Communism in Korea

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The Communist movement in Korea emerged as a political movement in the early 20th century. Although the movement had a minor role in pre-war politics, the

with complete state control of industry and agriculture. North Korea maintains collectivized farms and state-funded education and healthcare.

History

Early Korean communism

Alexandra Kim, a Korean who lived in Russia, is sometimes credited as the first Korean communist. She had joined the Bolsheviks in 1916.^[7] In 1917, Vladimir Lenin sent her to Siberia to mobilize Koreans there against the counter-revolutionary forces and the Allied Expeditionary Forces. In Khabarovsk Kim was in charge of external affairs at the Far-Eastern Department of the Party. There she met with Yi Dong-Wi, Kim Rip and other Korean independence fighters. Together they founded the Korean People's Socialist Party, the first Korean communist party on June 28, 1918.^{[8][9][10][11]}

Founding of the Communist Party of Korea

The Communist Party of Korea was founded during a secret meeting in Seoul in 1925.^[12] The leaders of the party were Kim Yong-bom and Pak Hon-yong. The party became the Korean section of the Communist International at the 6th congress of the International in August–September 1928. But after only a few months as the Korean Comintern section, the perpetual feuds between rival factions that had plagued the party from its foundation led the Comintern to disband the Communist Party of Korea in December the same year.^[12][13] However, the party continued to exist through various party cells. Some Korean communists went into exile in China, where they participated in the early years of Chinese Communist Party. In the early 1930s Korean and Chinese communists began guerrilla activity against the Japanese forces.

End of the Second World War

After the liberation in 1945, the situation for the Korean communists changed considerably. In the South, the Communist Party leader Pak Hon-yong, who had been a resistance fighter, became active in

, of which he became the Secretary. Being based in Seoul, his group had limited contact with the Soviets in the north.

The Soviet

just as the Soviets were looking for a suitable person who could assume a leading role in North Korea.

On October 13, 1945, the

Communist Party of North Korea

').

On July 22, 1946, the North Korea Bureau joined with the

North Korean Fatherland United Democratic Front

.

Formations of separate Workers parties

On July 29, 1946, the New People's Party and the North Korea Bureau held a joint

The North Korea Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea and the New People's Party then merged into one party. The New People's Party had a significant following of intellectuals whereas the Communist Party was mainly based amongst workers and peasants. Moreover, the Korean communists had been riddled by internal differences, and different communist fractions were present in the new unified party. At the time of the founding of the new party discussions emerged on the role of Marxism–Leninism as the ideological foundation of the party. At the inaugural congress of the party, Kim Il Sung stated that "...the Workers Party is a combat unit and the vanguard of the working masses. We must fight with our utmost to maintain the Party's purity, unity, and iron discipline. If we were to fight against the enemy without meeting these conditions within our ranks, it would be nothing less than folly.", arguing in favor of maintaining a Marxist–Leninist orientation.^[14]

The remainder of the Communist Party of Korea, still functioning in the southern areas, worked under the name of Communist Party of South Korea. The party merged with the New People's Party of South Korea and the fraction of the

on November 23, 1946.

The Workers Party of South Korea was outlawed in the South, but the party organized a network of clandestine cells and was able to obtain a considerable following. It had around 360 000 party members.

Factional conflict

At the time there were four separate tendencies or factions in the Workers Party of North Korea.

• The Soviet Koreans, led by
  Alexei Ivanovich Hegay,^[18][19] were made up of waves of ethnic Koreans who were born or raised in Russia after their families moved there starting in the 1870s. Some of them had returned to Korea covertly as Communist operatives in the twenties and thirties but most were members of the Red Army or civilians who were stationed in North Korea following World War II. This grouping had played an important role in building up the party structure of the early Communist Party in Pyongyang directly after the Second World War.^[20]
• The Domestic fraction, were Korean Communists who never left the country but engaged in the independence army. Prominent members of this fraction were O Ki-sop, Chong Tal-hyon, Yi Chu-ha, Chu Nyong-ha (Vice Chairman of the party), Kim Yong-bom, Pak Chong-ae, Chang Shi-u and Yi Chu-yon.[14] This grouping was politically tied to the old leadership of the Communist Party of Korea based in Seoul, at this point represented by the Workers Party of South Korea led by Pak Hon-yong.
• The Yanan faction, led first by Mu Chong and then by Kim Tu-bong and Choe Chang-ik, were those Korean exiles who had lived in China's Shaanxi province and joined the Chinese Communist Party whose regional headquarters were at Yanan. They had formed their own party, the North-Chinese League for the Independence of Korea, and when they returned to North Korea from exile they formed the New People's Party. Many members of the Yanan faction had fought in the Chinese 8th and New 4th Armies and thus had close relations with Mao Zedong.
• The Guerrilla faction, led by Kim Il Sung, was made up of former Korean guerillas who had been active in Manchuria. Many in this group ended up fleeing Manchuria, as their armed resistance was suppressed, and moved to the Soviet Union where many of them, including Kim, were drafted into the Red Army.

The factions were represented proportionately in the leading bodies of the WPNK. In the first

but they had the advantage of having Kim Il Sung, who led the North Korean government and was highly influential within the party. Moreover, Kim Il Sung was backed by the Soviet Union.

Founding of the WPK

On June 30, 1949, the

The first five years of the WPK's rule were dominated by the

entered the war and threw the U.N. forces back, retaking Pyongyang in December and Seoul in January 1951. In March, U.N. forces retook Seoul, and the front was stabilized along what eventually became the permanent "Armistice Line" of 1953. The WPK was able to re-establish its rule north of this line.

Purges

According to Andrei Lankov, in the early years of the party Kim Il Sung was the acknowledged leader, but he did not yet have absolute power since it was necessary to balance off the interests of the various factions. To eliminate any threats to his position, he first moved against individual leaders who were potential rivals. He drove from power Alexei Ivanovich Hegay (also known as Ho Ka-ai),^[22] leader of the Soviet Korean faction, first demoting him during the Korean War in 1951 and then using him as a scapegoat for slow repairs of a water reservoir bombed by the Americans to drive him from power (and to an alleged suicide) in 1953.^[22]

Kim Il Sung also attacked the leadership of the Yanan faction. Lankov says that when the North Koreans were driven to the Chinese border, Kim Il Sung needed a scapegoat to explain the military disaster and blamed Mu Chong, a leader of the Yanan faction and also a leader of the

.

According to Lankov, as the Korean War drew to a close, Kim Il Sung first moved against the Domestic faction. With the end of the Korean War the usefulness of the Domestic faction in running guerilla and spy networks in South Korea came to an end. Former leaders of the Workers Party of South Korea were attacked at a December 1952 Central Committee meeting. In early 1953, rumours were spread that the "southerners" had been planning a coup. Lankov says that this led to the arrest and removal from power of Pak Hon-yong (who was foreign minister at the time) and Yi Sung-yop the minister of "state control" who was charged with "spying on behalf of the Republic of Korea".^[22]

In August 1953, following the signing of the armistice that suspended the Korean War, Yi and eleven other leaders of the domestic faction were subjected to a show trial on charges of planning a military coup and sentenced to death. In 1955, Pak Hon-yong, the former leader of the WPSK and deputy chairman of the WPK, was put on trial on charges of having been a US agent since 1939, sabotage, assassination, and planning a coup. He was sentenced to death, although Lankov says it is unclear if he was shot immediately or if his execution occurred some time in 1956.^[22]

Lankov says that the trials of Yi and Pak were accompanied by the arrest of other members and activists of the former WPSK with defendants being executed or sent to forced labour in the countryside. The domestic faction was virtually wiped out, though a few individual members who had personally allied themselves to Kim Il Sung remained in positions of influence for several more years.

Launching of Juche

Ministry of Foreign Trade

. Communism has been phased out in North Korean politics and replaced with Juche.

Kim Il Sung advanced Juche as a slogan in a December 28, 1955, speech titled "On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work". The Juche Idea itself gradually emerged as a systematic ideological doctrine under the political pressures of the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s. The word "Juche" also began to appear in untranslated form in English-language North Korean works from around 1965. Kim Il Sung outlined the three fundamental principles of Juche in his April 14, 1965, speech "On Socialist Construction in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the South Korean Revolution". The principles are "independence in politics" (chaju), "self-sustenance in the economy" (charip) and "self-defense in national defense" (chawi).

WPK ideologists and speech writers began to openly use Maoist ideas, such as the concept of self-regeneration, in the 1950s and 1960s. Maoist theories of art also began to influence North Korean musical theater during this time. These developments occurred with the backdrop of the Sino-Soviet split.

In official North Korean histories, one of the first purported applications of Juche was the Five-Year Plan of 1956–1961, also known as the Chollima Movement, which led to the Chongsan-ri Method [ja] and the Taean Work System [ja]. The Five-Year Plan involved rapid economic development of North Korea, with a focus on heavy industry. The Chollima Movement, however, applied the same method of centralized state planning that began with the Soviet first five-year plan in 1928.

In 1972, Juche replaced Marxism–Leninism in the revised North Korean constitution as the official state ideology, this being a response to the Sino-Soviet split. Juche was nonetheless defined as a creative application of Marxism–Leninism. Kim Il Sung also explained that Juche was not original to North Korea and that in formulating it he only laid stress on a programmatic orientation that is inherent to all Marxist–Leninist states.

Former North Korean leader

In 2009, all references to

See also

• Anarchism in Korea
• Kim Il Sung

References

Further reading

• Chung, Chong-Shik; Kim, Gahb-chol, eds. (1980). North Korean Communism: A Comparative Analysis. Seoul: Research Center for Peace and Unification.
  OCLC 923146487
  .
• Dae-Sook Suh (1967). The Korean Communist Movement, 1918–1948. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  OCLC 503969060
  .
• — (1970). Documents of Korean Communism, 1918–1948. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-691-08723-8
  .
• — (1981). Korean Communism, 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii.
  ISBN 978-0-8248-0740-5
  .
• Scalapino, Robert A.; Chong-Sik Lee (1972). Communism in Korea: The Movement. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  ISBN 978-89-337-0001-3
  .
• —; — (1972). Communism in Korea: The Society. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  ISBN 978-0-520-02274-4
  .