Petty kingdom

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A petty kingdom is a

Kingdom of Mann and the Isles relative to the kingdoms of Scotland or England
or the Viking kingdoms of Scandinavia.

In the parallel mainland

Southeast Asian political model, petty kingdoms were known as mueang
.

By the European

Early Modern era, many of these principalities had been mediatized into larger monarchies, but the ruling families were not considered morganatic for marriage considerations, and ranked equal to royal families in society. The various small states of the Holy Roman Empire are generally not considered to be petty kingdoms since they were at least nominally subject to the Holy Roman Emperor
and not fully independent.

Anatolia

Further information: Anatolian beyliks

Beyliks were small Turkish principalities (or petty kingdoms) governed by

Seljuq Sultanate of Rum
during the second half of the 13th century.

The

Süleyman the Magnificent who more or less completely united the present territories of Turkey
(and much more) in his 1534 campaign. Many of the former Anatolian beyliks became the basis for administrative subdivisions in the Ottoman Empire.

England

Main articles:
List of Anglo-Saxon monarchs and kingdoms

Before the

East Anglia (formed from the union of the early kingdoms of Suffolk and Norfolk), Sussex, Kent, and Essex. Other small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms existed at various points, including Hwicce, Lindsey (which survived as the Parts of Lindsey, Lincolnshire) and the Wihtwara (Isle of Wight). These are commonly referred to as "petty kingdoms".[1][2][3][4]

During the 9th and 10th centuries, the Norse also established the

Kingdom of Jórvík centred around York, and the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw
(a.k.a. Danish Mercia). They also controlled the Kingdom of East Anglia during this period.

Prior to the arrival of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes (the later Anglo-Saxons) what is now England was ruled by numerous Brittonic kings, which are discussed under Wales below.

Iberian peninsula

The

Caliphate of Cordoba
in 1031.

There were various Christian petty kingdoms as well on the peninsula that, in the Middle Ages, consolidated into the modern states of

Kingdom of Spain
.

These include:

The Kingdom of Portugal remained independent throughout most of the period of consolidation, except for a period of 60 years (1580–1640) when it was part of the Iberian Union.

Ireland

Main articles:
Kingdoms of Ireland and Gaelic Ireland

The earliest known kingdoms or

Voluntii (identified as the Ulaid nation or Uluti tribe), Eblani, Cauci, Menapii, Coriondi and Brigantes
tribes and kingdoms.

Irish

Westmeath
, modern Irish an Mhí and an Iarmhí) in the centre/east, ceased to exist in the Middle Ages.

At various points in history there existed a

Kings of Tara
who did not rule all of Ireland but were recognised as holding positions of authority over the other kings. These two titles were not mutually exclusive and were often held by the same individual.

Each of the kings of these kingdoms (titled rí ruirech or 'king of over-kings') was himself an over-king of several regional kings (titled rí buiden or rí tuath), who in turn ruled over several túatha, whose rulers held the title rí benn or ri tuaithe. The territories and hierarchy of all of these constantly shifted as old dynasties died and new ones formed, and as lower kings took higher positions. Many of these túatha survived as later Irish baronies.

Several of the regional kings were at various points independent of their provincial over-king and indeed rivalled them in power and territory.

Tuadhmhumhain
(Thomond, literally North Munster).

In addition to the Irish petty kingdoms, there was a Norse presence on the island from the 9th century. They conquered Dublin, where they established the

Kingdom of Jórvík
which was centred on modern York, England. The Norse also controlled several other coastal settlements, including Wexford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick.

Nepal

Before the

Karnali region was called the Baise Rajya (Nepali: बाइसे राज्य), i.e. 22 Kingdoms, and the Gandaki region to the east was called Chaubisi Rajya (Nepali
: चौबिसी राज्य), i.e. 24 Kingdoms.

Norway

Main article: Petty kingdoms of Norway
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unification of Norway.

The petty kingdoms of Norway numbered at least 28:

Philippines

Main article: History of the Philippines (900–1565)
Sultanate of Lanao
Cainta
Caboloan
Ibalon
Samtoy
Chiefdom of Taytay
class=notpageimage|
Locations of pre-colonial principalities, polities, kingdoms and sultanates in the Philippine archipelago


The Pre-colonial petty kingdoms of the Philippines were locally known as

Barangays
and can be divided into culture groups, over whether they were predominantly Malay, Indianized, Sinified or Islamized.

Serbia

Main article: Serbia in the Middle Ages

Medieval

Hum (roughly corresponding to present-day Herzegovina
and some of its surroundings).

Scotland

There were many petty kingdoms in Scotland before its unification. They can be grouped by language:

Sweden

Further information: Consolidation of Sweden

According to the

Norse sagas, and modern history, Sweden was divided into more-or-less independent units in some areas corresponding to the folklands and the modern traditional provinces. According to the sagas, the folklands and provinces of eastern Svealand were united under the Swedish king at Gamla Uppsala. Moreover, the domains of this king could also include parts of Götaland and even southern Norway. This probably reflects the volatile politics of Iron Age Scandinavia. The province of Småland
once consisted of several petty kingdoms; indeed, the name Småland means small lands/countries.

Tanzania

Further information: Chagga states

Chagga Kingdoms, also historically referred to as the Chaggaland, were a pre-colonial series of a Bantu sovereign states of the

Kichagga
). After that, Kilimanjaro was included in the governing structure, and the "chiefs" authority was constrained accordingly. From 1886 to 1916, Kilimanjaro was governed by the Germans as part of German East Africa. From 1916 to 1961, it was governed by the British as a part of the territory that had been renamed Tanganyika. In December 1961, it was incorporated into the independent sovereign state of Tanganyika. However, as of 1899, there were 37 Kingdoms atop the mountain, according to August Windenmann, a German surgeon stationed at Moshi in the 1890s.

Wales

Rarely has the country of Wales formed one cohesive kingdom. For the greater part of its history, Wales evolved into four kingdoms, or principalities, following the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century. Mountainous terrain, forested river valleys, and remote upland

Llywelyn the Great
would be able to secure their position as Prince of the Welsh.

Hen Ogledd

There existed other Brittonic petty kingdoms outside modern Wales and the North West of England. These are collectively known as Hen Ogledd or 'the Old North'. With the exception of Ystrad Clut, which became part of Scotland in around the 11th century, most of these had been absorbed into Anglo-Saxon kingdoms by the 8th century.

  • Rheged, located mainly in modern Northern England.
  • Gododdin, located in modern Scotland.
  • Ystrad Clut or Strathclyde, located mainly in modern South West Scotland but extending into Cumbria.
  • Deira. Anglo-Saxon kingdom in modern Yorkshire believed to be of Brittonic origin
  • Bryneich
    , located in modern North East England. Later became the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Bernicia.

See also

References

  1. ISBN 9780851158532
    . It is hard, in fact, even to find a satisfactory terminology for the political units we can imagine the early Anglo-Saxons to have had. Tribe, petty kingdom and kingdom are the terms most commonly used.
  2. ISBN 978-0-521-63351-2
    . Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  3. ISBN 978-1-108-47018-6
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9
    . S Britain (except Wales and Strathclyde) divided into a number of petty kingdoms incl. the so-called Heptarchy
  5. ^ Forsyth, "Lost Pictish Source", Watson, Celtic Place Names, pp. 108–109.
  6. ^ Bruford, "What happened to the Caledonians", Watson, Celtic Place Names, pp. 108–113.