Khanate of Kazan
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Khanate of Kazan Казан ханлыгы | |||||||||
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| 1438–1552 | |||||||||
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Yadegar Moxammat (last) | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Elevation of Ulugh Muhammad | 1438 | ||||||||
• Conquest of Kazan by Ivan IV | 1552 | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Russia | ||||||||
| History of Russia |
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 Russia portal |
| History of Tatarstan |
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| History of Udmurtia |
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The Khanate of Kazan (
Geography and population
The territory of the Khanate comprised the
The local feudal nobility consisted of ethnic Bulgars, but the court and bodyguard of the Kazan khans were composed of steppe Tatar (Kipchaks, and later of Nogais) that lived in Kazan. According to the Ginghizide tradition, the local Turkic tribes were also called Tatars by the steppe nobility and, later, by the Russian elite. Part of the higher nobility hailed from the Golden Horde. It included members of four leading noble families: Arghin, Barin, Qipchaq, and Shirin.
Peoples subject to the khan included the
Most of the khanate territory was covered by forests, and only the southern part adjoined the steppe. The main population of the steppes were the nomadic Manghites, also known as Nogais, who sometimes recognized the rule of the Kazan khan, but more often raided agricultural Tatars and Chuvash, as they had done in the Golden Horde period. Later, Nogais were transplanted and replaced with Kalmyks. More recently, this area was settled by Tatars, Chuvash and Russians, who erected defensive walls to guard the southern border. Since the khanate was established, Tatar Cossack troops defended the khanate from the Nogais.
Russian sources indicate that at least five languages were used in the Kazan khanate. The first and foremost was the
History
The former territories of
Throughout its history, the khanate was prone to civil turmoil and struggles for the throne. The khans were replaced 19 times in 115 years. There were a total of
Regarding the history of the khanate, there is a scarcity of sources. Not only no single document of the khanate survived the Russian conquest, but even the documents of early Russian colonial administration (Prikaz Kazanskogo Dvortsa) were all destroyed during the Time of Troubles.[1]
Early history
During the reign of Ulugh Muhammad and his son Maxmud, Kazan forces raided
In July 1487, Grand Duke
In 1521, Kazan emerged from the dominance of Moscow, concluding a mutual aid treaty with the
The final decade
The reinforcement of
With the help of the
At that time Safa Giray's relatives (including
At the same time the lands to the west of the
Downfall
In August 1552, forces of
After the fall of Kazan, territories such as
Resistance
Part of the population continued to resist Russian rule until 1556. Rebel governments were formed in
By some estimates,[2] the population of the former khanate declined by several thousand during the wars. The administration, known as the Kazan Palace's Office undertook the forced Russification and Christianization of the Tatars and other peoples.[3] The term Tsardom of Kazan was in use until 1708 when the Kazan Governorate was formed.
Economics
The Khanate's urban population produced clay ware, wood and metal handiworks, leather, armor, ploughs and jewels.[
Society
The
The majority of the population comprised qara xalıq (black people),[4] a free Muslim population[5]
who lived on state land. The feudal lands were mostly settled by çura (serfs). Prisoners of war were usually sold[
Administration and military
The Khanate was divided into 5
The military of the khanate consisted of armament and men from the darughas and subject lands, khan guards, and the troops of the nobility. The number of soldiers was never constant, ranging from 20,000 to 60,000 in number. Often, troops from Nogay, the Crimea and Russia also served the Kazan khans. Firearms (arquebuse) were used for defending the walls of Kazan.
Culture
In general, the culture of the Kazan Khanate descended from that of Volga Bulgaria. Cultural elements of the Golden Horde were also present in noble circles.
A large part of the urban population was literate. Large libraries were present in
Although Islamic influence predominated, lay literature also developed. The most prominent
The city of Bolghar retained its position as a sacred place, but had this function only, due to the emergence of Kazan as a major economic and political center in the 1430s.
The architecture of the khanate is characterized by white-stone architecture and wood carvings.
See also
- List of Kazan khans
- Islam in Tatarstan
- Tatar nobility
- Ar begs
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
- Qasim Khanate
References
- JSTOR 40866921.
- Republic of TatarstanAcademy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
- Republic of TatarstanAcademy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
- ^ The designation "black" in Turkic culture was often used to refer to commoners, and not intended as a racial designation; on this point see also Khazars
- ^
ISBN 9780316072014. Retrieved 2015-10-04.
It was actually the Orthodox Church militant that first stimulated [...] Russian campaigns of conquest to the East, advocating the spread of Christianity into the well-established Muslim Kazan Khanate. Immediately after the conquest the church established a strong institutional presence in the Tatar regions and planned for the forced conversion of its Muslim population to Orthodox Christianity. [...] Despite its establishment of churches, monasteries, and religious institutions in the newly conquered regions, the church was to be frustrated in its goal of imposing Christianity on Muslim turf.
- "Qazan Xanlığı (Khanate of Kazan)". Republic of TatarstanAcademy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
- Viacheslav Shpakovsky, David Nicolle, Gerry Embleton, Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan, 9th–16th centuries, Osprey Men-at-Arms 491 (2013).
- Azade-Ayshe Rorlich, Origins of Volga Tatars in: The Volga Tatars, a Profile in National Resilience (1986).
- Muhammad Murad Ramzi (محمد مراد الرمزي) (1908), Talfīq al-akhbār wa-talfīḥ al-āthār fī waqāʼiʻ Qazān wa-Bulghār wa-mulūk al-Tātār (تلفيق الاخبار وتلقيح الآثار في وقائع قزان وبلغار وملوك التتار), First edition (الطبعة الاولي) Volume 1 (المجلد الاول) Printed at the Al-Karīmiyyah and Al-Ḥussayniyyah printing shop in the town of "Orenburg" upon committed expenses (طبع بالمطبعة الكريمية والحسينية ببلدة "اورنبورغ" على مصاريف ملتزمه).
55°47′N 49°09′E / 55.783°N 49.150°E
