Scientology status by country: Difference between revisions

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The [[Church of Scientology]] has been given tax-exempt status in its home country, the [[United States]],<ref name="NYTimes97">{{cite news|last=Frantz|first=Douglas|title=Scientology's Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/09/us/scientology-s-puzzling-journey-from-tax-rebel-to-tax-exempt.html|access-date=September 22, 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 9, 1997}}</ref> and has received recognition as a religion in various other countries such as [[Italy]],<ref name="intronew185">Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&pg=PA185&dq=Eugene+Gallagher+scientology&num=100#PRA4-PA185,M1 Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America], {{ISBN|0-275-98712-4}}, p. 185</ref> [[Australia]],<ref name=HCOA>{{Cite AustLII|HCA|40|1983|litigants= Church of the New Faith v Commissioner of Pay-roll Tax (Vict) |parallelcite=(1983) 154 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 120 |courtname=auto}}.</ref> [[Portugal]]<ref name=USSPortugal /> and [[Spain]];<ref name="Elpais" /> it thus enjoys and regularly cites the constitutional protection afforded in these nations to religious practice. Some countries, mostly in [[Europe]], have regarded Scientology as a potentially dangerous [[cult]], or at least have not considered local branches of the Church of Scientology to meet the legal criteria for being considered [[religion-supporting organization]]s, seeing [[Scientology as a business]].<ref>[http://www.germany.info/relaunch/info/archives/background/scientology.html Scientology and Germany] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813194020/http://www.germany.info/relaunch/info/archives/background/scientology.html |date=2006-08-13 }}. Understanding the German View of Scientology.</ref>
The [[Church of Scientology]] has been given tax-exempt status in its home country, the [[United States]],<ref name="NYTimes97">{{cite news|last=Frantz|first=Douglas|title=Scientology's Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/09/us/scientology-s-puzzling-journey-from-tax-rebel-to-tax-exempt.html|access-date=September 22, 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 9, 1997}}</ref> and has received recognition as a religion in various other countries such as [[Italy]],<ref name="intronew185">Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&pg=PA185&dq=Eugene+Gallagher+scientology&num=100#PRA4-PA185,M1 Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America], {{ISBN|0-275-98712-4}}, p. 185</ref> [[Australia]],<ref name=HCOA>{{Cite AustLII|HCA|40|1983|litigants= Church of the New Faith v Commissioner of Pay-roll Tax (Vict) |parallelcite=(1983) 154 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 120 |courtname=auto}}.</ref> [[Portugal]]<ref name=USSPortugal /> and [[Spain]];<ref name="Elpais" /> it thus enjoys and regularly cites the constitutional protection afforded in these nations to religious practice. Some countries, mostly in [[Europe]], have regarded Scientology as a potentially dangerous [[cult]], or at least have not considered local branches of the Church of Scientology to meet the legal criteria for being considered [[religion-supporting organization]]s, seeing [[Scientology as a business]].<ref>[http://www.germany.info/relaunch/info/archives/background/scientology.html Scientology and Germany] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813194020/http://www.germany.info/relaunch/info/archives/background/scientology.html |date=2006-08-13 }}. Understanding the German View of Scientology.</ref>


⚫
In 2014, a panel of the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|UK Supreme Court]] unanimously ruled that a Scientology chapel is a "place of meeting for religious worship".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Scientology's Winning Streak |journal=Anthropology Today |year=2014 |last=Benthall |first=Jonathan |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1111/1467-8322.12082 }}</ref>
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The UK government has openly criticized the Church in the past, as documented in 1971 in the [[Foster Report]]. The government places no restrictions upon its activities.
The UK government has openly criticized the Church in the past, as documented in 1971 in the [[Foster Report]]. The government places no restrictions upon its activities.

⚫
In 2014, a panel of the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|UK Supreme Court]] unanimously ruled that a Scientology chapel is a "place of meeting for religious worship".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Scientology's Winning Streak |journal=Anthropology Today |year=2014 |last=Benthall |first=Jonathan |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1111/1467-8322.12082 }}</ref>
| [[Scientology in the United Kingdom]]
| [[Scientology in the United Kingdom]]
|-
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Revision as of 01:24, 14 January 2023

Scientology status by country describes the status of Scientology and its recognition as a religion or otherwise in different countries. The Church of Scientology pursues an extensive public relations campaign for state recognition of Scientology as a religion.[1] The level of recognition Scientology has been able to obtain varies significantly from country to country.

The

religion-supporting organizations, seeing Scientology as a business.[7]

Status by country

Country/Territory Status Further information
Argentina No known recognition as a religion. As of 2012 it was officially recognised as a cult.[8]
Australia The Australian High Court has ruled that Scientology is a religion.[4] Scientology in Australia
Austria Tax-exempt status as a charitable organization.[9] It isn't recognized as a religious association in Austria.[10]
Belgium In 2005 Scientology's application for the status of a recognized religion was refused.[11] Scientology in Belgium
Brazil Not registered as a religion. Registered as a non-religious "private association" under CNPJ number 05.586.122/0001-25. The organization has the following registered activities: sound recording and music edition, book publishing, distribution of movies, videos and TV programs.
Canada The 1997 Freedom of religion and belief: a world report by the Human Rights Centre of the
Torontoist stated that the Church does not have status as a federally registered charity for tax purposes.[14] Religious scholars Douglas E. Cowan and David G. Bromley stated in a 2006 publication that "Scientology has yet to receive official recognition as a religion in Canada".[3]
Chile As of 2009, Scientology is considered a cult.[15][16]
China China recognises just five state-sanctioned religions, and Scientology is not one of them.
Colombia No known recognition.
Costa Rica Scientology was recognized as a religion in Costa Rica in 1991.[17]
Croatia Croatia recognizes Scientology as a religion since 22 December 2003[18][19]
Czech Republic Not registered as a religion (it is not recorded in the register of churches and religious societies).[20] Dianetic centers are registered as associations.
Denmark In Denmark the Church of Scientology is not officially approved as a religion. It first applied for approval in the early 1970s; two further unsuccessful applications followed in 1976 and 1982. In mid-1997, the Church of Scientology filed a fourth application, which was suspended at their own request in 2000. In suspending their application, the Church asked the Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs to clarify the approval procedure. It was told that it must first submit an application before any feedback could be provided. Despite Scientology's unofficial status, the Church of Scientology maintains its European headquarters in Copenhagen.[21]
Finland Scientology is not officially recognized as a religion in Finland. An application by the Church of Scientology to be registered as a religious body was denied by the Ministry of Education in 1998 on the grounds that "the known nature of the activities is not public worship in the sense meant by the law on freedom of religion". The denial was issued after the Church "had failed to comply with a request for more information".[22]
France Since 1995, Scientology has sometimes been classified as a secte (cult), for instance in a report of the
National Assembly of France.[23] On this basis, a hostile stance is generally taken against the organization.[24] In 2009, Scientology was fined the equivalent of almost US$900,000 upon conviction for fraud.[25]
 Scientology in France
Germany The status of Scientology in Germany is unresolved. Two points are contested: firstly, whether or not the teachings of Scientology qualify as a religious or ideological teaching, and secondly, whether or not these teachings are only used as a pretext for purely commercial activity; if the latter were the case, this would most likely imply that Scientology would not qualify for protection as a religious or ideological community under Article 4 of the German constitution.[26] Scientology in Germany
Greece

Religious groups can gain recognition by becoming a "known religion" or by registering a "house of prayer" through relevant civil law provisions. Scientologists as of 2019 practice their faith through a registered non-profit civil-law organization and the weddings conducted by its members are not officially recognized.[27] Scientology has faced serious litigation in the past. In the case Attiki Prefecture vs KEPHE, the practice of Scientology was ordered ended in Greece.[28] An appeal to the Athenian Court of Appeals ended with a reaffirmation of the verdict.[29] The verdict was originally issued on December 20, 1995. It was not immediately put into effect. In January 1998 a Greek appeals court ordered Scientology's assets liquidated.[30]

India According to a 2012 report, there isn't a method of confirming the exact number of Scientologist in India, "but an estimated 6,000-7,000 individuals have taken various Scientology courses offered by the Delhi mission."[31] An executive from the Church of Scientology in India claimed that there are now up to 30,000 members, based on a 2018 report. In February 2003, the Registrar of Companies of Delhi and Haryana registered the Religious Foundation of Scientology of New Delhi. In November 2003, the Director of Income Tax Exemptions for New Delhi granted the Scientology tax-exempt status. In 2004, the Religious Foundation of Scientology of Kolkata and Religious Foundation of Scientology of Mysore were likewise registered.[32]
Indonesia Indonesian government legislation recognizes the "right of all religions to exist and function in society" and "the Church of Scientology has experienced no difficulties in gaining registration", but there has been no legal recognition as a religion.[33]
Israel In January 1987 a parliamentary commission on cults, headed by MK Miriam Glazer-Ta'asa, declared Scientology a cult, although no further measures were taken. Its practice is legal.[34]
Ireland In Ireland, the Church of Scientology has not been successful in its attempts to obtain tax-free, charitable status.[35]
Italy In terms of corporate status, the Italian Church of Scientology is one of Italy's non-profit and common-law associations; it has neither an intesa (recognition agreement with the Italian state), nor is it a recognized confessional community (ente di culto).[36]

Some courts, including those in Rome and Turin, have viewed Scientology as a religion, although the Appeals Court of Milan did not do so during the criminal trial of various Scientologists. After it twice refused to recognize Scientology as a religion, its decisions were overturned by the Italian Supreme Court. In March 2000, the Italian Supreme Court upheld Scientology's religious status in Italy while reaffirming that Narconon is a non-tax-exempt for-profit business.[37]

Japan The first Church of Scientology was opened in 2015 in Tokyo.[38] However, Japan does not officially recognize Scientology as a religion.[39]
Kazakhstan According to the
U.S. State Department's 2008 International Religious Freedom Report, Scientologists are among many minority groups facing increasingly negative media coverage in Kazakhstan. During a press conference on April 10, 2008, a spokesperson for the Kazakh government's Procurator General's Office claimed that there were approximately 1,870 religious organizations in the country that presented a threat to national security and were engaged in destructive operations, citing Scientologists as one of the examples (these statements were later removed from the press conference transcript posted on the PGO website).[40]

In 2008, parliament discussed new draft legislation which would severely restrict religious freedom.[40] In February 2009, Interfax reported that Kazakh prosecutors were seeking liquidation of the Scientology Church in Karaganda.[41] In a statement on its website, the Kazakh Prosecutor General's Office cited concerns over national security, as Scientologists' activity was aimed at undermining the "Kazakh nation's health through inflicting harm on people's psychic and physical health", and added that Scientologists were practising medicine outside medical institutions, and without the requisite education.[41]

Kenya No known legal recognition
Kyrgyzstan The U.S. Department of State's 2005 Report on International Religious Freedom announced that the Church of Scientology had been registered as a religious group by the Kyrgyzstan State Commission on Religious Affairs.[42]
North Macedonia In May 2017 Basic Court Skopje II approved the registration of the Church of Scientology of Macedonia, and the Home of Prayer religious group.[43]
Mexico No known legal recognition as a religion.
Nepal No known legal recognition as a religion.
New Zealand No known legal recognition as a religion. The Church is recognised as a charitable organisation with tax-exempt status.[44] Scientology in New Zealand
Netherlands After nine years of review, Scientology was recognized as a charitable organization (ANBI) on August 30, 2022.[45]
Nicaragua Scientology is recognized as a minority religion in Nicaragua.[46][47]
Norway Norway does not recognize the official Scientologikirken (Church of Scientology) as a religious community. It is registered as a non-profit.[48] Although it is estimated that around 8000 people have taken scientology-related courses in Norway, the church only has around 100 active members.[49]

Scientologikirken has a history of settling legal cases out of court, although it was sentenced to refund 600,000 Norwegian kroner worth of course fees to a former member,[50] in addition to the unsuccessful 6-year-long legal battle to grant it official status as a religion.

The church gained controversy in the high-profile case of Kaja Ballo's suicide. Ballo was the daughter of parliamentary minister Olav Gunnar Ballo.

Norwegians in general regard Scientologikirken as a cult.[citation needed]

Scientology in Norway
Philippines The Philippines recognizes the Church of Scientology as a religious organization.[51]
Poland Poland does not officially recognize Scientology as a religion.[52]
Portugal The Portuguese Government officially recognized Scientology as a religion in November 2007.[5]
Romania The Romanian Scientology Church has only 70 members. According to the Law no. 489/2006 Scientology is not included among the 18 officially recognized religions by the State.[53][54]
Russia The Church has been subjected to considerable pressure from the state in Russia.
The court found that the reasons given to deny re-registration of the church by the justice department and endorsed by the Moscow courts had no legal basis.[56][57]

In July 2007, the

Samara came to a similar decision in November 2008, closing down the activities of the local center for practicing without a license.[59]

In September 2009, the European Court of Human Rights issued a binding ruling in favor of two Scientology branches in Surgut and Nizhnekamsk, which had been denied registration as "religious organizations". The two organizations were awarded €20,000 in costs and damages. The ruling, which cannot be appealed against, said that Russia could not ban the Church of Scientology simply because it did not have a long history in the country.[60]

In 2010 some of the works of L. Ron Hubbard were included into the Federal List of banned extremist materials,[61] and removed on 3 May 2011.[62] Another such attempt was made by prosecutor in mid-2011 and was unsuccessful.[63]

Scientology in Russia
Slovenia According to a 2008 Le Monde report, Slovenia recognizes Scientology as a religion.[18]
South Africa In 1975, Scientology was recognized as a non-profit organization in South Africa, despite the 1972 report of a formal government Commission of Inquiry that recommended otherwise.[64] In December 2007, South Africa granted a certificate to the Church recognizing it as a "Public Benefit Organisation".[65]
Spain On 31 October 2007 the National Court in Madrid issued a decision recognizing that the National Church of Scientology of Spain should be entered in the Registry of Religious Entities.[66]
Wikinews has related news:

The administrative tribunal of Madrid's High Court ruled that a 2005 justice ministry decision to scrap Scientology from the register was "against the law".[66] Responding to a petition filed by the church, the ruling said that no documents had been presented in court to demonstrate it was anything other than a religious entity.[6]

Authorities had earlier declared that the government would not interfere in any way with the activities of the Church of Scientology.[67]

Sweden On March 13, 2000, Scientology was registered as a "religious community".[citation needed]
Switzerland The Federal Council (Bundesrat) issued a written statement on 25 Nov 1996: "According to their nomenclature and their statutes, the Church of Scientology is viewed as a new religious movement, and is to be treated to the existence of other facts as such. The Federal Court shares this view."

In a final decision the Federal Court (Bundesgericht) of 14 Feb 1992 confirmed that the Church of Scientology is pursuing religious purposes and falls under the protection of freedom of faith, conscience and worship.[68]

Taiwan In 2003, the National Ministry of the Interior for Taiwan recognized the Church of Scientology of Taiwan as a charitable religious institution, officially adding it to the rolls of the country's recognized religions. Taiwan has 15 Scientology missions and churches, including the one in Kaohsiung.[69]
United Kingdom The Church of Scientology was not classified as a religious institution by the UK government until December 2013.
UK Supreme Court ruled unanimously that a London Church of Scientology chapel was a "place of meeting for religious worship" and should be registered as a place for marriage. This judgement endorsed the Australian High Court decision of 1983 "Of the various attempts made to describe the characteristics of religion, I find most helpful that of Wilson and Deane".[74] Under Scots law, Scientology ministers had been authorised to perform marriages in Scotland even prior to the December 2013 Supreme Court decision.[75]

The UK government has openly criticized the Church in the past, as documented in 1971 in the Foster Report. The government places no restrictions upon its activities.

In 2014, a panel of the UK Supreme Court unanimously ruled that a Scientology chapel is a "place of meeting for religious worship".[76]

Scientology in the United Kingdom
United States of America
 Since 1993, the
non profit entity for tax purposes.[2][77] See Tax status of Scientology in the United States
. 		Scientology in the United States

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Bonafides of the Scientology Religion". Church of Scientology. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  2. ^ a b Frantz, Douglas (March 9, 1997). "Scientology's Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt". The New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
  3. ^
    ISBN 0-275-98712-4
    , p. 185
  4. ^ a b Church of the New Faith v Commissioner of Pay-roll Tax (Vict) [1983] HCA 40, (1983) 154 CLR 120, High Court (Australia).
  5. ^ a b 2007 U.S. Department of State – 2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Portugal
  6. ^ a b Lázaro, Julio M. (November 1, 2007). "La Audiencia Nacional reconoce a la Cienciología como iglesia". El Pais. (in Spanish)
  7. ^ Scientology and Germany Archived 2006-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. Understanding the German View of Scientology.
  8. ^ Entry of Scientology in the Registro Nacional de Cultos (National Register of Cults)
  9. ISBN 9783825876548
    .
  10. ^ "Staatlich eingetragene religiöse Bekenntnisgemeinschaften".
  11. ^ Planchar, Roland (July 2005). "Un impôt et deux religions de plus?". La Libre Belgique (in French). Retrieved 2006-07-23.
  12. ISBN 978-0-415-15978-4
    , p. 105
  13. ^ Jade Colbert, "'This is What Scientologists Actually Believe'" Archived 2008-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, The Varsity, November 27, 2007
  14. Torontoist
  15. ^ "La fe del detrás del actor" (in Spanish). El Mercurio. July 8, 2009.
  16. Independent.co.uk
    . 28 March 2019.
  17. ^ "The Rise of Scientology in Costa Rica". 19 December 2011.
  18. ^ a b La justice espagnole accorde à la Scientologie le statut de religion, Le Monde, 2008-01-09
  19. ^ SCIJENTOLOŠKA CRKVA U HRVATSKOJ, appluprava.hr
  20. ^ "Directory of churches and religious societies and associations of churches and religious societies - Ministry of Culture Czech Republic".
  21. ^ U.S. Department of State – 2007 Report on International Religious Freedom: Denmark
  22. ^ "Skientologia ei ole virallinen uskontokunta Suomessa". www.helsinki.fi. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  23. ^ National Assembly of France report No. 2468
  24. ^ Appel du Jugement du Tribunal de Grande Instance de Lyon (Affaire : Patrick Vic) (in French). Tribunal's decision. 28 July 1997.
  25. ^ Time magazine, 9 November 2009 p. 10
  26. ^ bundestag.de: Legal questions concerning religious and ideological communities Archived 2011-01-25 at the Wayback Machine, prepared by the Scientific Services staff of the German Parliament (in German)
  27. ^ "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Greece". www.state.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  28. ^ Attiki Prefecture vs KEPHE, Case Number 7380/1996, Athenian Court of First Instance
  29. ^ Appeal for Attaki Prefecture vs KEPHE, Case Number 10493/1997, Athenian Court of Appeal
  30. St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original
    on 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
  31. ^ "The Scientologists of India". 30 August 2012.
  32. ^ "Scenes from an Indian Scientology Graduation".
  33. ISBN 0-415-15977-6
    .
  34. ^ "Scientology may be demonized around the world, but in Israel it barely makes waves". Haaretz. Associated Press. 8 November 2012.
  35. The Irish Independent
    , 28 June 2006
  36. ^ Categorizsation of Religions in Italy
  37. doi:10.13130/1971-8543/4109
    . Retrieved March 10, 2020. In this sense the long process of Milan is of great importance, which, after six pronunciations was concluded in 2000 and legally recognized Scientology as a religion in Italy. The case was based on the complaint of a series of criminal offenses against some members of the church: conspiracy, fraud, extortion. After some contradictory rulings, the Milan judges became aware of the need to define the religiosity of the movement, i.e. it is to be considered a religion if all the alleged activities can qualify as normal religious practices
  38. ^ "First Japanese Church of Scientology 'Ideal Org' Opens in Tokyo, Japan - World Religion News". World Religion News. 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2018-09-27.
  39. ^ "The Church of Scientology in Tokyo | Nippon News". nipponnews.photoshelter.com. Retrieved 2018-09-27.
  40. ^ a b U.S. Department of State – 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kazakhstan
  41. ^ a b Staff (2009-02-04). "Kazakh prosecutors seeking liquidation of so-called Scientology Church in Karaganda", Interfax
  42. ^ U.S. Department of State – 2005 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kyrgyzstan
  43. ^ United States Department of State
  44. ^ "Scientology gets tax-exempt status". The New Zealand Herald. 27 December 2002. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012.
  45. ^ "Scientology obtains full public benefit recognition in the Netherlands". 2022-09-01.
  46. ^ United States Department of State
  47. ^ "Nicaragua".
  48. ^ "Nektes kirkestatus". 2012-03-17.
  49. ^ "Archived copy". www.seeto.no. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. ^ "scientologi – Store norske leksikon". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
  51. ^ Crescin, Dino (5 June 2010). "Church of Scientology is in the Philippines". The Philippine Tribune. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  52. ^ "List of officially recognized religions in Poland" (PDF). 2016-02-11.
  53. ^ "Scientology in Romania, Hungarian land" (in Romanian). 2010-06-27.
  54. ^ "Legea nr. 489/2006 privind libertatea religioasă şi regimul general al cultelor" (in Romanian). 2007-01-11.
  55. ^ Church of Scientology International Presentation on Religious Freedom in Russia Archived 2010-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ ECHR, Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia, application no. 18147/02, 5 April 2007
  57. ^ IOL, April 5, 2007
  58. ^ "Russian court shuts down Scientology center in St. Petersburg: prosecutors". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  59. ^ Staff (November 20, 2008). "Hubbard Center closed up in Samara". Interfax. www.interfax-religion.com. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
  60. ^ "Scientologists win rights case against Russia". Associated Press. 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  61. ^ "В России запрещены за экстремизм книги основателя сайентологии и фантаста Хаббарда". palm.newsru.com. 30 июня 2011.
  62. ^ "Five dimensions of religion: the example of Scientology". Scientology Facts. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  63. ^ Ямало-Ненецкий Авт. Окр. (January 7, 2011). "Вступило в силу решение о непризнании экстремистской биографии Рона Хаббарда". COBA.
  64. ^ Scientology: A Religion in South Africa by David Chidester, University of Cape Town, South Africa
  65. ^ SA Church of Scientology gets tax exemption
  66. ^ a b "Spanish court rules Scientology can be listed as a religion". AFP. November 1, 2007. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007.
  67. ^ U.S. Department of State – International Religious Freedom Report 2006: Spain
  68. ^ Rechtliche Anerkennung von Scientology in der Schweiz Archived 2013-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, 28 March 2010.
  69. ^ "The Curious Rise of Scientology in Taiwan". The Atlantic. 29 July 2016.
  70. ^ "United Kingdom (UK) Supreme Court Confirms Scientology Is a Religion". The National Law Review. 2013-12-25.
  71. ^ a b c U.S. Department of State – 2007 Report on International Religious Freedom: United Kingdom
  72. ^
    Charity Commission. 1999-11-17. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2006-06-23. Retrieved 2006-07-06. (PDF)
  73. Daily Telegraph
    , 11 Aug. 2006
  74. ^ https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2013-0030-judgment.pdf paragraph 57
  75. ^ "Supreme Court judges allow Scientology wedding". BBC News. 2013-12-11.
  76. doi:10.1111/1467-8322.12082
    .
  77. ^ "Scientology is 'a bona fide religion'". irish Times. 2003-03-05.
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