Religious communism
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Religious communism is a form of
Overview
The term religious communism has been used to describe a variety of social or religious movements throughout history. The "commune of early
Bolshevik Mikhail Skachko stated at the Congress of the Peoples of the East that "the Muslim religion is rooted in principles of religious communism, by which no man may be a slave to another, and not a single piece of land may be privately owned."[5]
Definition
T. M. Browning described religious communism as a form of communism that "springs directly from principles native to a religion",[1] and Hans Hillerbrand defined religious communism as religious movements that advocated the "communal ownership of goods and the concomitant abrogation of private property".[2] Browning and Hillerbrand distinguished religious communism from political communism,[1] as well as from economic socialism.[2] Additionally, Hillerbrand contrasts religious communism with Marxism, which he describes as an ideology that called for eliminating religion.[2] Donald Drew Egbert and Stow Persons argued that "[c]hronologically, religious communism tended to precede secular [communism]."[6] Other scholars suggested that the traditional political communism, or Marxism, has always been a variety of religion.[7]
In
Fourierists in France were considered respectable socialists, while working-class movements that "proclaimed the necessity of total social change" denoted themselves as communists. This branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany.[9]
History
Some scholars have used religious communism to describe some 17th-century
Protestant movements that "disavow[ed] personal property".[2][10] Bhabagrahi Misra and James Preston described the "religious communism of the Shakers" as a "community in which all goods are held in common".[11] Larry Arnhart described "religious communism in the Oneida Community" as a system where "[e]xcept for a few personal items, they shared all their property".[12] Albert Fried wrote that "American religious communism reached its apogee" in the 1850s "[w]ith the rise of the Oneida community".[13]
According to Rod Janzen and Max Stanton, the
Anabaptists as proto-Communists".[14]
Other scholars have used the term religious communism to describe a communist social movement that developed in Paris in the 1840s, which was organized by "foreign-born, primarily German-speaking, journeyman-artisans who had settled there".Communist Party of Italy.[17]
Christian communism
The teachings of
Christian universalist teaching that humankind is one and that there is only one god who does not discriminate among people.[21]
Christian communism is an early form of
communitarian than communist, many advocates of Christian communism and other communists, including Karl Kautsky, argue that it was taught by Jesus and practiced by the apostles.[23] Several independent historians have supported the latter view.[24]
In the 16th century, English writer
Shenic theocratic kingdom, are viewed by the Chinese Communist Party as proto-communists.[31]
Islamic communism
Researchers have commented on the communistic nature of the society built by the
Ismaili around Al-Ahsa Oasis from the 9th to 10th centuries.[32] Kenneth Rexroth describes their community as practicing "communism of the urban gang or the roving band of robbers", while Jacques Bidet states that communism is inherent to modernity, and so no example in antiquity or medieval times qualifies as true communism due to a lack of class consciousness in those eras.[33][34][35]
Islamic Marxism attempts to apply
Marxist economic, political, and social teachings within an Islamic framework. An affinity between Marxist and Islamic ideals of social justice has led some Muslims to embrace forms of Marxism since the 1940s. Islamic Marxists believe that Islam meets the needs of society and can accommodate or guide the social changes Marxism hopes to accomplish. Islamic Marxists are also dismissive of traditional Marxist views on materialism and religion.[36]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Browning, T.B. (1878). "Communism". The Canadian Monthly and National Review. 13: 577. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-1135960285.
- ^ Montero 2017.
- ^ Wherry, E.M. (1896). A Comprehensive Commentary on the Quran and Preliminary Discourse. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Company. p. 66.
- ISBN 978-1317995395.
- ISBN 978-1400879892.
- S2CID 145672322.
- ISBN 978-0-00-633479-8.
- Penguin books. p. 202.
- ^ Bailey (1909), p. 299; Chase (1938); Guarneri (1994), p. 82
- ISBN 978-3110802658.
- ISBN 978-0791436943.
- ISBN 978-0231081412.
- ISBN 9780801899256.
- ISBN 978-0300032468.
- .
- JSTOR 466182.
- ^ Eagleton, Terry (2007). The Gospels: Jesus Christ.
- ^ Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard; et al. (30 April 2020). "Socialism". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
Early Christian communities also practiced the sharing of goods and labour, a simple form of socialism subsequently followed in certain forms of monasticism. Several monastic orders continue these practices today.
- ISBN 9781610698047.
- ISBN 0822957043.
- ^ Acts 2:44, 4:32–37 and 5:1–12. Other verses are Matthew 5:1–12 and 6:24, Luke 3:11 and 16:11, 2 Corinthians 8:13–15 and James 5:3.
- ^ Kautsky, Karl (1953) [1908]. "IV.II. The Christian Idea of the Messiah. Jesus as a Rebel.". Foundations of Christianity. Russell & Russell.
Christianity was the expression of class conflict in Antiquity.
- ^ Bang, p. 24; Boer (2009), p. 120; Ehrhardt (1969), p. 20; Ellicott & Plumptre (1910); Guthrie (1992), p. 46; Halteman Finger (2007), p. 39; Lansford (2007), pp. 24–25; The London Quarterly and Holborn Review, Volume 26 (1866), p. 502; Renan (1869), p. 152; von Mises (1981), p. 424; Montero (2017); Unterbrink (2004), p. 92
- ISBN 978-0-521-27551-4 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 978-1-61530-062-4.
- ^ Winstanley, Gerrard (2002) [1649]. Jones, Sandra (ed.). The True Levellers Standard Advanced: Or, the State of Community Opened, and Presented to the Sons of Men. Renascence Editions. Retrieved 11 January 2023 – via Digital Repository Unimib.
That we may work in righteousness, and lay the Foundation of making the Earth a Common Treasury for All, both Rich and Poor, That every one that is born in the Land, may be fed by the Earth his Mother that brought him forth, according to the Reason that rules in the Creation. Not Inclosing any part into any particular hand, but all as one man, working together, and feeding together as Sons of one Father, members of one Family; not one Lording over another, but all looking upon each other, as equals in the Creation; ... .
- ISBN 0-684-80577-4.
- ^ Bernstein, Eduard (1930). Cromwell and Communism. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- ^ Roche, Daniel (1993). La France des Lumières [France of the Enlightenment] (in French).
- ^ Little, Daniel (17 May 2009). Marx and the Taipings. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
Mao and the Chinese Communists largely represented the Taiping rebellion as a proto-communist uprising.
- ^ Fahes, Fadi A. (2018). Social Utopia in Tenth Century Islam: The Qarmatian Experiment (MA). California State University. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- JSTOR 4282544. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ISBN 978-0816492046.
- ISBN 978-0195125597. Archivedfrom the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015 – via Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, University of Oxford.
Bibliography
- Bailey, Liberty Hyde (1909). Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: Farm and community. Macmillan. p. 299.
- Bang, Gustav. Crises in European History (PDF).
- Boer, Roland (2009). "Conclusion: What If? Calvin and the Spirit of Revolution. Bible". Political Grace. The Revolutionary Theology of John Calvin. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-23393-8.
- Chase, Daryl (1938). The Early Shakers: An Experiment in Religious Communism. University of Chicago.
- ISBN 978-0719003820.
- Ellicott, Charles John; Plumptre, Edward Hayes (1910). "III. The Church in Jerusalem. I. Christian Communism". The Acts of the Apostles. London: Cassell.
- Guarneri, Carl J. (1994). The Utopian Alternative: Fourierism in Nineteenth-century America. ISBN 9780801481970.
- ISBN 978-0-310-25421-8.
- Halteman Finger, Reta (2007). "Reactions to Style and Redaction Criticism". Of Widows and Meals. Communal Meals in the Book of Acts. Cambridge, UK: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-8028-3053-1.
- Lansford, Tom (2007). "History of Communism". Communism. Political Systems of the World. ISBN 9780761426288. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- "Rénan's Les Apôtres. Community life". The London Quarterly and Holborn Review, Volume 26. London. 1866 [April and July]. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Renan, Ernest (1869). "VIII. First Persecution. Death of Stephen. Destruction of the First Church of Jerusalem". Origins of Christianity. Volume II. The Apostles. New York: Carleton.
- ISBN 9780913966624. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- Montero, Roman A. (2017). All Things in Common The Economic Practices of the Early Christians. Eugene: OCLC 994706026.
- Unterbrink, Daniel T. (2004). "The Dead Sea Scrolls". Judas the Galilean. Lincoln: iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-77000-2. Retrieved 10 May 2011.