Sardine
Sardine and pilchard are common names for various species of small, oily forage fish in the herring family Clupeidae.[2] The term 'sardine' was first used in English during the early 15th century; a somewhat dubious etymology says it comes from the Italian island of Sardinia, around which sardines were once supposedly abundant.[3][4][5]
The terms 'sardine' and 'pilchard' are not precise, and what is meant depends on the region. The United Kingdom's Sea Fish Industry Authority, for example, classifies sardines as young pilchards.[6] One criterion suggests fish shorter in length than 15 cm (6 in) are sardines, and larger fish are pilchards.[7]
The
, a database of information about fish, calls at least six species pilchards, over a dozen just sardines, and many more with the two basic names qualified by various adjectives.Etymology
The word 'sardine' first appeared in English in the 15th century, a
The flesh of some sardines or pilchards is a reddish-brown colour similar to some varieties of red
The phrase "packed like sardines" (in a
Genera
This article is part of a series on |
Commercial fish |
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Large pelagic |
Forage |
Demersal |
Mixed |
Sardines occur in several genera.
- Genus Dussumieria
- Rainbow sardine (Dussumieria acuta)
- Slender rainbow sardine (Dussumieria elopsoides)
- Genus Escualosa
- Slender white sardine (Escualosa elongata)
- White sardine (Escualosa thoracata)
- Genus Sardina
- European pilchard (true sardine) (Sardina pilchardus)
- Genus Sardinella
- Goldstripe sardinella(Sardinella gibbosa)
- Indian oil sardine(Sardinella longiceps)
- Round sardinella (Sardinella aurita)
- Freshwater sardine(Sardinella tawilis)
- Marquesan sardinella (Sardinella marquesensis)
- Genus Sardinops
- South American pilchard(Sardinops sagax)
Although they are not true sardines, sprats are sometimes marketed as sardines. For example, the european sprat, Sprattus sprattus, is sometimes marketed as the 'brisling sardine'.
Species
Commercially significant species | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Common name | Scientific name | Max. length | Typ. length | Max. mass | Max. age years |
Trophic level |
Fish- Base |
FAO | ITIS | IUCN status | |||
cm | in | cm | in | g | oz | |||||||||
Sardina | European pilchard | Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) | 27.5 | 10.8 | 20.0 | 7.9 | 15 | 3.05 | [18] | [19] | [20] | [21] | ||
Sardinops | South American pilchard
|
Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842) | 39.5 | 15.6 | 20.0 | 7.9 | 490 | 17 | 25 | 2.43 | [22] | [23] | [24] | [25] |
Japanese pilchard[note 1]
|
Sardinops melanostictus (Schlegel, 1846) | [27] | [28] | [29] | NE | |||||||||
Californian pilchard[note 1]
|
Sardinops caeruleus (Girard, 1854) | [30] | [31] | [32] | NE | |||||||||
southern African pilchard[note 1]
|
Sardinops ocellatus (Pappe, 1854) | [33] | [34] | [35] | NE | |||||||||
Sardinella | Bali sardinella
|
Sardinella lemuru (Bleeker, 1853) | 23 | 9.1 | 20 | 7.9 | [36] | [37] | [38] | [39] | ||||
Brazilian sardinella
|
Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879) | 3.10 | [40] | [41] | [42] | [43] | ||||||||
Japanese sardinella
|
Sardinella zunasi (Bleeker, 1854) | 3.12 | [44] | [45] | [46] | [47] | ||||||||
Indian oil sardine
|
Sardinella longiceps (Valenciennes, 1847) | 2.41 | [48] | [49] | [50] | [51] | ||||||||
Goldstripe sardinella
|
Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849) | 2.85 | [52] | [53] | [54] | [55] | ||||||||
Round sardinella | Sardinella aurita (Valenciennes, 1847) | 3.40 | [56] | [57] | [58] | [59] | ||||||||
Madeiran sardinella
|
Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1839) | 3.20 | [60] | [61] | [62] | [63] | ||||||||
Marquesan sardinella | Sardinella marquesensis (Berry & Whitehead, 1968) | 16 | 6.3 | 10 | 3.9 | 2.90 | [64] | |||||||
Dussumieria | Rainbow sardine | Dussumieria acuta (Valenciennes, 1847) | 20 | 7.9 | 3.40 | [65] | [66] | [67] | [68] |
-
The European pilchard, Sardina pilchardus
-
In the 1980s theSouth American pilchard, Sardinops sagax, was the most intensively fished species of sardine. Some major stocksdeclined precipitously in the 1990s (see chart below).
-
ThePacific sardine, Sardinops sagax caerulea
Feeding
Sardines feed almost exclusively on zooplankton, (lit. "animal plankton"), and congregate wherever this is abundant.
Fisheries
Typically, sardines are caught with
Sardines are commercially fished for a variety of uses: for bait; for immediate consumption; for drying, salting, or smoking; and for reduction into fish meal or oil. The chief use of sardines is for human consumption, but fish meal is used as animal feed, while sardine oil has many uses, including the manufacture of paint, varnish, and linoleum.
As food
Sardines are commonly consumed by humans. Fresh sardines are often grilled, pickled, smoked, or preserved in cans.
Sardines are rich in
Sardines are also a natural source of omega-3 fatty acids, which may reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular disease.[72] Regular consumption of omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease.[73] These fatty acids can also lower blood sugar levels.[74]
Because they are low in the food chain, sardines are very low in contaminants, such as mercury, relative to other fish commonly eaten by humans.[75]
History
History of sardine fishing in the UK
Pilchard fishing and processing became a thriving industry in
Since 1997, sardines from Cornwall have been sold as 'Cornish sardines', and since March 2010, under EU law, Cornish sardines have
The traditional "Toast to Pilchards" refers to the lucrative export of the fish to Catholic Europe:
- Here's health to the Pope, may he live to repent
- And add just six months to the term of his Lent
- And tell all his vassals from Rome to the Poles,
- There's nothing like pilchards for saving their souls![78]
History of sardine fishing in the United States
In the United States, the sardine canning industry peaked in the 1950s. Since then, the industry has been on the decline. The canneries in Monterey Bay, in what was known as Cannery Row in Monterey County, California (where John Steinbeck's novel of the same name was set), failed in the mid-1950s. The last large sardine cannery in the United States, the Stinson Seafood plant in Prospect Harbor, Maine, closed its doors on 15 April 2010 after 135 years in operation.[79]
In April 2015 the
In popular culture
The manner in which sardines can be packed in a can has led to the popular English language saying "packed like sardines", which is used metaphorically to describe situations where people or objects are crowded closely together.[82]
'Sardines' is also the name of a
Among the residents of the
See also
References
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- ^ Canot, Théodore (September 1854). Mayer, Brantz (ed.). "Revelations of a slave trader; or Twenty years' adventures of Captain Canot". London: Richard Bentley. p. 61., although this is a free rendering from the French original "...il fallut...les entassér commes des sardines." (Canot, Théodore (1860) [1854]. Le capitaine Canot, ou vingt années de la vie d'un négrier (in French). Paris: Amyot. p. 88.) where 'entassér' can mean 'to cram together.
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- doi:10.1139/f98-127.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Sardinops melanostictus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
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- ^ "Sardinops melanostictus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Sardinops caeruleus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- FAO. Archived from the originalon 14 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ "Sardinops caeruleus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
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- FAO. Archivedfrom the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ "Sardinops ocellatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
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- FAO. Archived from the originalon 13 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
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- ^ Santos M (2018). "Bali sardinella – Sardinella lemuru". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T75154879A75154994. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Sardinella brasiliensis" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- FAO. Archived from the originalon 7 November 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ "Sardinella brasiliensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ Di Dario F (2018). "Brazilian Sardinella – Sardinella brasiliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T16466246A16510172. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Sardinella zunasi" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
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- . Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Sardinella gibbosa" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- FAO. Archivedfrom the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ "Sardinella gibbosa". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ Santos M, Villarao MC, Tambihasan AM, Villanueva JA, Parido L, Lopez G, Deligero R, Alcantara M, Doyola MC, Gatlabayan LV, Buccat FGA, Lanzuela N, Belga PB, Gapuz AV, Al-Khalaf K, Kaymaram F (2018). "Goldstripe Sardinella – Sardinella gibbosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T46075248A46664239. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
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Further reading
- Parrish, R. H.; et al. (1989). "The monotypic sardines, Sardina and Sardinops: Their taxonomy, distribution, stock structure, and zoogeography" (PDF). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46 (11): 2019–36. doi:10.1139/f89-251.