Nehalem (microarchitecture)
Appearance
Core (tock) Penryn (tick) | |
Successors | Westmere (tick) Sandy Bridge (tock) |
---|---|
Support status | |
Unsupported |
Nehalem Core microarchitecture used on Core 2 processors.[3] The term "Nehalem" comes from the Nehalem River.[4][5]
Nehalem is built on the
45 nm process, is able to run at higher clock speeds without sacrificing efficiency, and is more energy-efficient than Penryn microprocessors. Hyper-threading is reintroduced, along with a reduction in L2 cache size, as well as an enlarged L3 cache that is shared among all cores. Nehalem is an architecture that differs radically from NetBurst
, while retaining some of the latter's minor features.
Nehalem later received a die-shrink to 32 nm with Westmere, and was fully succeeded by "second-generation" Sandy Bridge in January 2011.
Technology
- Cache line block on L2/L3 cache was reduced from 128 bytes in NetBurst & Merom/Penryn to 64 bytes per line in this generation (same size as Yonah and Pentium M).
- Hyper-threading reintroduced.
- Intel Turbo Boost 1.0.[6]
- 2–24 MiB Smart Cachein some models.
- Branch Target Buffer (BTB) and Return Stack Buffer (RSB). Nehalem also supports all predictor types previously used in Intel's processors like Indirect Predictor and Loop Detector.[7]
- sTLB (second level unified translation lookaside buffer) (i.e. both instructions and data) that contains 512 entries for small pages only, and is again 4 way associative.[8]
- 3 integer ALU, 2 vector ALU and 2 AGU per core.[9]
- Native (all processor cores on a single die) quad- , hex-, and octa-core processors
- front side bus.
- 64 KB L1 cache per core (32 KB L1 data and 32 KB L1 instruction), and 256 KB L2 cache per core.
- Integration of PCI Express and DMI into the processor in mid-range models, replacing the northbridge.
- Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of DDR3 SDRAM or four FB-DIMM2 channels.
- Second-generation Intel Virtualization Technology, which introduced Extended Page Table support, virtual processor identifiers (VPIDs), and non-maskable interrupt-window exiting. [10]
- SSE4.2and
POPCNT
instructions. - Macro-op fusionnow works in 64-bit mode.
- 20 to 24 pipeline stages.[11]
Translation lookaside buffer sizes[12] Cache Page Size Name Level 4 KB 2 MB DTLB 1st 64 32 ITLB 1st 128 7 / logical core STLB 2nd 512 none
Performance and power improvements
It has been reported that Nehalem has a focus on performance, thus the increased core size.[13] Compared to Penryn, Nehalem has:
- 10–25% better single-threaded performance / 20–100% better multithreadedperformance at the same power level
- 30% lower power consumption for the same performance
- On average, Nehalem provides a 15–20% clock-for-clock increase in performance per core.
Overclocking is possible with Bloomfield processors and the X58 chipset. Lynnfield processors use a PCH removing the need for a northbridge.[14]
Nehalem processors incorporate
SIMD instructions, adding seven new instructions to the SSE 4.1 set in the Core 2 series. The Nehalem architecture reduces atomic operation latency by 50% in an attempt to eliminate overhead on atomic operations such as the
LOCK CMPXCHG
compare-and-swap instruction.[15]Variants
Processing Cores (interface) | Process | Die Size | million transistors | CPUID | Model | Stepping | Mobile | Desktop, UP Server | DP Server | MP Server |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eight-Core (Quad-Channel) | 45 nm | 684 mm2 | 2.300[16] | 206E6 | 46 | D0 | Beckton (80604)
| |||
Quad-Core (Triple-Channel) | 263 mm2 | 731 | 106A4 106A5 |
26 | C0/C1 D0 |
Bloomfield (80601) | Gainestown (80602) |
|||
Quad-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe) | 296 mm2 | 774 | 106E4 106E5 |
30 | B0 B1 |
Clarksfield (80607) | Lynnfield (80605) | Jasper Forest (80612) |
||
Dual-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core) | ? | Auburndale (80608) (canceled) | Havendale (80606) (canceled) |
- Lynnfield processors feature 16 PCIe lanes, which can be used in 1x16 or 2x8 configuration.
- 1 6500 series scalable up to 2 sockets, 7500 series scalable up to 4/8 sockets.[17]
Server, workstation, and desktop processors
Codename | Market | Cores (threads) |
Socket | Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate |
Turbo
|
TDP
|
Interfaces | L3 cache |
Release Date | Price for 1k Unit | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chipset | Memory | ||||||||||||
Beckton1 | MP Server / DP Server |
8 (16) | LGA 1567 |
Xeon
7000[18] |
X7560 | 2.26 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 4× GT /s
|
DDR3-800 / 1066 (Up to 4x with SMB-Ready motherboard) |
24 MB | 2010-03-30[19] | $3692 |
X7550 | 2.0 GHz | 18 MB | $2837 | ||||||||||
X6550 | $2461 | ||||||||||||
L7555 | 1.86 GHz | 95 W | 4× QPI 5.86 GT/s | 24 MB | $3157 | ||||||||
6 (12) | E7540 | 2.0 GHz | 105 W | 4× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 18 MB | $1980 | |||||||
E6540 | 12 MB | $1712 | |||||||||||
E7530 | 1.86 GHz | 4× QPI 5.86 GT/s | $1391 | ||||||||||
L7545 | 95 W | 18 MB | $2087 | ||||||||||
6 (6) | X7542 | 2.66 GHz | 130 W | $1980 | |||||||||
4 (8) | E7520 | 1.86 GHz | No | 105 W | 4× QPI 4.8 GT/s | $856 | |||||||
E6510 | 1.73 GHz | 12 MB | $744 | ||||||||||
Gainestown | DP Server[20] | 4 (8) | LGA 1366 |
Xeon
5000[21] |
W5590 | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-13331 | 8 MB | 2009-08-09 | $1600 |
W5580 | 3.2 GHz | 2009-03-29[22] | $1500 | ||||||||||
X5570 | 2.93 GHz | 95 W | $1286 | ||||||||||
X5560 | 2.8 GHz | $1072 | |||||||||||
X5550 | 2.66 GHz | $858 | |||||||||||
E5540 | 2.53 GHz | 80 W | 2× 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-10661 | $744 | ||||||||
E5530 | 2.4 GHz | $530 | |||||||||||
E5520 | 2.26 GHz | $373 | |||||||||||
L5530 | 2.4 GHz | 60 W | 2009-08-09 | $744 | |||||||||
L5520 | 2.26 GHz | 2009-03-30 | $530 | ||||||||||
L5518 | 2.13 GHz | $ | |||||||||||
4 (4) | E5507 | 2.26 GHz | No | 80 W | 2× 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-8001 | 4 MB | 2010-03-16 | $266 | ||||
E5506 | 2.13 GHz | 2009-03-29 | |||||||||||
L5506 | 2.13 GHz | 60 W | $423 | ||||||||||
E5504 | 2.0 GHz | 80 W | $224 | ||||||||||
2 (4) | L5508 | 2.0 GHz | Yes | 38 W | 2× 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 8 MB | $ | |||||
2 (2) | E5503 | 2.0 GHz | No | 80 W | 2× 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-800 | 4 MB | 2010-03-16 | $224 | ||||
E5502 | 1.86 GHz | 2009-03-29 | $188 | ||||||||||
Jasper
Forest |
4 (8) | EC5549 | 2.53 GHz | Yes | 85 W | 1× 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 8 MB | 2010-02-11 | $530 | |||
LC5528 | 2.13 GHz | 60 W | 1× 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | $519 | ||||||||
LC5518 | 1.73 GHz | 48 W | |||||||||||
4 (4) | EC5509 | 2 GHz | No | 85 W | $265 | ||||||||
2 (4) | EC5539 | 2.27 GHz | 65 W | 1× 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 4 MB | $387 | ||||||
Bloomfield | UP Server[23] | 4 (8) | Xeon
3000[24] |
W3580 | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 8 MB | 2009-08-09 | $999 | |
W3570 | 3.2 GHz | 2009-03-29[24] | |||||||||||
W3565 | 3.2 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 2009-11-01 | $562 | ||||||||
W3550 | 3.06 GHz | 2009-08-09 | |||||||||||
W3540 | 2.93 GHz | 2009-03-29[24] | |||||||||||
W3530 | 2.8 GHz | 2010-03-16 | $294 | ||||||||||
W3520 | 2.66 GHz | 2009-03-29[24] | $284 | ||||||||||
2 (2) | W3505 | 2.53 GHz | No | 4 MB | $ | ||||||||
W3503 | 2.4 GHz | $ | |||||||||||
Jasper
Forest |
4 (4) | EC3539 | 2.13 GHz | 65 W | DMI | 8 MB | 2010-02-11 | $302 | |||||
2 (4) | LC3528 | 1.73 GHz | Yes | 35 W | 3× DDR3-800 | 4 MB | |||||||
1 (1) | LC3518 | No | 23 W | 2 MB | $192 | ||||||||
Lynnfield | 4 (8) | LGA 1156 |
X3480 | 3.06 GHz | Yes | 95 W | DMI | 2× DDR3-1333 | 8 MB | 2010-05-30 | $612 | ||
X3470 | 2.93 GHz | 2009-09-08 | $589 | ||||||||||
X3460 | 2.8 GHz | $316 | |||||||||||
X3450 | 2.66 GHz | $241 | |||||||||||
X3440 | 2.53 GHz | $215 | |||||||||||
L3426 | 1.86 GHz | 45 W | $284 | ||||||||||
4 (4) | X3430 | 2.4 GHz | 95 W | $189 | |||||||||
Bloomfield | Enthusiast Desktop[25] |
4 (8) | LGA 1366 |
Core i7 Extreme |
975X[26] | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 2009-05-31 | $999 | |
965X | 3.2 GHz | 2008-11-17 | |||||||||||
Core i7 | 960[27] | 3.2 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 2009-10-20 | $562 | ||||||||
950[26] | 3.06 GHz | 2009-05-31 | |||||||||||
940 | 2.93 GHz | 2008-11-17 | |||||||||||
930 | 2.8 GHz | 2010-02-28 | $294 | ||||||||||
920 | 2.66 GHz | 2008-11-17 | $284 | ||||||||||
Lynnfield | Performance Desktop |
LGA 1156 |
880 | 3.06 GHz | Yes | 95 W | DMI | 2× DDR3-1333 | 2010-05-30 | $583 | |||
875K | 2.93 GHz | $342 | |||||||||||
870[28] | 2009-09-08 | $562 | |||||||||||
870S | 2.66 GHz | 82 W | 2010-07-19 | $351 | |||||||||
860 | 2.8 GHz | 95 W | 2009-09-08 | $284 | |||||||||
860S | 2.53 GHz | 82 W | 2010-01-07 | $337 | |||||||||
4 (4) | Core i5 | 760 | 2.8 GHz | 95 W | 2010-07-17 | $209 | |||||||
750[29] | 2.66 GHz | 95 W | 2009-09-08 | $196 | |||||||||
750S | 2.4 GHz | 82 W | 2010-01-07 | $259 | |||||||||
Jasper
Forest |
Embedded Desktop |
1 (2) | LGA 1366 |
Celeron | P1053 | 1.33 GHz | No | 30 W | 3× DDR3-800 | 2 MB | 2010-12-02 | $160 |
- Intel states the Gainestown processors have six memory channels. Gainestown processors have dual QPI links and have a separate set of memory registers for each link in effect, a multiplexed six-channel system.[30][31]
Mobile processors
Codename | Market | Cores / Threads |
Socket | Processor Branding & Model |
Core Clock rate |
Turbo
|
TDP
|
L3 cache |
Interface | Release Date | Price for 1k Unit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clarksfield | Extreme
mobile |
4 (8) | Socket G1
rPGA 988 |
Core i7 Extreme |
940XM | 2.13 GHz | Yes | 55 W | 8 MB | * DMI * 2x DDR3-1333 * PCIe 1 x16 / 2 x8 |
2010-06-21 | $1096 |
920XM | 2.0 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $1054 | |||||||||
Quad-core
mobile Performande mobile |
Core i7 | 840QM | 1.86 GHz | 45 W | 2010-06-21 | $568 | ||||||
820QM | 1.73 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $546 | |||||||||
740QM | 6 MB | 2010-06-21 | $378 | |||||||||
720QM | 1.6 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $364 |
See also
References
- ^ I Am Nehalem
- ^ Gruener, Wolfgang (August 10, 2008), Nehalem = i7: Intel unveils new Core processor brand, TG Daily, archived from the original on August 14, 2009, retrieved August 11, 2008
- ^ Intel Details Upcoming New Processor Generations, Intel Corporation, March 28, 2007
- ^ Ian, King (October 20, 2008), Intel's new faster chip right on AMD's heels, The Seattle Times
- ^ Jones, George (February 9, 2008), IAMD vs Intel: The future of desktop CPUs, PC Advisor UK
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Kanter, David. "Inside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System".
- ^ Kanter, David. "Inside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System".
- ^ Kanter, David. "Intel's Sandy Bridge Microarchitecture".
- ^ "Inside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System". Retrieved December 29, 2014.
- ^ "Feature - Intel Core i7 - Nehalem Architecture Dive". bit-tech. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
- ^ "Intel Developer Zone". Intel.
- ^ "Intel's dual teamed approached to micro-architecture development", PC Watch (in Japanese), January 29, 2008
- ^ Botezatu, Bogdan (April 22, 2008), Intel: No Overclocking for Mainstream Nehalems, Softpedia
- ^ NO EXECUTE!
- ^ "Nehalem - Microarchitectures - Intel - WikiChip". en.wikichip.org. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ^ Johan De Gelas. "AnandTech - High-End x86: The Nehalem EX Xeon 7500 and Dell R810". Retrieved December 29, 2014.
- ^ AMD launches 12-core Opteron server chips, Intel counters with the 8-core Xeon 7500, engadedget.com, March 31, 2010, retrieved March 31, 2010
- ^ Nebojsa Novakovic (February 12, 2009), Intel's next bunch of fun CPUs moves to 2010, CNN International, archived from the original on March 4, 2009, retrieved March 1, 2009
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Product brief, (Document Number: 321579-001US) (PDF), Intel, April 1, 2009, retrieved August 27, 2010
- ^ Core i7 to make leap to Xeon in early 2009, Legacy.macnn.com, archived from the original on December 7, 2008, retrieved November 24, 2008
- ^ Fuad Abazovic (January 28, 2009), Nehalem based Xeon comes Mar 29th, Fudzilla.com, retrieved January 28, 2009[permanent dead link]
- ^ Intel Xeon Processor 3500 Series, Intel, April 1, 2009, retrieved April 10, 2009
- ^ a b c d Teglet, Traian (November 13, 2008), Intel to Add New Nehalem Xeon Processor, softpedia, retrieved November 13, 2008
- ^ "Intel Core i7 Processor Extreme Datasheet, Volume 2, (Document Number: 320835-002)" (PDF). Intel. November 1, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
- ^ a b Worrel, Jon (February 9, 2009), Core i7 950 and 975 to replace 940 and 965, Fudzilla, retrieved February 10, 2009[permanent dead link]
- ^ Intel to launch new Core i7 960 and Celerons
- ^ Intel Core i5-750, AnandTech, June 17, 2009
- ^ Intel Quietly Announces Core i5, Xtreview, June 26, 2009
- ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5000 SequenceTechnical Documents
- ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Datasheet Volume 2 (PDF), Intel, March 2009, retrieved May 1, 2009
Further reading
- InfoWorld review: Intel's Westmere struts its stuff, InfoWorld, March 16, 2010
- IDF: Intel Clarkdale Up Close and Personal, X-bit Labs, September 24, 2009, archived from the original on March 8, 2011
- Intel Core i7 Processors: Nehalem and X58 Have Arrived, Hot Hardware, November 3, 2008, archived from the original on March 6, 2009, retrieved June 10, 2009
- Intel Core i7 CPU & Nehalem Architecture Review, hardCOREware.net, November 3, 2008, archived from the original on November 6, 2008
- Intel Nehalem Core i7 Series Complete Review, PC Perspective, November 3, 2008, archived from the original on November 6, 2008, retrieved November 3, 2008
- Intel Nehalem Core i7 940 Review, Xtreview, October 1, 2008
- Altavilla, Dave (March 17, 2008), Intel Showcases Dunnington, Nehalem and Larrabee Processors, HotHardware, archived from the original on May 23, 2012, retrieved March 26, 2008
- Shrout, Ryan (March 28, 2008), Intel Slides and Nehalem architecture information, PC Perspective, archived from the original on May 14, 2010, retrieved April 23, 2007
- Stokes, Jon (March 28, 2007), Intel drops a Nehalem bomb on AMD's Fusion: integrated graphics, on-die memory controller, SMT, Ars Technica
- Lal Shimpi, Anand (September 18, 2007), Nehalem: Single die, 8-cores, 731M transistors, AnandTech
- Lal Shimpi, Anand (November 3, 2008), Nehalem - Everything You Need to Know about Intel's New Architecture, AnandTech
- David Kanter (April 4, 2010). "Inside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System". realworldtech.com. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
- Holland, Maggie (September 19, 2007), IDF 2007: Intel debuts Nehalem, IT Pro, archived from the original on October 18, 2007
- Everything we know about Nehalem (in Spanish), CHW.net, January 5, 2008, archived from the original on July 5, 2008
- Stokes, Jon (April 9, 2008), What you need to know about Intel's Nehalem CPU, Ars Technica
- Torres, Gabriel (March 17, 2008), Details on the Forthcoming Intel Nehalem Processor, Hardware Secrets, archived from the original on May 16, 2008
- Shimpi, Anand Lal (June 5, 2008), The Nehalem Preview: Intel Does It Again, AnandTech
- Shimpi, Anand Lal (August 21, 2008), Nehalem – Everything You Need to Know about Intel's New Architecture, AnandTech
- First Look at Nehalem Microarchitecture, X-bit Labs, November 2, 2008, archived from the original on November 6, 2008
External links
- Nehalem processor at Intel.com