Nativism (politics)
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Nativism is the political policy of promoting or protecting the interests of native-born or indigenous inhabitants over those of immigrants,[1][2] including the support of anti-immigration and immigration-restriction measures.[3] In the United States, nativism does not refer to a movement led by Native Americans, also referred to as American Indians.[4]
Definition
According to Cas Mudde, a University of Georgia professor, nativism is a largely American notion that is rarely debated in Western Europe; the word originated with mid-nineteenth-century political parties in the United States, most notably the Know Nothing party, which saw Catholic immigration from nations such as Germany and Ireland as a serious threat to native-born Protestant Americans.[5]
Causes
According to
nativists seek to prevent cultural change.Beliefs that contribute to anti-immigration sentiment include:[8]
- Economic
- Employment: The belief that immigrants acquire jobs that would have otherwise been available to native citizens, limiting native employment, and the belief that immigrants also create a surplus of labor that results in lowered wages.
- Government expense: The belief that immigrants do not pay enough taxes to cover the cost of the services they require.[9]
- Welfare: The belief that immigrants make heavy use of the social welfare systems.
- Housing: The belief that immigrants reduce vacancies, causing rent increases.
- Cultural
- Language: The belief that immigrants isolate themselves in their own communities and refuse to learn the local language.
- Culture: The belief that immigrants will outnumber the native population and replace its culture with theirs.
- Crime: The belief that immigrants are more prone to crime than the native population.[10]
- Patriotism: The belief that immigrants damage a nation's sense of community based on ethnicity and nationality.
- Environmental
- Environment: The belief that immigrants increase the consumption of limited resources.
- Overpopulation: The belief that immigration contributes to overpopulation.
Hans-Georg Betz examines three facets of nativism: economic, welfare, and symbolic. Economic nativism preaches that good jobs ought to be reserved for native citizens. Welfare nativism insists that native citizens should have absolute priority in access to governmental benefits. Symbolic nativism calls on the society and government to defend and promote the nation's cultural heritage. Betz argues that economic and welfare themes were historically dominant, but that since the 1990s symbolic nativism has become the focus of radical right-wing populist mobilization.[11][12]
By country and region
Asia-Pacific
Australia
Many Australians opposed the influx of Chinese immigrants at time of the nineteenth-century gold rushes. When the separate Australian colonies formed the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, the new nation adopted "White Australia" as one of its founding principles. Under the White Australia policy, entry of Chinese and other Asians remained controversial until well after World War II, although the country remained home to many long-established Chinese families dating from before the adoption of White Australia. By contrast, most Pacific Islanders were deported soon after the policy was adopted, while the remainder were forced out of the canefields where they had worked for decades.[13]
Antipathy of native-born white Australians toward British and Irish immigrants in the late 19th century was manifested in a new party, the Australian Natives' Association.[14][15]
Since early 2000, opposition has mounted to asylum seekers arriving in boats from Indonesia.[16]
South Korea
The Democratic Party of Korea has been described as nativist by scholars due to its support for Korean nationalism and opposition to immigration.[17]
Pakistan
The Pakistani
These nativist movements are expressed through
Taiwan
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2022) |
After the Chinese Civil War , Taiwan became a sanctuary for Chinese nationalists who followed a Western ideology, fleeing from communists. The new arrivals governed through the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) until the 1970s. Taiwanese identity constructed through literature in the post-civil war period led to the gradual acceptance of Taiwan's unique political destiny. This led to a peaceful transition of power from the Kuomintang to the Democratic Progressive Party in the 2000s. A-chin Hsiau (Author of Politics and Cultural Nativism[18]) claims the origins of Taiwanese national identity to the 1970s, when youth activism transformed society, politics and culture which some are still present. [19][20]
Americas
Brazil
The Brazilian elite desired the
In the 19th and 20th centuries, there were negative feelings toward the communities of
It affected the Japanese more harshly, because they were Asian, and thus seen as an obstacle to the whitening of Brazil. Oliveira Viana, a Brazilian jurist, historian and sociologist described the Japanese immigrants as follows: "They (Japanese) are like sulfur: insoluble". The Brazilian magazine "O Malho" in its edition of December 5, 1908 issued criticised the Japanese immigrants in the following quote: "The government of São Paulo is stubborn. After the failure of the first Japanese immigration, it contracted 3,000 yellow people. It insists on giving Brazil a race diametrically opposite to ours".[22] In 1941 the Brazilian minister of justice, Francisco Campos, defended the ban on the admission of 400 Japanese immigrants into São Paulo writing: "their despicable standard of living is a brutal competition with the country's worker; their selfishness, their bad faith, their refractory character, make them a huge ethnic and cultural cyst located in the richest regions of Brazil".[22]
Years before World War II, the government of President Getúlio Vargas initiated a process of forced assimilation of people of immigrant origin in Brazil. In 1933, a constitutional amendment was approved by a large majority and established immigration quotas without mentioning race or nationality and prohibited the population concentration of immigrants. According to the text, Brazil could not receive more than 2% of the total number of entrants of each nationality that had been received in the last 50 years. Only the Portuguese were excluded. The measures did not affect the immigration of Europeans such as Italians and Spaniards, who had already entered in large numbers and whose migratory flow was downward. However, immigration quotas, which remained in force until the 1980s, restricted Japanese immigration, as well as Korean and Chinese immigration.[23][22][24]
During World War II they were seen as more loyal to their countries of origin than to Brazil. In fact, there were violent revolts in the Japanese community of the states of
Nowadays, nativism in Brazil affects primarily migrants from elsewhere in the
According to the 1988's
Canada
Throughout the 19th century, well into the 20th, the
The Ku Klux Klan spread in the mid-1920s from the U.S. to parts of Canada, especially Saskatchewan, where it helped topple the Liberal government. The Klan creed was, historian Martin Robin argues, in the mainstream of Protestant Canadian sentiment, for it was based on "Protestantism, separation of Church and State, pure patriotism, restrictive and selective immigration, one national public school, one flag and one language—English."[14][27]
In World War I, Canadian naturalized citizens of German or Austrian origins were stripped of their right to vote, and tens of thousands of Ukrainians (who were born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire) were rounded up and put in internment camps.[28]
Hostility to the Chinese and other Asians was intense, and involved provincial laws that hindered immigration of Chinese and Japanese and blocked their economic mobility.
Hostility of native-born Canadians to competition from English immigrants in the early 20th century was expressed in signs that read, "No English Need Apply!" The resentment came because the immigrants identified more with England than with Canada.[30]
United States
According to the American historian John Higham, nativism is:
an intense opposition to an internal minority on the grounds of its foreign (i.e., “un-American”) connections. Specific nativist antagonisms may and do, vary widely in response to the changing character of minority irritants and the shifting conditions of the day; but through each separate hostility runs the connecting, energizing force of modern nationalism. While drawing on much broader cultural antipathies and ethnocentric judgments, nativism translates them into zeal to destroy the enemies of a distinctively American way of life.[31]
Colonial era
There was nativism in the
Early republic
Nativism was a political factor in the 1790s and in the 1830s–1850s. Nativism became a major issue in the late 1790s, when the
1830–1860
The term "nativism" was first used by 1844: "Thousands were Naturalized expressly to oppose Nativism, and voted the Polk ticket mainly to that end."
Nativist movements included the
Nativist outbursts occurred in
The nativists went public in 1854 when they formed the "American Party", which was especially hostile to the immigration of Irish Catholics, and campaigned for laws to require longer wait time between immigration and naturalization; these laws never passed. It was at this time that the term "nativist" first appeared, as their opponents denounced them as "bigoted nativists". Former President Millard Fillmore ran on the American Party ticket for the presidency in 1856. Henry Winter Davis, an active Know-Nothing, was elected on the American Party ticket to Congress from Maryland. He told Congress the un-American Irish Catholic immigrants were to blame for the recent election of Democrat James Buchanan as president, stating:[39]
The recent election has developed in an aggravated form every evil against which the American party protested. Foreign allies have decided the government of the country -- men naturalized in thousands on the eve of the election. Again in the fierce struggle for supremacy, men have forgotten the ban which the Republic puts on the intrusion of religious influence on the political arena. These influences have brought vast multitudes of foreign-born citizens to the polls, ignorant of American interests, without American feelings, influenced by foreign sympathies, to vote on American affairs; and those votes have, in point of fact, accomplished the present result.
The American Party also included many former
This form of
The new Republican Party kept its nativist element quiet during the 1860s, since immigrants were urgently needed for the Union Army. European immigrants from England, Scotland, and Scandinavia favored the Republicans during the Third Party System (1854–1896), while others especially Irish Catholics and Germans, were usually Democratic. Hostility toward Asians was very strong in the Western region from the 1860s to the 1940s. Anti-Catholicism experienced a revival in the 1890s in the American Protective Association. It was led by Protestant Irish immigrants hostile to the Irish Catholics.[42]
Anti-German nativism
From the 1840s to the 1920s, German Americans were often distrusted because of their separatist social structure, their German-language schools, their attachment to their native tongue over English, and their neutrality during World War I.
The Bennett Law caused a political uproar in Wisconsin in 1890, as the state government passed a law that threatened to close down hundreds of German-language elementary schools. Catholic and Lutheran Germans rallied to defeat Governor William D. Hoard. Hoard attacked German American culture and religion:
- "We must fight alienism and selfish ecclesiasticism.... The parents, the pastors and the church have entered into a conspiracy to darken the understanding of the children, who are denied by cupidity and bigotry the privilege of even the free schools of the state."[43]
Hoard, a Republican, was defeated by the Democrats. A similar campaign in Illinois regarding the "Edwards Law" led to a Republican defeat there in 1890.[43]
In 1917–1918, a wave of nativist sentiment due to American entry into World War I led to the suppression of German cultural activities in the United States, Canada, and Australia. There was little violence, but many places and streets had their names changed (The city of "Berlin" in Ontario was renamed "Kitchener" after a British hero), churches switched to English for their services, and German Americans were forced to buy war bonds to show their patriotism.[44] In Australia thousands of Germans were put into internment camps.[45]
Anti-Chinese nativism
In the 1870s and 1880s in the
20th century
In the 1890s–1920s era, nativists and labor unions campaigned for immigration restriction following the waves of workers and families from Southern and Eastern Europe, including the
It is found, in the first place, that the illiteracy test will bear most heavily upon the Italians, Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Greeks, and Asiatics, and lightly, or not at all, upon English-speaking emigrants, or Germans, Scandinavians, and French. In other words, the races most affected by the illiteracy test are those whose emigration to this country has begun within the last twenty years and swelled rapidly to enormous proportions, races with which the English speaking people have never hitherto assimilated, and who are most alien to the great body of the people of the United States.[50]
Responding to these demands, opponents of the literacy test called for the establishment of an immigration commission to focus on immigration as a whole. The United States Immigration Commission, also known as the
Between the 1920s and the 1930s, the
After intense lobbying from the nativist movement, the United States Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921. This bill was the first to place numerical quotas on immigration. It capped the inflow of immigrations to 357,803 for those arriving outside of the western hemisphere.[49] However, this bill was only temporary, as Congress began debating a more permanent bill. The Emergency Quota Act was followed with the Immigration Act of 1924, a more permanent resolution. This law reduced the number of immigrants able to arrive from 357,803, the number established in the Emergency Quota Act, to 164,687.[49] Though this bill did not fully restrict immigration, it considerably curbed the flow of immigration into the United States, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe. During the late 1920s, an average of 270,000 immigrants were allowed to arrive, mainly because of the exemption of Canada and Latin American countries.[51] Fear of low-skilled Southern and Eastern European immigrants flooding the labor market was an issue in the 1920s, the 1930s, and the first decade of the 21st century (focused on immigrants from Mexico and Central America).
An
Noting the large-scale Mexican immigration in the Southwest, the Cold-War diplomat George F. Kennan in 2002 saw "unmistakable evidences of a growing differentiation between the cultures, respectively, of large southern and southwestern regions of this country, on the one hand", and those of "some northern regions". In the former, he warned:
the very culture of the bulk of the population of these regions will tend to be primarily Latin-American in nature rather than what is inherited from earlier American traditions ... Could it really be that there was so little of merit [in America] that it deserves to be recklessly trashed in favor of a polyglot mix-mash?"[55]
David Mayers argues that Kennan represented the "tradition of militant nativism" that resembled or even exceeded the Know Nothings of the 1850s.[56]
21st century
By late 2014, the "
- What started five years ago as a groundswell of conservatives committed to curtailing the reach of the federal government, cutting the deficit and countering the Wall Street wing of the Republican Party has become a movement largely against immigration overhaul. The politicians, intellectual leaders and activists who consider themselves part of the Tea Party have redirected their energy from fiscal austerity and small government to stopping any changes that would legitimize people who are here illegally, either through granting them citizenship or legal status.[57]
Political scientist and pollster Darrell Bricker, CEO of Ipsos Public Affairs, argues nativism is the root cause of the early 21st century wave of populism.
- [T]he jet fuel that’s really feeding the populist firestorm is nativism, the strong belief among an electorally important segment of the population that governments and other institutions should honour and protect the interests of their native-born citizens against the cultural changes being brought about by immigration. This, according to the populists, is about protecting the “Real America” (or “Real Britain” or “Real Poland” or “Real France” or “Real Hungary”) from imported influences that are destroying the values and cultures that have made their countries great.
- Importantly, it’s not just the nativists who are saying this is a battle over values and culture. Their strongest opponents believe this too, and they are not prepared to concede the high ground on what constitutes a “real citizen” to the populists. For them, this is a battle about the rule of law, inclusiveness, open borders, and global participation.[58]
In his 2016 bid for the presidency, Republican presidential candidate
that Trump was transforming the GOP into a populist, nativist party:- Trump has been drawing on a base of alienated white working-class and middle-class voters, seeking to remake the G.O.P. into a more populist, nativist, avowedly protectionist, and semi-isolationist party that is skeptical of immigration, free trade, and military interventionism.[59]
Donald Brand, a professor of political science, argues:
- Donald Trump's nativism is a fundamental corruption of the founding principles of the Republican Party. Nativists champion the purported interests of American citizens over those of immigrants, justifying their hostility to immigrants by the use of derogatory stereotypes: Mexicans are rapists; Muslims are terrorists.[60]
Language
American nativists have promoted
Europe
In recent decades distrust of immigrating populations and populism have become major themes in considering political tensions in Europe. Many observers see the post-1950s wave of immigration in Europe as fundamentally different to the pre-1914 patterns. They debate the role of cultural differences, ghettos, race, Muslim fundamentalism, poor education and poverty play in creating nativism among the hosts and a caste-type underclass, more similar to white-black tensions in the US.[62] Sociologists Josip Kešić and Jan Willem Duyvendak define nativism as an intense opposition to an internal minority that is portrayed as a threat to the nation because of its different values and priorities. There are three subtypes: secularist nativism; racial nativism; and populist nativism that seeks to restore the historic power and prestige of indigenous elites.[63]
France
Once Italian workers in France had understood the benefit of unionism, and French unions were willing to overcome their fear of Italians as strikebreakers, integration was open for most Italian immigrants. The French state, which was always more of an immigration state than other Western European nations, fostered and supported family-based immigration, and thus helped Italians on their immigration trajectory, with minimal nativism.[62] Algerian migration to France has generated nativism, characterized by the prominence of
Since the 1990s France experienced rising levels of Islamic antisemitism and acts.[64] By 2006, rising levels of antisemitism were recorded in French schools. Reports related to the tensions between the children of North African Muslim immigrants and North African Jewish children.[65] In the first half of 2009, an estimated 631 recorded acts of antisemitism took place in France, more than the whole of 2008.[66] Speaking to the World Jewish Congress in December 2009, the French Interior Minister Hortefeux described the acts of antisemitism as "a poison to our republic". He also announced that he would appoint a special coordinator for fighting racism and antisemitism.[67]
Germany
Nativism grew rapidly in the 1990s and since.[68][69]
United Kingdom
The city of
1930s
In 1933–1939, many people from Nazi Germany, particularly those belonging to minorities which were persecuted under Nazi rule, especially the Jews, sought to emigrate to the United Kingdom. As many as 50,000 may have been successful. There were immigration caps on the number who could enter and, subsequently, some applicants were turned away. When the UK declared war on Germany in 1939, however, migration between the countries ceased.[72]
See also
- Right-wing politics
- Far-right politics
- Bumiputera
- Criticism of multiculturalism
- Dehumanization
- Dominization
- Emiratization
- Ethnic nationalism
- Ethnocentrism
- Fundamentalism
- Han chauvinism
- Hindutva
- Hispanophobia
- History of immigration to the United States
- Hyphenated American
- Identity politics
- Illegal immigration to the United States
- Islamophobia
- Jus sanguinis
- Leitkultur, a German term for a dominant culture
- Localism (politics)
- Nationalism
- National conservatism
- Opposition to immigration
- Paleoconservatism
- Paleolibertarianism
- Pashtunwali
- Qatarization
- Racial nationalism
- Racism
- Discrimination based on skin color
- Racism against Asians
- Racism by country
- Discrimination in the United States
- Racism in the United States
- Race and ethnicity in the United States
- Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States
- Interminority racism in the United States
- Racism against African Americans
- Racism against Native Americans in the United States
- Racial views of Donald Trump
- Woodrow Wilson and race
- Discrimination in the United States
- Religious discrimination
- Religious intolerance
- Religious persecution
- Rivers of Blood speech
- Saudization
- Scapegoating
- Supremacism#Racial
- Xenophobia
- Antisemitism
- Othering
- Johnny Foreigner, a xenophobic slur
- List of conspiracy theories#Antisemitism
- Stab-in-the-back myth
- White genocide conspiracy theory
- Great Replacement Theory
- Unite the Right Rally
- Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory
- Xenophobia
References
- ^ "the definition of nativism". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ^ Goldfield, David (2007), "Nativism", Encyclopedia of American Urban History, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 521–522, retrieved 4 March 2024
- ISBN 978-0-7546-4231-2.
- ^ a b Ray A. Billington, The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism (1938)
- ^ Friedman, Uri (11 April 2017). "What Is a Nativist?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ Fetzer, Joel S. (January 2000), "Economic self-interest or cultural marginality? Anti-immigration sentiment and nativist political movements in France, Germany and the USA", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 5–23
- ^ D. Groenfeldt, "The future of indigenous values: cultural relativism in the face of economic development," Futures Volume 35, Issue 9, November 2003, pp. 917–29
- ^ Anbinder, (2006); Barkan, (2003); Betz, (2007); Higham, (1955); Lucassen, (2005); Palmer, (1992); and Schrag, (2010)
- ^ "Immigration and the Welfare State in Canada: Growing Conflicts, Constructive Solutions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
- S2CID 241032808, retrieved 13 February 2022
- ^ Hans-Georg Betz, "Facets of nativism: a heuristic exploration" Patterns of Prejudice (2019) 53#2 pp 111-135.
- ^ Hans-Georg Betz, Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe (1994).
- ^ After 1905, 4000 "Kanakas" were repatriated and the remaining 2500 were pushed out of the canefields by labour unions. Doug Munro, "The Labor Trade in Melanesians to Queensland: An Historiographic Essay," Journal of Social History, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Spring, 1995), pp. 609–27
- ^ a b Jensen, Richard (Spring 2009). "Comparative nativism: the United States, Canada and Australia, 1880s–1910s". Canadian Issues: 45–55. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- ^ Charles S. Blackton, "Australian Nationality and Nativism: The Australian Natives' Association, 1885–1901," Journal of Modern History, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Mar., 1958), pp. 37–46 in JSTOR
- ^ Dutter, Barbie; Spillius, Alex; Chapman, Paul (30 August 2001). "Boat people facing a wave of hatred". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
...it is these people – condemned as "queue-jumpers" by the public and politicians alike – who have pushed simmering resentment to boiling point.
- ^ Myers, Brian Reynolds (3 January 2024). "No, Kim Hasn't Given Up on Unification". Sthele Press. Busan, South Korea.
[The] Minjoo Party, [is] a nationalist, anti-immigration, pro-Chinese, Ukraine-indifferent, none-too-LGBT-friendly party
- ^ A-chin Hsiau, Politics and Cultural Nativism in 1970s Taiwan: Youth, Narrative, Nationalism (Columbia University Press, 2021).
- ^ Dominic Meng-Hsuan Yang, The great exodus from China: Trauma, memory, and identity in modern Taiwan (Cambridge University Press, 2020).
- ^ Brasnett, Jonathan (17 March 2022). "POLITICS AND CULTURAL NATIVISM IN 1970s TAIWAN: Youth, Narrative, Nationalism". Pacific Affairs (UBC Journal). University of Ottawa. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ^ RIOS, Roger Raupp. Text excerpted from a judicial sentence concerning crime of racism. Federal Justice of 10ª Vara da Circunscrição Judiciária de Porto Alegre, November 16, 2001 (Accessed September 10, 2008)
- ^ a b c d e f SUZUKI Jr, Matinas. História da discriminação brasileira contra os japoneses sai do limbo in Folha de S.Paulo, 20 de abril de 2008 (visitado em 17 de agosto de 2008)
- ^ "Memória da Imigração Japonesa". Archived from the original on 10 May 2013.
- ^ de Souza Rodrigues, Julia; Caballero Lois, Cecilia. "Uma análise da imigração (in) desejável a partir da legislação brasileira: promoção, restrição e seleção na política imigratória".
- ^ (in Portuguese) Carta Maior – International News Section – Brazil, hope for Haitian illegal immigrants Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
- S2CID 159767979.
- ^ Martin Robin, Shades of Right: Nativist and Fascist Politics in Canada, 1920–1940 (1991), quote on pp. 23–24. Robin p 86, notes the Klan in Canada was not violent.
- ^ Frances Swyripa and John Herd Thompson, eds. Loyalties in Conflict: Ukrainians in Canada During the Great War (1983); and Bohdan Kordan, Enemy Aliens, Prisoners of War: Internment in Canada During the Great War (2002)
- JSTOR 3023407.
- ^ Ross McCormack, "Cloth Caps and Jobs: The Ethnicity of English Immigrants in Canada, 1900–1914," in Jorgan Dahlie and Tissa Fernando, eds. Ethnicity, Power, and Politics in Canada (1981); Susan Jackel, A Flannel Shirt and Liberty: British Emigrant Gentlewomen in the Canadian West, 1880–1914 (1982) p. xx; Basil Stewart, "No English Need Apply": Or, Canada as a Field for the Emigrant (1909)
- ^ John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (1955), p. 2.
- ^ Do you speak American . Sea to shining Sea . Official American . English only | PBS. (n.d.). https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/officialamerican/englishonly/#:~:text=The%20English%2Donly%20nativists%20who,English%20majority%20in%20the%20colony.
- ^ John B. Frantz, "Franklin and the Pennsylvania Germans," Pennsylvania History, 65#1 (1998), 21–34 online
- ^ Douglas Bradburn, "A clamor in the public mind: Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts." William and Mary Quarterly 65.3 (2008): 565-600. online
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary (under "Nativism"), citing Whig Almanac 1845 4/2.
- ^ Tyler Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s (1992).
- ^ Billington, The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860
- ^ "Kaufmann, EP, 'American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon Ethnogenesis in The "Universal" Nation, 1776-1850,' Journal of American Studies, 33 (1999), 3, Pp. 437-457 | PDF | Ethnic Groups | Nativism (Politics)". Scribd.
- ^ Quoted in James Fairfax McLaughlin, The life and times of John Kelly, tribune of the people (1885) pp 72-73 online
- ^ Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s
- ^ Smith, Peter. "Recalling Bloody Monday; Events to mark 1855 anti-immigrant riots in city," The Courier-Journal, Louisville, Ky. (July 30, 2005); Crews, Clyde: An American Holy Land: A History of the Archdiocese of Louisville (1990).
- ^ Donald L. Kinzer, Episode in Anti-Catholicism: The American Protective Association (1964)
- ^ a b Quoted on p. 388 of William Foote Whyte, "The Bennett Law Campaign in Wisconsin," Wisconsin Magazine Of History, 10: 4 (1926–1927), p. 388
- ^ Frederick C. Luebke, Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I (1974); Terrence G. Wiley, "The Imposition of World War I Era English-Only Policies and the Fate of German in North America," in Barbara Burnaby and Thomas K. Ricento, eds. Language and Politics in the United States and Canada: Myths and Realities (1998); Russell A. Kazal, Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity (2004)
- ^ Stuart Macintyre, The Oxford History of Australia: vol. 4, The Succeeding Age, 1901–1942 (1993), pp. 153–55; Jurgen Tampke, The Germans in Australia (2007) pp. 120–24.
- ISBN 9780313379475.
- ^ Erika Lee, At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882–1943 (2003)
- ^ Jeffrey Marcos Garcilazo, `Traqueros': Mexican Railroad Workers in the United States, 1870 to 1930. PhD U. of California, Santa Barbara 1995. 374 pp. DAI 1996 56(8): 3277–78-A. DA9542027 Fulltext: online at ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
- ^ JSTOR 20148034.
- ^ Lodge, Henry Cabot. "The Restriction Immigration" (PDF). University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
- ^ a b Higham, John (1963). Strangers in the Land. Atheneum. p. 324.
- ^ OCLC 40830038.
- ^ Todd Tucker, Notre Dame Vs. the Klan: How the Fighting Irish Defeated the Ku Klux Klan (2004)
- ^ Huntington, Clash of Civilizations (1997)
- ^ Bill Kauffman, Free Vermont Archived 2010-10-26 at the Wayback Machine, The American Conservative December 19, 2005.
- ^ David Mayers, George Kennan and the Dilemmas of US Foreign Policy (1990) ch 3
- ^ Jeremy W. Peters, "Obama's Immigration Action Reinvigorates Tea Party," New York Times Nov 25, 2014
- ^ Darrell Bricker, “Next: Where to Live, What do Buy, and Who Will Lead Canada’s Future,” HarperCollins Publishers, 2020, pp. 166-167
- ^ John Cassidy, "Donald Trump Is Transforming the G.O.P. into a Populist, Nativist Party. The New Yorker Feb. 29, 2016
- ^ Donald Brand, "How Donald Trump's Nativism Ruined the GOP" Fortune June 21, 2016
- ^ Brandon Simpson, The American Language: The Case Against the English-only Movement (2009)
- ^ a b c d e Lucassen 2005
- ^ Josip Kešić and Jan Willem Duyvendak, "The nation under threat: secularist, racial and populist nativism in the Netherlands, Patterns of Prejudice (2019) 53#5 pp 441-463.
- ^ Dominique Schnapper, "Perceptions of Antisemitism in France." Antisemitism in the Contemporary World (Routledge, 2021) pp. 261-272.
- ^ Smith, Craig S. (26 March 2006). "Jews in France Feel Sting as Anti-Semitism Surges Among Children of Immigrants". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
- ^ Anti-semitism is making a loud comeback The Jerusalem Post. 13 December 2009
- ^ French interior minister says anti-Semitism at an alarming level Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine 14 December 2009
- ^ Wesley D. Chapin, Germany for the Germans?: The Political Effects of International Migration (Greenwood, 1997).
- ^ Alexander W. Schmidt-Catran, and Dennis C. Spies, "Immigration and welfare support in Germany." American Sociological Review 81.2 (2016): 242-261. online
- ^ Bich Luu Lien, "Taking the Bread Out of Our Mouths": Xenophobia in Early Modern London," Immigrants and Minorities, (July 2000), Vol. 19 Issue 2, pp. 1–22
- ^ Daniel Renshaw, "What Makes a 'Good' Migrant? The division of migrants into those who are of benefit to British society and those who are not has a long history." History Today (2017) 67#11 pp 8-11.
- ^ Gerhard Hirschfeld, et al. Second chance: two centuries of German-speaking Jews in the United Kingdom (Mohr Siebeck, 1991). Patriot groups in the UK concerned with two tier policing, the erosion of British culture, mass immigration and a rapid change in demographics are often described as being far right although this is certainly not the case
Bibliography
- Betz, Hans-Georg. " Facets of nativism: a heuristic exploration" Patterns of Prejudice (2019) 53#2 pp 111–135.
- Groenfeldt, D. "The future of indigenous values: cultural relativism in the face of economic development", Futures, 35#9 (2003), pp. 917–29
- Jensen, Richard. "Comparative Nativism: The United States, Canada and Australia, 1880s–1910s," Canadian Journal for Social Research (2010) vol 3#1 pp. 45–55
- McNally, Mark. Proving the way: conflict and practice in the history of Japanese nativism (2005)
- Mamdani, M. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda (2001)
- Minkenberg, Michael. "The Radical Right and Anti-Immigrant Politics in Liberal Democracies since World War II: Evolution of a Political and Research Field." Polity 53.3 (2021): 394–417. doi.org/10.1086/714167
- Mudde, Cas. The relationship between immigration and nativism in Europe and North America (Washington press, 2012) online.
- Yakushko, Oksana. Modern-Day Xenophobia: Critical Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on the Roots of Anti-Immigrant Prejudice (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018)
United States
- Alexseev, Mikhail A. Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the United States (Cambridge University Press, 2005). 294 pp.
- Allerfeldt, Kristofer. Race, Radicalism, Religion, and Restriction: Immigration in the Pacific Northwest, 1890–1924. Praeger, 2003. 235 pp.
- Anbinder, Tyler. "Nativism and prejudice against immigrants," in A companion to American immigration, ed. by Reed Ueda (2006) pp. 177–201 excerpt
- Barkan, Elliott R. "Return of the Nativists? California Public Opinion and Immigration in the 1980s and 1990s." Social Science History 2003 27(2): 229–83. Project MUSE
- Billington, Ray Allen. The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism (1964) online
- Franchot, Jenny. Roads to Rome: The Antebellum Protestant Encounter with Catholicism (1994)
- Finzsch, Norbert, and Dietmar Schirmer, eds. Identity and Intolerance: Nationalism, Racism, and Xenophobia in Germany and the United States (2002)
- Higham, John, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (1955), the standard scholarly history
- Hueston, Robert Francis. The Catholic Press and Nativism, 1840–1860 (1976)
- Hughey, Matthew W. 'Show Me Your Papers! Obama's Birth and the Whiteness of Belonging.' Qualitative Sociology 35(2): 163–81 (2012)
- Kaufmann, Eric. American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon Ethnogenesis in the 'Universal' Nation, 1776–1850, Journal of American Studies, 33 (1999), 3, pp. 437–57.
- Lee, Erika. "America first, immigrants last: American xenophobia then and now." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 19.1 (2020): 3–18. online
- Lee, Erika. America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States (2019). excerpt
- Leonard, Ira M. and Robert D. Parmet. American Nativism 1830–1860 (1971)
- Luebke, Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I (1974)
- Oxx, Katie. The Nativist Movement in America: Religious Conflict in the 19th Century (2013)
- Schrag Peter. Not Fit For Our Society: Immigration and Nativism in America (University of California Press; 2010) 256 pp. online
Canada
- Houston, Cecil J. and Smyth, William J. The Sash Canada Wore: A Historical Geography of the Orange Order in Canada. U. of Toronto Press, 1980.
- McLaughlin, Robert. "Irish Nationalism and Orange Unionism in Canada: A Reappraisal," Éire-Ireland 41.3&4 (2007) 80–109
- Mclean, Lorna. "'To Become Part of Us': Ethnicity, Race, Literacy and the Canadian Immigration Act of 1919". Canadian Ethnic Studies 2004 36(2): 1–28. ISSN 0008-3496
- Miller, J. R. Equal Rights: The Jesuits’ Estates Act Controversy (1979). in late 19c Canada
- Palmer, Howard. Patterns of Prejudice: A History of Nativism in Alberta (1992)
- Robin, Martion. Shades of Right: Nativist and Fascist Politics in Canada, 1920–1940 (University of Toronto Press, 1992);
- See, S.W. Riots in New Brunswick: Orange Nativism and Social Violence in the 1840s (Univ of Toronto Press, 1993).
- Ward, W. Peter. White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy toward Orientals in British Columbia (1978)
Europe
- Alexseev, Mikhail A. Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the United States (Cambridge University Press, 2005). 294 pp.
- Art, David. Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe (Cambridge University Press; 2011) 288 pp. – examines anti-immigration activists and political candidates in 11 countries.
- Betz, Hans-Georg. "Against the 'Green Totalitarianism': Anti-Islamic Nativism in Contemporary Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe," in Christina Schori Liang, ed. Europe for the Europeans (2007)
- Betz, Hans-Georg. ""Facets of nativism: a heuristic exploration" Patterns of Prejudice (2019) 53#2 pp 111–135.
- Betz, Hans-Georg. Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe (1994).
- Ceuppens, Bambi. "Allochthons, Colonizers, and Scroungers: Exclusionary Populism in Belgium," African Studies Review, Volume 49, Number 2, September 2006, pp. 147–86 "Allochthons" means giving welfare benefits only to those groups that are considered to "truly belong"
- Chapin, Wesley D. Germany for the Germans?: The Political Effects of International Migration (Greenwood, 1997).
- Chinn, Jeff, and Robert Kaiser, eds. Russians as the New Minority: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Soviet Successor States (1996)
- Finzsch, Norbert, and Dietmar Schirmer, eds. Identity and Intolerance: Nationalism, Racism, and Xenophobia in Germany and the United States (2002)
- Lucassen, Leo. The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe since 1850. University of Illinois Press, 2005. 280 pp; ISBN 0-252-07294-4. Examines Irish immigrants in Britain, Polish immigrants in Germany, Italian immigrants in France (before 1940), and (since 1950), Caribbeans in Britain, Turks in Germany, and Algerians in France
- Liang, Christina Schori, ed. Europe for the Europeans (2007)
- Rose, Richard. "The End of Consensus in Austria and Switzerland," Journal of Democracy, Volume 11, Number 2, April 2000, pp. 26–40
- Wertheimer, Jack. Unwelcome Strangers: East European Jews in Imperial Germany (1991)
External links
- Henry A. Rhodes, "Nativist and Racist Movements in the U.S. and their Aftermath"
- Dennis Kearney, President, and H. L. Knight, Secretary, "Appeal from California. The Chinese Invasion. Workingmen’s Address," Indianapolis Times, 28 February 1878.
- "A Nation or Notion", by Patrick J. Buchanan, op-ed, 4 October 2006. A conservative defense of nativism.
- PoliticosLatinos.com Videos of 2008 US Presidential Election Candidates' Positions regarding Immigration
- "Anti-Immigration Groups and the Masks of False Diversity". False Diversity in Anti-Immigration organizations.
- A Defense of Nativism, Conservative Heritage Times.