Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces

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The relationship between the Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces is both constitutional and ceremonial, with the

The role of the

The Canadian Forces have derived many of their traditions and symbols from the British Army, Navy, and Air Force, including those with royal elements. Contemporary icons and rituals, however, have evolved to include elements reflective of Canada and the Canadian monarchy. Members of the country's royal family also continue their two century old practice of maintaining personal relationships with the Canadian Forces, as well as individual units,^[7] around which the military has developed complex protocols.

Ceremonies and protocols

Many ceremonies and rituals of the Canadian Forces have a royal connection. For example, the military traditionally mounts what is known as the King's Guard (or Queen's Guard during the reign of a female monarch), which is made up of contingents of infantry and cavalry soldiers who are charged with guarding the royal residences in Canada and the United Kingdom. Canada has mounted the King's/Queen's Guard 13 times since 1916, in addition to Canadian Coronation Contingents for every coronation of the country's monarch since that of Edward VII in 1902. Also, whenever the sovereign or a member of his family is in Ottawa, they will lay a wreath at the National War Memorial (which itself was dedicated in 1939 by King George VI) and will do the same if at a Canadian war monument overseas.

Three military units comprise the

Members of the royal family will also be present for other military ceremonies besides those related to any honorary ranks they hold, including inspections of the troops and anniversaries of key battles and victories, such as commemorations of

Unique king's colours and regimental colours are presented to various regiments, units, and commands, consisting mostly of national and royal symbols combined; they act as "visible symbols of pride, honour, and devotion to sovereign and country."^[26] Colours are thus consecrated objects; it is expected that everyone will rise to attention (if civilian) and salute (if military) upon a stand of uncased colours passing. Authorization to possess a king's colour may be granted and the colour presented only by the King, the governor general, or a lieutenant governor and the colours must be dipped in the presence of the monarch or other members of the royal family.^[27]

King George VI presents the King's Colours to the Royal Canadian Navy at Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, British Columbia, 1939. King's and regimental colours are typically given to infantry battalions and other units of the Canadian Forces.

Regimental colour of the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada, with the royal cypher of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, in each corner

Those in the royal family may also present a royal banner to a unit to commemorate specific services rendered and as a mark of royal favour. For example,

The Royal Union Flag, which was approved by the federal Parliament in 1964 for "continued use as a symbol of Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and of her allegiance to the Crown."^[30] This flag however, is generally flown only on specified days and whenever instructed by National Defence Headquarters.

The

A number of regiments of the Canadian Army have been granted the use of the prefix royal in the regiment's name, while others bear the name of a member of the royal family. The royal prefix—termed a royal designation^[32]—is an honour that demonstrates royal favour for the organisation to whose name the prefix is applied. Its award is an exercise of the royal prerogative and does not expire unless revoked by the Crown-in-Council or the organisation that received the designation ceases to exist. If the name of the regiment should change after the prefix is granted, the word royal may be retained preceding the new name, such as when the Royal Northwest Mounted Police was renamed in 1920 as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.^[32]

Honorary appointments

In 2011, to mark his 90th birthday, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was appointed to the top ranks in all three branches of the Canadian Forces—General of the Land Force Command (later Canadian Army), General of the Air Command (later Royal Canadian Air Force), and Admiral of the Maritime Command (later Royal Canadian Navy)—making him the first to receive such appointments.^[38] Though non-royals have been appointed as colonels-in-chief, the practice is rare and the placement of former Governor General Adrienne Clarkson as Colonel-in-Chief of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry caused some controversy as a break with tradition.^[39]

Military-related organizations—institutes, benevolent funds, leagues, associations, messes, etcetera—may also receive royal patronage. As with regiment- and unit-related appointments, those who act as patron will correspond with organisation leaders, participate in ceremonial events, assist with fundraising, and the like. Applications for royal patronage are made via the Office of the Governor General; to receive the honour, an organization must prove to be long lasting and have aims and objectives that will earn the approval of the person from whom patronage is requested.^[40]

Infrastructure

Buildings, installations, and geographical features related to the Canadian Forces or Department of National Defence can only be named for living or deceased members of the Canadian royal family, living or deceased former governors general, and deceased distinguished persons.^[41]

All Canadian naval ships are designated with the prefix

St. Edward's Crown

, respectively

The King is the

St. Edward's Crown

thus appear on the insignia of orders or on medals.

Further, injury or death in action is recognised by the

Mentioned in Despatches.^[46]

History

Colonies and Confederation

As European colonization of the Americas took place, the European explorers regarded some newly contacted indigenous chieftainships as a form of monarchy,^[47][48][49] wherein warriors were under the command of a hereditary chief. However, though they may have been the holders of power, all chiefs were not necessarily free to mobilise troops without the consent of a council of elders, similar to the situation in a modern constitutional monarchy; for example, in the Cherokee nation, the approval of the council of women was required before war could be declared.

During this period, at the end of the 18th into the beginning of the 19th centuries, the local militia were called upon to augment the British sovereign's forces in defending the colonies against attacks—such as those in

1775 and 1812—from the United States, which viewed the nearby monarchical presence as a threat to American republican ideologies

.

As the colonial population increased, those loyal to the Crown served as regular members of

Prince William Henry (later King William IV) ventured to Canada's east coast as captain of HMS Pegasus in a Royal Navy contingent and his younger brother,^[7]

city's defences^[50]

Following the formation of the Canadian federation in 1867, a proper military was established for the new country. This group was joined three years later by Prince Arthur, who became the first royal to fight for Canada, against the Fenians who attempted to invade the country. For his service, the Prince was awarded the Canada General Service Medal with the Fenian Raid 1870 bar.^[7] By 1874, the Royal Military College of Canada was established, with Queen Victoria's consent for the use of the royal prefix granted in 1878. Her grandson, King George V, gave the same permission for the Royal Canadian Navy when it was created in 1911, as did his son, King Edward VII, for the Royal Canadian Air Force six years after it was established in 1918. It was in the new Canadian navy that a young Prince Albert (later King George VI) served as a midshipman for the duration of 1913.^[7]

World Wars and between

Canada came to be at war when in 1914 King

Field Marshal's uniform and, without ministerial advice, went to military training grounds and barracks to address the troops and see them off on their voyage to Europe. This was much to the chagrin of the prime minister at the time, Robert Borden, who saw the Governor General as overstepping constitutional conventions.^[51] Though Borden blamed the military secretary of the day, Edward Stanton, he also opined that Prince Arthur "laboured under the handicap of his position as a member of the Royal Family and never realised his limitations as Governor General."^[52] Arthur's wife, Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught, also helped in the war effort, forming volunteer groups to make supplies for Canadian soldiers overseas; for Christmas in 1915, she sent a card and a box of maple sugar to every Canadian serving in Europe and she had a knitting machine installed at Rideau Hall, on which she made thousands of pairs of socks for soldiers. Princess Patricia, the Connaughts' daughter, became so active with the military that Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry

was in 1914 named in her honour; the Princess personally chose the infantry's colours, designed its badge, and was appointed as its colonel-in-chief at the cessation of hostilities in 1918.

Across the

king of Canada—on the advice of the Canadian Cabinet with the approval of the Parliament of Canada—a week after he had done so as King of the United Kingdom.^{[55][56][57][58][59]}

In the United Kingdom, the Royal Family was active in relation to Canada's troops; Queen Elizabeth, for instance, inspected the 1st Battalion of the Saskatoon Light Infantry in April 1940 and,^[60] the following year, presented the unit with gifts of socks, mittens, caps, pullovers, scarves, and helmets,^[61] as well as the unit's Colours in October.^[62] Her daughter, Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II), also undertook solo duties, such as reviewing a parade of Canadian airwomen in 1945 and interacting with the Canadian regiments to which she had been appointed colonel-in-chief.^[63] Other members of the Royal Family performed military duties in Canada during the war: Prince George, Duke of Kent, did so in Manitoba in 1941 and the King's first cousin once removed,^[64] Princess Alice, who was then serving as the Canadian viceregal consort to the Governor General, was installed as honorary commandant of a number of women's military services.

New queen and Canadian Forces unification

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In a time of austerity following the

Canadian Forces took effect at the recommendation of then Defence Minister Paul Hellyer, over the protests of many senior generals, admirals, and air marshals.^[65][66]

While the National Defence Act continued to state that "[t]he Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada," the royal prefix was not bestowed upon the unified Canadian Armed Forces. The uses of Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were also replaced with Maritime Command, Mobile Command, and Air Force Command, respectively, and a number of royally designated corps were lost into newly reorganized and designated services and branches.^{[n 2]} Not all the forces' links with the Crown, however, were lost; many of the regiments did retain their royal prefix, members of the Royal Family as their colonel-in-chief, and crowns on their badges and other insignia.

As the Canadian Forces came to be deployed mostly on

Prince Charles, like other Princes of Wales before him, trained with the Canadian Forces at CFB Gagetown in the 1970s and his father's cousin,^[7] the Countess Mountbatten of Burma, as Colonel-in-Chief of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, visited with her troops on more than 45 occasions, at Canadian Forces bases and detachments across the country as well as overseas in Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo.^[67] Later, in 1996, Queen Elizabeth II inaugurated the Canadian War Memorial in Green Park, London, just outside Buckingham Palace

.

Beyond the era of peacekeeping

With

Canada's participation in the invasion of Afghanistan and the casualties of that conflict, the Canadian Forces came more into the public eye than it had been through the previous two decades. Governor General Adrienne Clarkson won wide praise for boosting Canadians' pride in the armed forces, spending Christmasses and New Years with forces personnel in Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf and earning herself a special tribute from the Canadian Forces upon her retirement from the Queen's service in 2005.^[68] Members of the Royal Family continued their duties as honoraries, visiting troops in Canada and Afghanistan,^{[n 3]} as well as attending memorials.^[74]

Also in 2004 was the 60th anniversary of

Prince Harry, then third in line to the Canadian throne, had arrived in Alberta to train along with other soldiers of the Canadian and British armies at CFB Suffield, before a tour of duty in Afghanistan.^{[76][citation needed}

]

St. Edward's Crown

all within a wreath of maple leaves; 3 February 2008

On 4 November 2008, the Queen launched at Canada House in London Vigil 1914–1918, a coordinated light and media display on the facades of Canada House and buildings in six Canadian cities of the name of each of the approximately 68,000 Canadians who died in World War I; there the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh met with First World War veterans as well as Canadians returned from Afghanistan.^[77] Almost one year later, Prince Charles officiated at the Remembrance Day ceremonies at the National War Memorial in Ottawa,^[78] there wearing his uniform as a Lieutenant-General of the Canadian Army.

The death of the last Canadian veteran of World War I came in 2010 and, on the anniversary of the

fleet review at the Bedford Basin; the event was attended by ships of the Canadian Maritime Command, Brazilian Navy, Royal Danish Navy, French Navy, German Navy, Royal Netherlands Navy, Royal Navy and United States Navy.^[80]

The three environmental commands were in 2011 officially renamed to their traditional designations of the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force. This stemmed from an ongoing drive for the restoration, including an

online petition, sponsored by Member of Parliament Laurie Hawn,^[81] issued in 2007 seeking grassroots

support for the Maritime Command and Air Command to have their former names restored for the navy's 100th anniversary in 2010.

See also

• Monarchy of Canada
• Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces

Notes

1. ^ See Note 1 at Cabinet of Canada.
2. Logistics Branch
   .
3. Lashkar Gah.^[70][71] The Prince of Wales then met with Canadian troops, amongst others from the Commonwealth, in Afghanistan on 24 March 2010.^[72][73]

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External links

• Blakeley, Darlene (17 June 2009). "The Queen's Colour – pride, honour and devotion" (PDF). The Maple Leaf. 12 (23). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada: 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2009.