Nùng Autonomous Territory
Nùng Autonomous Territory Pays Nung / Territoire Autonome Nung Xứ Nùng / Khu tự trị Nùng 農處 / 農族自治區 | |||||||||||
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1947–1954 | |||||||||||
Motto: "Trung Hiếu" (忠孝) (English: "Loyalty", " Autonomous territory | |||||||||||
Lãnh tụ Nùng | |||||||||||
• 1947–1954 | Voòng A Sáng[a] | ||||||||||
Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||||
• Established | 1947 | ||||||||||
20 July 1954 | |||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
• Total | 4.500[1] km2 (1.737 sq mi) | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• 1949 | 120.000[1] | ||||||||||
Currency | piastre (1947—1953) đồng (from 1953) | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Today part of | Đình Lập District, Vietnam |
The Nùng Autonomous Territory (
The Nùng Autonomous Territory was created as a homeland for the Chinese Nùng people (which should not be confused with
Etymology
The Chinese Nùng's name originated from the fact that almost all of them were farmers (nong nhan in
History
Establishment
The junk that used by Voòng A Sáng was named the Trung Hiếu (忠孝), this ship was later used as a symbol for the recapture of Móng Cái and the founding of the Nùng Hải Ninh Autonomous Territory, it was later also used on its coat of arms.[5][6]
On 14 July 1946, Captain Voòng A Sáng, on behalf of the Hải Ninh Main Force Council (Hội Đồng Quân Chính Hải Ninh), announced the establishment of the Nùng Hải Ninh Autonomous Territory within
Administrative organisation and governance
The Nùng Autonomous Territory had the Territorial Council (Hội đồng Lãnh thổ) as its legislative body.[7] The Territorial Council consisted of representatives elected by its population with each delegate representing 1000 inhabitants.[7] The territory executive had a standing ruling council.[7] It also had a Provincial Parliament (Nghị viện tỉnh).[1]
In the Nùng Autonomous Territory the general laws of Vietnam applied.
On 15 April 1950 it was nominally placed under the authority of the Domain of the Crown with the enactment of the Dụ số 6/QT/TG decree by Chief of State Bảo Đại.[8]
The leader of the Nùng Autonomous Territory was
Regarding the judicial organisation of the Nùng Autonomous Territory, Voòng A Sáng and the French advisor established a
The government of the Nùng Autonomous Territory had a Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Justice, and a Ministry of National Defense.[6]
Its Ministry of education compiled a Ngái script dictionary named Nổng Vủn Slu Tèn (儂文字典).[5] It used a Latin phonetic alphabet to read Ngái according to the Vietnamese pronunciation of the Northern accent.[5]
Annexation by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
After the
Aftermath
Following the annexation of the Nùng Autonomous Territory by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam many of its inhabitants immigrated to South Vietnam, including Voòng A Sáng and his family as well as many members of the Nùng military regiments.[5][6] At first, the group temporarily resided in Ba Ngòi (Cam Ranh Bay) and Nha Trang,[5][6] afterwards, for the convenience of drinking water, the migrants flocked to live around the Ma Ó River.[5][6]
On 1 August 1956 Colonel Voòng A Sáng merged the Nùng 6th battalion with the 32, 67, 71, 72, and 75 battalions to form the Dã Chiến 6th division.
In the year 1956, during a series of purges of French colonial generals suspected of being pro-French by the
In January 1959, the 3rd Field Division became 5th Infantry Division and was assigned to III Corps headquarters (Tactical Zone III) at Biên Hoà, replacing the 7th Division that had just been transferred to the Region.
In 1967, Voòng A Sáng was elected to the Senate of the Republic of Vietnam, he was elected to be the Chairman of the Unity of the Ethnic Minorities (Chủ Tịch Khối Đoàn Kết Dân Tộc Thiểu Số) at the South Vietnamese Senate.
During the
Economy
In the years 1949 and 1950,
The imports of the Nùng Autonomous Territory included rice, beverages, canned food, kerosene, gasoline, quick lime, and cement.[1] The goods exported by the Nùng Autonomous Territory include pigs, chickens, ducks, spices, litchi, porcelain, do paper, anise, cinnamon, bamboo, etc.[1]
Districts
The Nùng Autonomous Territory contained 1 city (thủ phủ), 8 districts (huyện), and 1 island (hải đảo):[1][13][6]
- Móng Cái City
- Ba Chẽ District
- Bình Liêu District
- Cửa Tiên Yên District (including a part of Mũi Chùa and Cái Bầu island)
- Đầm Hà District
- Lạng Sơn Province)
- Hà Cối District
- Tiên Yên District
- Vạn Hoa District
- Cô Tô Island
Below the District-level divisions were the tổng and
Demographics
In the year 1949 the Nùng Autonomous Territory had a population of approximately 120.000 people. of the population.
At the time of the Nùng Autonomous Territory its capital city, Móng Cái had a population of around 10.000 people.[1]
Medals
A medal issued for the Nùng Autonomous Territory is known to exist.[16][17] This medal was awarded for a meritorious service to the Nùng Autonomous Territory state to both military and civilian personnel of the Nùng (Montagnard) tribe.[16] It was awarded by the French Colonial forces in two classes, "Chevalier" (Knight) and "Officier" (Officer).[16]
The medal was 34 millimeters in diameter and was made of gold planchet, it features a stylised
A rosette on the ribbon drape was used to distinguish the first (or "Officer") class from the second (or "Knight") class, but as of 2006 no extent specimens were known to exist.[16]
See also
Notes
- Chinese language (Hakka) reading of "黃亞生", alternatively romanised as Vòng A Sáng or Vòng-A-Sáng. The Vietnamesereading of this name would be Hoàng À Sinh, he is alternatively known as Hoàng Phúc Thịnh (黃福盛).
- ^ "Chủ Tịch" can also be translated as "President", hence "Chủ Tịch Khối Đoàn Kết Dân Tộc Thiểu Số" can also be translated as "President of the Unity of the Ethnic Minorities".
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Trần Minh (9 March 2014). "Về cái gọi là "Khu tự trị Nùng Hải Ninh". - Cập nhật: 14:06, 09/03/2014 (GMT+7) - Nhằm dễ bề đàn áp, chống phá cách mạng ta, sau khi quay trở lại xâm lược Việt Nam lần thứ hai, đầu năm 1947, thực dân Pháp và chính quyền Bảo Đại đã cho lập ra cái gọi là Khu Nùng tự trị Hải Ninh và Khu Thái tự trị Tây bắc. Trong đó, Khu Nùng tự trị Hải Ninh với Móng Cái là thủ phủ tồn tại từ năm 1947 đến năm 1954, khi ta tiếp quản thì giải tán..." (in Vietnamese). Báo Quảng Ninh - Cơ quan Đảng bộ Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam - Tiếng nói của Đảng bộ, chính quyền, nhân dân tỉnh Quảng Ninh (Quảng Ninh Newspaper - Communist Party of Vietnam). Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- ^ Anh Thái Phượng. Trăm núi ngàn sông: Tập I. Gretna, LA: Đường Việt Hải ngoại, 2003. Page: 99. (in Vietnamese).
- ^ Trần Đức Lai 2013, p. 3.
- ^ Trần Đức Lai 2013, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Liêu Nguyên - Hải Ninh Chi Quang, Lạc Sam Ky Việt-Hoa Báo ấn hành, 1987. (Nguyên văn chữ Trung Hoa: 廖源 – 海寧之光, 洛杉磯月華報,一九八七年七月印行). (in Mandarin Chinese).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Trần Đức Lai - Người Nùng & Khu Tự Trị Hải Ninh Việt Nam (美國越南海寧軍政挍友會 –儂族與海寧自治區史略), Hôi Quân Cán Chính Hải Ninh, Fountain Valley, California, no date (Bản chữ Việt Nam và bản chữ Trung Hoa đóng bìa chung). (in Vietnamese and Mandarin Chinese).
- ^ a b c d e f g Lê Đình Chi. Người Thượng Miền Nam Việt Nam. Gardena, California: Văn Mới, 2006. Pages: 401-449. (in Vietnamese).
- ^ Luong, Hy. Postwar Vietnam: dynamics of a transforming society. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. Page 134.
- ^ a b c d Matthew Yglasias (10 November 2016). "5th Division - Organized February 1, 1955 - (Decree 040-QP/ND of February 10, 1955) - (JGS Instruction 15,590/TTN/1/1/S of November 22, 1955) - The 5th Division had its origins far away from South Vietnam. During the first Indochina war, the French formed ethnic minority units into an organization known as the Frontier Guard for the Northeast and Northwest of North Viet Nam to patrol the region near the border with China. In the northeastern sector, many of the troops were Nungs, a Chinese-speaking ethnic minority closely related to the Chinese (many Nungs fled China to escape the Communist takeover). The commander in the northeast was himself a Nung, Vong A Sang, who was given the rank of Colonel by the French. In addition to Col. Sang's troops, the French also formed several regular army battalions using Nung personnel". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- .
- ISBN 978-1-4039-8313-8.
- ^ Onion, Rebecca (2013-11-27). "A Forgotten Chapter of Vietnam: How an Indigenous Tribe Won the Admiration of the Green Berets—and Lost Everything Else". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
- ).
- ^ Trần Đức Lai 2013, p. 42.
- ^ Xiaorong Han 2009, p. 1–36.
- ^ a b c d e f "Indochine Minority Areas. § Medal of the Nung - 1954". The Emering Companies, LLC. 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
- ^ F.C. Brown and V.R. Brook, "Identification Requested (Territoire Autonome Nung Medal)", The Medal Collector, August 1978.
Sources
- Trần Đức Lai, ed. (2013) [2008]. The Nung Ethic and Autonomous Territory of Hai Ninh-Vietnam. Translated by Ngô Thanh Tùng. Hai Ninh veterans and Public Administration Alumni Association-Vietnam. ISBN 978-0-578-12004-1.
- Xiaorong Han (2009). "Spoiled Guests or Dedicated Patriots? The Chinese in North Vietnam, 1954–1978". S2CID 145394772.