloreans". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 154
- ^ a b c Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 4
- ^ a b c South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 101
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 78
- ^ Catalani & Yule 2001, p. M1 40
- ^ a b Prabhu 1999, p. 81
- ^ "The great prelates who shaped the history of Diocese of Quilon". Diocese of Quilon. Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
- ^ J. Kamath (16 September 2002). "Where rocks tell a tale". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
- ^ a b South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 52
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 155
- ^ a b Shastry & Borges 2000, p. 260
- ^ Pinto 1999, p. 152
- ^ Raghuram, M (23 October 2007). "Abbakka's legacy being revived". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
- ISBN 978-81-7099-046-8.
- ^ Shastry & Borges 2000, p. 256
- ^ a b c d Prabhu 1999, p. 157
- ^ Pinto 1999, p. 183
- ISBN 978-0-8294-0355-8.
- ISBN 978-1-110-73420-7.
- ^ RNINo. 56987/92, Registered No. 139/2009-11.
- ISBN 978-81-7109-286-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 5
- ^ a b Pinto 1999, p. 150
- ^ a b South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 102
- ^ Buchanan 1988, p. M1 23
- ^ a b c Buchanan 1988, p. M1 24
- ^ a b c d e "Christianity in Mangalore". Diocese of Mangalore. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
- ^ George 2010, p. 128
- ^ a b "Brief history of the Archdiocese of Verapoly". Archdiocese of Verapoly. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
- ^ a b c Pinto 1999, p. 208
- ^ Pinto 1999, p. 209
- ^ a b Prabhu 1999, p. 158
- ^ a b c Prabhu 1999, p. 159
- ^ Pinto 1999, p. 212
- ^ a b Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 9
- ^ Raviprasad Kamila (30 November 2005). "Jubilee celebrations at Milagres Church on Tuesday". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ Raviprasad Kamila (27 November 2004). "The holy heritage". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8. Material available in the Sarasvati's Children Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machinearticle, written by Joe Lobo, the President of the Goan Catholic Association in Florida, was borrowed mainly from Alan Machado's book.
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 132
- ^ Kurzon 2004, p. M1 77
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 167
- ^ a b c Prabhu 1999, p. 160
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 162
- ^ George 2010, p. 132
- ^ George 2010, p. 134
- ^ a b South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 62
- ^ Rural Industrialization in Backward Areas 2006, p. 37
- ^ Silva 1957, N. 6, p. 90
- ^ Jayadev 1996, p. 66
- ^ Tour 1855, p. 236: As soon as Hyder was informed of this, he caused these merchants to appear before him, with the chief of the Portuguese factory, and several Christian priests belonging to the three churches at Mangalore. He then demanded of the Portuguese chief and the priests, what punishment the Christians inflict on those who should presume to betray their sovereign, by giving assistance to his enemies. The Portuguese officer having without hesitation answered that such a crime deserved death, Hyder replied, "I do not judge in that manner, for our laws are milder. Since they have made themselves English by engaging to serve them, their property shall be adjudged to belong to Englishmen; and themselves shall be thrown into prison till I make peace with that nation."
- ^ Silva 1957, N. 6, pp. 103–104
- ^ Silva 1957, N. 6, p. 105
- ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 63
- ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 64
- ^ Silva 1957, N. 6, p. 116
- ^ "In Tipu's own writings, he justified his action as arising from "the rage of Islam that began to boil in his breast" for something that the Portuguese had done centuries before."Prabhu 1999, p. 191
- ^ Silva 1957, N. 6, p. 117
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the originalon 29 January 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
- ^ Forrest 1887, pp. 314–316
- ^ The Gentleman's Magazine 1833, p. M1 388
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 183
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 231
- ^ Farias 1999, p. 76
- ^ Prasad 1980, p. M1 20
- ^ a b D'Souza 2004, p. M1 48
- ^ Farias 1999, p. 73
- ^ Silva 1957, N. 6, p. 128
- ^ a b Farias 1999, p. 74: "More than one third of the number succumbed before the party reached Seringapatam. This account of the siege and captivity of the Kanara Catholics is taken from old Kanarese manuscript written by a Catholic of the Barkur taluka after his return from Seringapatam at the defeat and death of Tipu."
- ^ a b John B. Monteiro. "Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet – 240 Years Ago!". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
- ^ a b Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 2
- ^ Chetti 1897, p. 94
- ^ D'Souza 2004, p. M1 49
- ^ Fernandes 1969, p. 249
- ^ a b Pastor 1978, p. 397
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 213
- ^ Account of a Surviving Captive, A Mr. Silva of Gangollim (Letter of a Mr. L.R. Silva to his sister, copy of which was given by an advocate, M.M. Shanbhag, to the author, Severine Silva, and reproduced as Appendix No. 74: History of Christianity in Canara (1965))
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 226
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 230
- ^ a b Wellington & Gurwood 1837, p. 40
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the originalon 25 August 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. xiv
- ^ Farias 1999, p. 81
- ^ Saldanha 1938, p. 79
- ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency 1883, p. 381
- ^ a b Lobo 1999, p. ix: "Members of our community may now be found all over the world – from Norway in the north to Chile in the Southwest and New Zealand in the Southeast. There are Mangaloreans in virtually every country in Europe and in virtually every state of the United States. There are Mangaloreans in unusual and exotic locations like Korea, the Bahamas and Papua New Guinea. What binds these diverse and far-flung members of the Mangalorean community is that they commonly descend from a small group of families who returned to their homeland in 1799."
- ^ A Gazetteer of the World 1856, p. 254
- ^ Pai & Supriya 1981, p. 217
- ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 65
- ^ Farias 1999, p. 85
- ^ Indica 1997, p. 146
- ^ a b Silva 1961, p. 165
- ^ The Gentleman's Magazine 1833, p. 389
- ^ Paths of mission in India today 1997, pp. 161–162
- ^ The Oriental Herald 1824, p. 14
- ^ The Oriental Herald 1824, p. 15
- ^ The Oriental Herald 1824, p. 16
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 245
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the originalon 28 September 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
- ^ a b c South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 103
- ^ Farias 1999, p. 91
- ^ Farias 1999, p. 92
- ^ Farias 1999, p. 108
- ^ Indica 1988, p. 144
- ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 361
- ^ Farias 1999, p. 113
- ^ "College all set to celebrate 125th anniversary". The Hindu. 8 January 2004. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- St. Aloysius College (Mangalore). Archived from the originalon 27 May 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
- St. Aloysius College (Mangalore). Archived from the originalon 23 December 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
- ^ "About St. Joseph's Seminary (Mangalore)". St. Joseph's Seminary. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
- ^ a b Sardesai 2000, p. 291
- ^ Lobo 2000, p. vi
- ^ Research in sociology 1989, p. 88
- ^ Farias 1999, p. 286: "A link is thus maintained in the Community's contact with and contribution to the hometown. The Christians had migrated to urban areas especially cities like Bangalore, Bombay, Calcutta, Karachi, Madras, Mysore and Pune in search of greener pastures just as other agrarian communities from other parts of India had done."; "The earlier of the Christians to leave South Kanara were the Protestants of the Basel Mission, a few men who left in the 1880s and landed in Bombay. The Catholics comprising a few men came into Bombay almost a decade later."
- ^ Farias 1999, p. 295
- ^ Correspondent (23 January 2008). "Minister recalls contribution of Joachim Alva". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
- ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 360
- ^ Oddie 1991, p. 127
- ^ D'Sa 1972, p. 1
- ^ Indica 1983, p. 113
- ^ a b Paths of mission in India today 1997, p. 159
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archivedfrom the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ a b Lobo 1999, p. xiii: "If a comprehensive survey of the South Kanara Catholic community, as a whole, were to be attempted, my guess is that about half would still be residing either in Mangalore itself or in one of the smaller towns or villages of the district. Of the remaining half, about 15% would be residing in other parts of Karnataka (mainly Bangalore and the Ghats), another 15% in Bombay and its surrounding areas, another 10% in the Persian Gulf countries, another 5% in other parts of India, and the remaining 5% in other parts of the world."
- ^ Oddie 1991, p. 140
- ^ Nair 2004, p. 88 "There are about 200 Catholics hailing from Mangalore and its surroundings living in Calcutta for the past one hundred years or so."
- ^ a b c Prabhu 1999, p. 156
- ^ a b "The Birth of the Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney Inc. (MCAS)" (PDF). Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS). Archived from the original (PDF, 15.8 KB) on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
- ^ a b Babu, Savitha Suresh (17 February 2007). "Tiles for style". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 February 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
- ^ Somerset, Bond & Wright 2004, p. M1 511
- ^ Giriappa 1994, p. M1 62
- ^ Somerset, Bond & Wright 2004, p. M1 510
- ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 118
- ^ a b Panikkar 1929, p. 183
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, pp. 44–45
- ^ Amrita Nayak (11 August 2007), "Typically home", The Hindu, Mangalore, archived from the original on 3 November 2012, retrieved 16 August 2017
- ^ a b c d e Stephan D'Souza (8 January 2008), What's in a Name?, Mangalore: Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd, archived from the original on 8 February 2012, retrieved 16 August 2017
- ^ Arun Bhatia (17 June 2002), "Anyone for shark curry?", The Hindu, archived from the original on 25 November 2004, retrieved 18 August 2017
- ^ Sen 2004, p. 110
- ^ "Santa, cakes and kuswar", The Hindu, 25 November 2006, archived from the original on 21 March 2012, retrieved 29 August 2008
- ^ a b South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 121
- ^ "Taste of Mangalore", The Hindu, 17 June 2002, archived from the original on 5 January 2012, retrieved 3 November 2008
- ^ a b c Maffei 1882, p. 38
- ^ a b Maffei 1882b, pp. 540–541
- ^ a b Maffei 1882, p. 8
- ^ a b c Maffei 1882, p. 39
- ^ Maffei 1882, p. 217
- ^ Pinto 1999, p. 168, "The Konkani Christians had names of saints like Peter, John, James, Jacob and Portuguese surnames like Saldanha, Britto, Coelho, Pinto, Vas and others. Some did have Hindu surnames: Shet, Shenoy, Kamath, Padival, etc."
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 137
- ^ Sharma 1996, p. 282
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the originalon 27 April 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ "Ethnologue report for Konkani, Goan (ISO 639–3: gom)". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
- ^ a b Miranda 1977, p. 247
- ^ Cardona 2003, p. 731
- ^ Abbi, Gupta & Kidwai 2001, p. M1 53
- ^ Miranda 1978, pp. 77–78
- ^ Asiatic Society of Bombay, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland Bombay Branch 1853, p. 300
- ^ Kelley, Dimock & Kachru 1992, p. 219
- ^ George 1992, p. 210
- ^ Nagesh Prabhu (2 February 2007). "New English-Konkani dictionary ready". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
- ^ D'Souza 2004, p. M1 4
- ^ Melka Miyar. "Rich Tributes Paid to Pioneer Konkani Poet Louis Mascarenhas". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ a b George 1992, p. M1 216
- ^ Sardesai 2000, p. 288
- ^ Sardesai 2000, p. M1 289
- ^ D'Souza 2004, p. M1 1
- ^ Sardesai 2000, pp. 256–257
- ^ George 1992, p. 217
- ^ D'Souza 2004, p. 5
- ^ a b "Konkani Language and Literature". Goa Konkani Akademi. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
- ^ "Biographical Sketch (George Fernandes)". Indian Parliament. Archived from the original on 5 May 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
- ^ "Migration, Myths And Mangalore: A Writer Pieces Together The Story", Frederick Noronha, South Asia Religious News
- ^ ""SHADES within SHADOWS" – Delving into the History of Mangalore". I.J. Saldanha-Shet. Mangalore Today. 5 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ^ "17 years later, this Kama Sutra gets a fresh launch". dnaindia.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
- ^ Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
- ^ "Bible and Konknni". Fr. Pratap Naik, S.J. Mangalorean.com. 5 June 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ^ Entire Konkani Bible is available online – Indian Catholic. Retrieved 30 October 2011
- ^ a b c d e Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 52
- ^ a b c d Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 7
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 11
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 12
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 25
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the originalon 18 April 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
- ^ D'Sa 1972, p. 79
- ^ a b c d Sardesai 2000, p. M1 73
- ^ a b c Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 18
- ^ D'Sa 1972, p. 74
- ^ a b c d e Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 19
- ^ a b D'Sa 1972, p. 86
- ^ a b c d Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 31
- ^ D'Souza 2004, p. 9
- ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 119
- ^ a b c d e D'Sa 1972, p. 77
- ^ a b c Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 40
- ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 120
- ^ a b Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 32
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 21
- ^ a b Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 20
- ^ D'Sa 1972, p. 78
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the originalon 1 April 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the originalon 11 October 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
- ^ Gomes 1987, p. 77
- ^ Maffei 1885, p. 155
- ^ a b Pinto 1999, p. 177
- ^ a b Pinto 1999, p. 165
- ^ a b c Pinto 1999, p. 168
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 15
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 22
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 23
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 16
- ^ The Oriental Herald 1824, p. M1 17
- ^ Paths of mission in India today 1997, p. 160
- hdl:10603/131282.
- ^ a b "Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ M. Raghuram (10 December 2005). "Golden notes from Silver Band". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
- ^ Ayyappapanicker 1997, p. 277
- ^ Sardesai 2000, p. 20
- ^ a b Sardesai 2000, p. 253
- ^ George 1992, p. 216
- ^ Sardesai 2000, p. M1 251
- ^ Rodrigues 2009, p. 64
- ^ Rodrigues 2009, p. 106
- ^ Rodrigues 2009, p. 172
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 47
- ^ Naimpalli 2005, p. M1 18
- ^ a b c d Choondal 1984, p. 39
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 26
- DOC, 77 KB) on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
- ^ "Catholic Association of South Kanara Condemns Attacks on Christians". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 23 September 2008. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
- ^ "Konkani Catholic convention in December". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 29 February 2004. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- ^ Jaideep Shenoy (19 January 2005). "'Future Foundation' may document heritage of Konkan Catholics". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 August 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- ^ "KCA Mumbai". kcamumbai.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ^ "KCA Bangalore History". Kanara Catholic Association, Bangalore (KCA Bangalore). Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ S Raye (20 September 1999). "Little Mangalore in Pune". Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
- ^ Dubai: 'KE Global' Launched to Unite Kanara Entrepreneurs Worldwide, Friday, April 17, 2009, Daijiworld News, Mangalore Archived 3 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 9 September 2007. Archivedfrom the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- ^ "Mangalorean Catholic Association of Victoria (MCAV)". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 3 September 2006. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archivedfrom the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 13 September 2007. Archivedfrom the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
- ^ "About MCA". Mangalore Cultural Association (MCA). Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
- ^ Kamath 2002, p. 6
- ^ "Dr. Edmond Fernandes, MBBS, MD - India's Public Health Leader". Dr. Edmond Fernandes. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ Group, C. H. D. "About CHD Group India". CHD Group. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ "Uttarakhand Governor Margaret Alva felicitated in city". Mangalore Today. 18 December 2010. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
- ^ "Blasius D'Souza passes away". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
- ^ Hoehn 1952, p. 145 "Born on 6 August—the Feast of the Transfiguration—1897, of Brahmin Catholic parents in Mangalore, South Kanara, India, ..."
- ^ Tony D'Souza. "A guest column Sarasota novelist throws spotlight on the 'Konkans'". Khaasbaat. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
- ^ Kavya Christopher (18 October 2013), "Puneeth is very down to earth: Erica Fernandes", The Times of India, archived from the original on 21 October 2013, retrieved 18 August 2017
- ^ "Biographical Sketch (Oscar Fernandes)". Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the originalon 28 June 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the originalon 21 February 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archivedfrom the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the originalon 28 June 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- ^ Team Mangalorean. "Wilfy Rebimbus – The Voice Lives on!". Mangalorean.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archivedfrom the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 21 December 2012. Archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2015.
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the originalon 1 November 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2007. "In Pakistan, the present Catholic Archbishop of Lahore, Larry Saldanha, is a third cousin of Joseph."
- Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 8 May 2013. Archivedfrom the original on 21 August 2016.
- ^ D'Souza 2004, p. M1 59
- ^ "Stakes are high but passion is stronger - Adline Castelino on Miss Universe". The Week. 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "Allen C A Pereira Appointed Managing Director of Bank of Maharashtra". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ Alfie Dsouza (20 July 2019). "'With Good Attitude & Good Heart One Can Be a Good Banker'- Allen CA Pereira, Ex-Chairman of BoM". Mangalorean.com. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ Pinto 1999, p. 178
- ^ a b da Silva Gracias 1996, p. 62
- ^ da Silva Gracias 1996, p. 57
Bibliography
References
- Abbi, Anvita; Gupta, R. S.; Kidwai, Ayesha (1 January 2001) [1997]. Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia: Papers from the Proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 440. ISBN 978-81-208-1765-4. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- OCLC 17435368. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Ayyappapanicker, K. (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 936. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Bowring, Lewin B. (1893). Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the Struggle with the Musalman Powers of the South. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ISBN 978-81-206-0386-8. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Cardona, George (2003). The Indo-Aryan languages. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Chetti, P. Stephen Basappa (1897). A Guide to Seringapatam and Its Vicinity; Historical and Traditional. Mysore; India: Town Press..
- Choondal, Chummar (1984). Christian theatre in India. Kerala Folklore Academy..
- da Silva Gracias, Fátima (1 January 1996). Kaleidoscope of women in Goa, 1510–1961. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 174. ISBN 978-81-7022-591-1. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- D'Sa, Victor (1972). "The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara (India)" (PDF). Asian Ethnology. 1. 31: 71–87. OCLC 483896283. Archived from the original(PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
- D'Souza, Edwin J. F. (2004). V.J.P. Saldanha (Makers of Indian literature). New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-2028-7. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Farias, Kranti K. (1999). The Christian Impact on South Kanara. Church History Association of India..
- Fernandes, Praxy (1969). Storm over Seringapatam: the Incredible Story of Hyder Ali & Tippu Sultan. Bombay: Thacker. OCLC 89143..
- OCLC 868200. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- George, K. M. (2010). Christianity in India Through The Centuries. Authentic Media. ISBN 978-81-7362-786-6..
- George, K. M. (1992). Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: An Anthology: Surveys and Poems. Vol. I. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-7201-324-0. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Giriappa, S. (1 January 1994). Rural Industrialization in Backward Areas. Delhi: Daya Books. p. 188. ISBN 978-81-7035-125-2. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- Gomes, Olivinho (1987). Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change. S. Chand..
- Gupta, Anirudha (1991). Minorities on India's West Coast: History & Society. Delhi: Kalinga Publications. ISBN 978-81-85163-22-2..
- Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture (1988). Indica, Volume 25. Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College (Bombay).
- Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture (1983). Indica. Vol. 20. St. Xavier's College (Bombay).
- Hoehn, Matthew (1952). Catholic authors: contemporary biographical sketches, 1930–1952, Volume 2. St. Mary's Abbey..
- Hunter, William Wilson; James Sutherland Cotton; Richard Burn; William Stevenson Meyer (1909). The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 11. Great Britain India Office. New Delhi: Clarendon Press. OCLC 313188049. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
- Jayadev, Devadas (1996). Christian Missionary Work in Mysore (1648–1947 A.D). Department of Studies in History, University of Mysore. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ISBN 978-1-4021-9555-6. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
- Kamath, M. V. (2002). A Reporter at Large. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. ISBN 978-81-7276-270-4..
- Kanjamala, Augustine; Catholic Church Bishops' Conference of India, Commission for Proclamation and Communication (1997). Paths of Mission in India Today. Bandra, India: St Pauls BYB. p. 314. ISBN 978-81-7109-286-4. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Kelley, Gerald B.; Dimock, Edward C.; Kachru, Braj B. (1992). Dimensions of Sociolinguistics in South Asia: Papers in Memory of Gerald B. Kelley. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. ISBN 978-81-204-0573-8..
- Kurzon, Dennis (2004). Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-85359-673-5. Retrieved 5 December 2008..
- ISBN 978-81-87609-01-8.
- ISBN 978-81-87609-00-1.
- Maffei, Angelus Francis Xavier (1882). A Konkani Grammar. Mangalore: OCLC 14242653. Retrieved 30 April 2009..
- Maffei, Angelus Francis Xavier (1883). An English-Konkani Dictionary: And A Konkani-English Dictionary. Mangalore: Basel Mission Press. OCLC 30698920. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Maffei, Angelus Francis Xavier (1882b). An English-Konkani Dictionary. Mangalore: Basel Mission Press. pp. 1–174. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Maffei, Angelus Francis Xavier (1885). A Konkani-English Dictionary. Mangalore: Basel Mission Press. pp. 575–737. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Miranda, Rocky V. (1978). "Caste, Religion and Dialect Differentiation in the Konkani Area". International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 1978 (16): 77–92. ]
- Miranda, Rocky V. (1977). "The assimilation of Dravidian loans to Konkani phonological and morphological patterns". Indo-Iranian Journal. 19 (3–4): 247–265. S2CID 162262924.
- More, J. B. Prashant; Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR. (2006). Rural Industrialization in Backward Areas. Kannur, Kerala: Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities. ISBN 978-81-88432-12-7. Retrieved 3 March 2014..
- Naimpalli, Sadanand (2005). Theory and Practice of Tabla. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. p. 256. ISBN 978-81-7991-149-5. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
- Nair, P. Thankappan (2004). South Indians in Kolkata: history of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian dishes, and Tippoo Sultan's heirs in Calcutta. Punthi Pustak. ISBN 978-81-86791-50-9. Retrieved 3 March 2014..
- Narain, Dhirendra; University of Bombay. Dept. of Sociology, Indian Council of Social Science Research (1989). Research in sociology: abstracts of M.A. and Ph. D. dissertations completed in the Department of Sociology, University of Bombay. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 558. ISBN 978-81-7022-235-4. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- Oddie, Geoffrey A. (1991). Hindu and Christian in South-east India: Aspects of Religious Continuity and Change, 1800–1900. London: Routledge. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-913215-55-5. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Pai, C. C. A.; Supriya (1981). Konknni Huminnyom (Konkani Riddles): an Anthropological Analysis of the Konkany Riddles of Mangalore Catholics. Bangalore: Satabdi Prakasan. OCLC 499573498.
- Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava (1929). Malabar and the Portuguese: Being a History of the Relations of the Portuguese with Malabar from 1500 to 1663. Bombay: D.B. Taraporevala Sons. OCLC 562464118..
- Pastor, Ludwig (Fiherr von) (1978). The history of the popes, from the close of the Middle Ages: drawn from the secret archives of the Vatican and other original sources. Vol. 39. St. Louis: Consortium. OCLC 2036935. Retrieved 31 January 2009..
- Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). History of Christians in Coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D. Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan..
- Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. Bangalore: I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8..
- Prasad, Ram Chandra (1980). Early English Travellers in India: A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 454. OCLC 484435572. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
- Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Bombay: Government Central Press. 1883.
- Rodrigues, Francis (2009). Greatest Konkani Song Hits Vol. 1. Pater Publications. ISBN 9780981179407. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- OCLC 20348227. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Saldanha, Jerome A. (1938), Origin and growth of Konkani or Goan communities and language.
- ISBN 978-81-7201-664-7. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- OCLC 697909198. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
- Sen, Colleen Taylor (2004). Food Culture in India. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-313-32487-1. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Sharma, Renuka M. (1996). Representations of gender, democracy, and identity politics in relation to South Asia. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications. p. 426. ISBN 978-81-7030-503-3..
- Shastry, Bhagamandala Seetharama; Borges, Charles J. (2000). Goa-Kanara Portuguese relations, 1498–1763. Concept Publishing Company. p. 327. ISBN 978-81-7022-848-6. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
- Silva, Severine; Fuchs, Stephan (1965). "The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India" (PDF). Asian Ethnology. 2. 24: 1–52. ) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
- Silva, Severine (1961). History of Christianity in Canara: Issue 3 of Indian Culture and Folklore. North Canara: Star of Kanara Press.
- Silva, Severine (1957). History of Christianity in Canara. Vol. I. North Canara: Star of Kanara Press.
- Somerset, Playne; Bond, E. W.; Wright, Arnold (2004). Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 739. ISBN 978-81-206-1344-7. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- "History" (PDF). South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer. Vol. 12. Bangalore: Gazetteer Department (OCLC 311367277.
- "People" (PDF). South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer. Vol. 12. Bangalore: Gazetteer Department (OCLC 311367277. Archived from the original(PDF) on 25 March 2009.
- Tour, Maistre de La (1855). The History of Hyder Shah: Alias Hyder Ali Khan Bahadur, and of his Son, Tippoo Sultaun (revised ed.). London: W. Thacker. OCLC 65664006. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- OCLC 473560768. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- The Gentleman's Magazine. Vol. CIII. F. Jefferies. 1833. p. 610. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
- The Oriental Herald. Vol. 3. London: J.M. Richardson. 1824. p. 634. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
Further reading
- Lobo, Michael (2000). The Mangalorean Catholic Community – A Professional History / Directory. Mangalore: Camelot Publishers. ISBN 978-81-87609-02-5.
- Pinto, Pius Fidelis (2004). Canaranthle Konknni Catholic (The Konkani Catholics of Canara) (in Konkani). Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.
- Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). Desaantar Thaun Bandhadek – Karavali Karnatakantle Konkani Kristanv (From Migration to Captivity – The Konkani Christians of Canara) (in Konkani). Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.
- Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). Konkani Christians of Coastal Karnataka in Anglo-Mysore Relations 1761–1799. Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.
- Prabhu, Mohan. Ancient and Pre-Modern History of the Mangalorean Catholic Community.
- Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). The captivity of 1784: Re-Appraising Causes & Conclusions. Bangalore: I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-30-2.
- D'Souza, A.B. (1993). Popular Christianity: A Case Study among the Catholics of Mangalore. PhD thesis. University of Delhi.
- D'Souza, A. L. P. (1983). History of the Catholic Community of South Kanara. Mangalore: Desco Publishers. OCLC 11536326.
External links