Mitochondrial matrix

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Cell biology
mitochondrion
Components of a typical mitochondrion

1

Outer membrane

1.1 Porin

2 Intermembrane space

2.1 Intracristal space
2.2 Peripheral space

3 Lamella

3.1 Inner membrane
3.11 Inner boundary membrane
3.12 Cristal membrane
3.2 Matrix   ◄ You are here
3.3
Cristæ

4 Mitochondrial DNA
5 Matrix granule
6 Ribosome
7 ATP synthase


In the

pyruvate, and the beta oxidation of fatty acids.[1]

The composition of the matrix based on its structures and contents produce an environment that allows the anabolic and catabolic pathways to proceed favorably. The electron transport chain and enzymes in the matrix play a large role in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2 through oxidation that will be reduced in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.[2][3]

The cytosolic, intermembrane space, compartment has a higher aqueous:protein content of around 3.8 μL/mg protein relative to that occurring in mitochondrial matrix where such levels typically are near 0.8 μL/mg protein.[4] It is not known how mitochondria maintain osmotic balance across the inner mitochondrial membrane, although the membrane contains aquaporins that are believed to be conduits for regulated water transport. Mitochondrial matrix has a pH of about 7.8, which is higher than the pH of the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, which is around 7.0–7.4.[5] Mitochondrial DNA was discovered by Nash and Margit in 1963. One to many double stranded mainly circular DNA is present in mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial DNA is 1% of total DNA of a cell. It is rich in guanine and cytosine content, and in humans is maternally derived. Mitochondria of mammals have 55s ribosomes.

Composition

Metabolites

The matrix is host to a wide variety of

Pi.[1]

Enzymes

Enzymes from processes that take place in the matrix. The citric acid cycle is facilitated by

β-ketothiolase.[1] Amino acid production is facilitated by transaminases.[7] Amino acid metabolism is mediated by proteases, such as presequence protease.[8]

Inner membrane components

The inner membrane is a

complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase).[6]

Inner membrane control over matrix composition

The electron transport chain is responsible for establishing a pH and

H2O to enter the matrix. Molecules enter and exit the mitochondrial matrix through transport proteins and ion transporters. Molecules are then able to leave the mitochondria through porin.[9] These attributed characteristics allow for control over concentrations of ions and metabolites necessary for regulation and determines the rate of ATP production.[10][11]

Processes

Citric acid cycle

Following glycolysis, the citric acid cycle is activated by the production of acetyl-CoA. The oxidation of pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase in the matrix produces CO2, acetyl-CoA, and NADH. Beta oxidation of fatty acids serves as an alternate catabolic pathway that produces acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.[1] The production of acetyl-CoA begins the citric acid cycle while the co-enzymes produced are used in the electron transport chain.[11]

ATP synthesis as seen from the perspective of the matrix. Conditions produced by the relationships between the catabolic pathways (citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) and structural makeup (lipid bilayer and electron transport chain) of matrix facilitate ATP synthesis.

All of the

complex II in the electron transport chain. The cycle produces coenzymes NADH and FADH2 through the oxidation of carbons in two cycles. The oxidation of NADH and FADH2 produces GTP from succinyl-CoA synthetase.[2]

Oxidative phosphorylation

NADH and

NAD+ and FAD. Protons are pulled into the intermembrane space by the energy of the electrons going through the electron transport chain. Four electrons are finally accepted by oxygen in the matrix to complete the electron transport chain. The protons return to the mitochondrial matrix through the protein ATP synthase. The energy is used in order to rotate ATP synthase which facilitates the passage of a proton, producing ATP. A pH difference between the matrix and intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient by which ATP synthase can pass a proton into the matrix favorably.[6]

Urea cycle

The first two steps of the urea cycle take place within the mitochondrial matrix of liver and kidney cells. In the first step ammonia is converted into carbamoyl phosphate through the investment of two ATP molecules. This step is facilitated by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I. The second step facilitated by ornithine transcarbamylase converts carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine into citrulline. After these initial steps the urea cycle continues in the inner membrane space until ornithine once again enters the matrix through a transport channel to continue the first to steps within matrix.[12]

Transamination

glutamate, proline, and arginine. These amino acids are then used either within the matrix or transported into the cytosol to produce proteins.[7][13]

Regulation

Regulation within the matrix is primarily controlled by ion concentration, metabolite concentration and energy charge. Availability of ions such as

α-ketoglutarate, isocitrate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase. The concentration of oxaloacetate in particular is kept low, so any fluctuations in this concentrations serve to drive the citric acid cycle forward.[2] The production of ATP also serves as a means of regulation by acting as an inhibitor for isocitrate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, the electron transport chain protein complexes, and ATP synthase. ADP acts as an activator.[1]

Protein synthesis

The mitochondria contains its own set of DNA used to produce proteins found in the electron transport chain. The mitochondrial DNA only codes for about thirteen proteins that are used in processing mitochondrial transcripts,

protein complexes of the electron transport chain.[15][16]

See also

References

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