Centre-left politics: Difference between revisions
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{{Main|Progressivism}} |
{{Main|Progressivism}} |
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Progressivism is the support of continuous [[social reform]] to improve society [[Gradualism|gradually]], opposing [[revolutionary]] or [[Conservatism|conservative]] politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Freeden |first=Michael |date=2014 |title=Progress and Progressivism: Thoughts on an Elusive Term |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1478-9302.12042 |journal=Political Studies Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.1111/1478-9302.12042 |issn=1478-9299 |s2cid=145271709}}</ref> It is typically associated with the centre-left ideologies of social liberalism and social democracy, though communist and centrist ideologies have sometimes been involved in progressive politics.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}}<ref name=":1" /> There is great divergence within the progressive movement, with disagreement in what reforms should be attempted and how they can be implemented,<ref name=":1" /> though [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistributive]] policies are a common theme within progressivism.<ref name=":0" /> Progressivism first developed in the United Kingdom and the United States during the 19th century.<ref name=":0" /> |
Progressivism is the support of continuous [[social reform]] to improve society [[Gradualism|gradually]], opposing [[revolutionary]] or [[Conservatism|conservative]] politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Freeden |first=Michael |date=2014 |title=Progress and Progressivism: Thoughts on an Elusive Term |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1478-9302.12042 |journal=Political Studies Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.1111/1478-9302.12042 |issn=1478-9299 |s2cid=145271709}}</ref> It is typically associated with the centre-left ideologies of social liberalism and social democracy, though communist and centrist ideologies have sometimes been involved in progressive politics.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}}<ref name=":1" /> There is great divergence within the progressive movement, with disagreement in what reforms should be attempted and how they can be implemented,<ref name=":1" /> though [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistributive]] policies are a common theme within progressivism.<ref name=":0" /> Progressivism first developed in the United Kingdom and the United States during the 19th century.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Green politics === |
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{{Main|Green politics}} |
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⚫ | Green politics is an ideological movement that advocates a political focus on [[ecology]] and [[nonviolence]].{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=33–34}} It challenges modern [[industrialisation]] and institutions through a lens of [[social justice]]{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|p=268}} while rejecting traditional political philosophy and organization.{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=281}} Definitions of the scope of green politics may vary; it may be limited to explicitly environmentalist parties, or it may broadly cover political movements descended from [[New Left]] or [[Left-libertarianism|left-libertarian]] ideas.{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|pp=281–282}} Besides environmentalism, green politics often includes support for [[disarmament]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Rüdig |first=Wolfgang |date=2002 |title=Between Ecotopia Disillusionment: Green Parties in European Government |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139150209605605 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=20–33 |doi=10.1080/00139150209605605 |issn=0013-9157}}</ref> [[Anti-nuclear movement|ending nuclear power]],<ref name=":12" /> [[degrowth]],{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=285}} [[Decentralization|decentralized]] democracy,{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=286}} [[feminism]],{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=288}} and [[immigration]].{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=289}} |
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⚫ | Green politics developed from various left-wing ideologies, including social democracy and Marxism, in the 1970s.{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=19–20}} It was initially developed in Australia and New Zealand,<ref name=":12" /> and it first gained influence in Germany as a response to the [[Cold War]] and [[Environmentalism|environmental issues]].{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=33–34}} The presence of green politics in national government is mostly limited to Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, though green political parties briefly held influence during the [[postcommunist]] period of Eastern Europe.<ref name=":12" /> Green political parties have been most successful in Belgium, Finland, France, and Germany, where they integrated into the national party system.{{Sfn|van Haute|2016|p=1}} |
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=== Related ideologies === |
=== Related ideologies === |
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In addition to the most common centre-left ideologies, other ideologies are sometimes described as centre-left or have centre-left variants.<ref name=":6" /> [[Democratic socialism]] supports the abolition of capitalism in favour of socialism, though it opposes the creation of a [[communist state]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=March |first=Luke |url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf |title=Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream? |date=2008 |publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Internat. Policy Analysis, Division for Internat. Dialogue |isbn=978-3-86872-000-6 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref> It was historically seen as a centre-left position<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Richard |date=2022-11-02 |title=Democratic Socialism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08935696.2022.2127726 |journal=Rethinking Marxism |language=en |volume=35 |pages=24–35 |doi=10.1080/08935696.2022.2127726 |issn=0893-5696 |s2cid=253291157}}</ref> and may sometimes be described as such,{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}} but modern democratic socialism is typically considered [[Radical politics|radical]] in nature and distinct from centre-left ideologies.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The [[Third Way]] is a variation of social democratic politics that gained prominence in the 1990s after the decline of traditional social democracy. It advocates reform of the social democratic model to emphasize [[equal opportunity]] over [[equality of outcome]].{{Sfn|Keman|2017|pp=171–173}} To accomplish this, it supports heavy [[deregulation]] and [[privatization]] for the purpose of increasing [[economic growth]] to fund [[Public good (economics)|public goods]] such as education, healthcare, and pensions.{{Sfn|Pierson|2018|p=177}} The Third Way may be defined as centre-left or as [[centrist]].{{Sfn|Keman|2017|pp=175–177}} |
In addition to the most common centre-left ideologies, other ideologies are sometimes described as centre-left or have centre-left variants.<ref name=":6" /> [[Democratic socialism]] supports the abolition of capitalism in favour of socialism, though it opposes the creation of a [[communist state]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=March |first=Luke |url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf |title=Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream? |date=2008 |publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Internat. Policy Analysis, Division for Internat. Dialogue |isbn=978-3-86872-000-6 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref> It was historically seen as a centre-left position<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Richard |date=2022-11-02 |title=Democratic Socialism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08935696.2022.2127726 |journal=Rethinking Marxism |language=en |volume=35 |pages=24–35 |doi=10.1080/08935696.2022.2127726 |issn=0893-5696 |s2cid=253291157}}</ref> and may sometimes be described as such,{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}} but modern democratic socialism is typically considered [[Radical politics|radical]] in nature and distinct from centre-left ideologies.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The [[Third Way]] is a variation of social democratic politics that gained prominence in the 1990s after the decline of traditional social democracy. It advocates reform of the social democratic model to emphasize [[equal opportunity]] over [[equality of outcome]].{{Sfn|Keman|2017|pp=171–173}} To accomplish this, it supports heavy [[deregulation]] and [[privatization]] for the purpose of increasing [[economic growth]] to fund [[Public good (economics)|public goods]] such as education, healthcare, and pensions.{{Sfn|Pierson|2018|p=177}} The Third Way may be defined as centre-left or as [[centrist]].{{Sfn|Keman|2017|pp=175–177}} |
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⚫ | [[Green politics]] is an ideological movement that advocates a political focus on [[ecology]] and [[nonviolence]].{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=33–34}} It challenges modern [[industrialisation]] and institutions through a lens of [[social justice]]{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|p=268}} while rejecting traditional political philosophy and organization.{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=281}} Definitions of the scope of green politics may vary; it may be limited to explicitly environmentalist parties, or it may broadly cover political movements descended from [[New Left]] or [[Left-libertarianism|left-libertarian]] ideas.{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|pp=281–282}} Besides environmentalism, green politics often includes support for [[disarmament]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Rüdig |first=Wolfgang |date=2002 |title=Between Ecotopia Disillusionment: Green Parties in European Government |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139150209605605 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=20–33 |doi=10.1080/00139150209605605 |issn=0013-9157}}</ref> [[Anti-nuclear movement|ending nuclear power]],<ref name=":12" /> [[degrowth]],{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=285}} [[Decentralization|decentralized]] democracy,{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=286}} [[feminism]],{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=288}} and [[immigration]].{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=289}} |
||
⚫ | Green politics developed from various left-wing ideologies, including social democracy and Marxism, in the 1970s.{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=19–20}} It was initially developed in Australia and New Zealand,<ref name=":12" /> and it first gained influence in Germany as a response to the [[Cold War]] and [[Environmentalism|environmental issues]].{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=33–34}} The presence of green politics in national government is mostly limited to Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, though green political parties briefly held influence during the [[postcommunist]] period of Eastern Europe.<ref name=":12" /> Green political parties have been most successful in Belgium, Finland, France, and Germany, where they integrated into the national party system.{{Sfn|van Haute|2016|p=1}} |
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[[Christian democracy]] is an ideology that incorporates [[Catholic social teaching]] into a [[secular]] political philosophy.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Kalyvas |first1=Stathis N. |last2=van Kersbergen |first2=Kees |date=2010-05-01 |title=Christian Democracy |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.021406.172506 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=183–209 |doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.021406.172506 |issn=1094-2939}}</ref> Though most enduring Christian democratic parties are centrist,{{Sfn|Sigmund|2003|p=75}} those in Latin America have historically ranged across the political spectrum, with centre-left and centre-right variants both being common.{{Sfn|Mainwaring|Scully|2003|p=53}} Christian democrats often support the welfare state,<ref name=":13" /> and social justice has been a frequent theme among Christian democracy parties in Latin America.{{Sfn|Mainwaring|Scully|2003|p=43}} Christian democracy in Europe is not usually associated with the centre-left, instead favouring the centre-right.{{Sfn|Sigmund|2003|p=75}} |
[[Christian democracy]] is an ideology that incorporates [[Catholic social teaching]] into a [[secular]] political philosophy.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Kalyvas |first1=Stathis N. |last2=van Kersbergen |first2=Kees |date=2010-05-01 |title=Christian Democracy |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.021406.172506 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=183–209 |doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.021406.172506 |issn=1094-2939}}</ref> Though most enduring Christian democratic parties are centrist,{{Sfn|Sigmund|2003|p=75}} those in Latin America have historically ranged across the political spectrum, with centre-left and centre-right variants both being common.{{Sfn|Mainwaring|Scully|2003|p=53}} Christian democrats often support the welfare state,<ref name=":13" /> and social justice has been a frequent theme among Christian democracy parties in Latin America.{{Sfn|Mainwaring|Scully|2003|p=43}} Christian democracy in Europe is not usually associated with the centre-left, instead favouring the centre-right.{{Sfn|Sigmund|2003|p=75}} |
Revision as of 15:27, 1 August 2023
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Centre-left politics is the range of
The centre-left developed with the rest of the
Centre-left economics declined in popularity following the
Ideologies
The main ideologies of the centre-left include social democracy,[1][2] social liberalism,[1][2] and progressivism.[1][3] Centre-left politics often incorporate elements of libertarianism and occasionally favour limited state intervention.[1] As with all political alignments, the exact boundaries of centre-left versus far-left or centrist politics are not clearly defined and can vary depending on context.[2] Centre-left ideologies are common in stable political systems, which typically allow for political debate with an ideological centre.[4]
Social democracy
Social democracy is a
Social democracy has influenced the politics of nearly every major democracy,[11] though it has historically been most successful in the European Union,[12] where it was the predominant ideology from 1945 to 1973.[10] Sweden in particular has historically been closely associated with social democracy, as it was the first country to be led by a social democratic party,[7] and social democrats in Sweden continued to be relevant even after the ideology lost influence in other countries during the 1970s.[13] Social democracy also became a popular ideology in African government after the decolonisation of Africa.[14]
Social liberalism
Social liberalism, or left liberalism, overlaps significantly with social democracy.
Social liberalism was developed in the United Kingdom in the mid-20th century,
Progressivism
Progressivism is the support of continuous
Related ideologies
In addition to the most common centre-left ideologies, other ideologies are sometimes described as centre-left or have centre-left variants.
Green politics is an ideological movement that advocates a political focus on ecology and nonviolence.[30] It challenges modern industrialisation and institutions through a lens of social justice[31] while rejecting traditional political philosophy and organization.[32] Definitions of the scope of green politics may vary; it may be limited to explicitly environmentalist parties, or it may broadly cover political movements descended from New Left or left-libertarian ideas.[33] Besides environmentalism, green politics often includes support for disarmament,[34] ending nuclear power,[34] degrowth,[35] decentralized democracy,[36] feminism,[37] and immigration.[38]
Green politics developed from various left-wing ideologies, including social democracy and Marxism, in the 1970s.
Though it is often associated with conservatism,[45][46] some elements of Confucianism invoke ideas that are associated with the centre-left in Western countries. Promotion of general welfare, supporting members of the family, and the ideal of the Harmonious Society all have implications for centre-left politics.[47] The welfare state of East Asian countries such as Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan are sometimes described as Confucian.[48] These welfare systems have been influenced by Confucian familialism, which shifts some of the burden of welfare from the state to the family.[49]
Positions
Centre-left politics seeks
The immigration policies of centre-left groups vary depending on the political circumstances of a given country, and they may seek to greatly expand or greatly restrict immigration.[55] In principle, centre-left parties generally believe in multiculturalism and support high immigration.[56] The key issue of centre-left immigration policy is the balance between egalitarianism and pragmatism.[57] The centre-left often faces pressures from working class voters to restrict immigration to prevent competition over jobs and public services.[58] Other centre-left policies can also be negatively impacted by immigration, as a large increase in low-skilled workers can raise concerns about the increased price of public services, prompting spending cuts and roll-backs of centre-left welfare policies.[59]
The centre-left is more likely to support environmental policies over the centre-right, but environmentalism is a relatively low priority issue in electoral politics and this is not a consistent trend.[60] Centre-left parties are popularly associated with environmental policies in the minds of voters, which earns them support in good economic conditions but loses them support in poor economic conditions.[51] Environmentalism is a major component of green politics.[30]
Economics
Centre-left groups generally support a
Centre-left politics often involve transfer payment systems, such as welfare and early childhood education, with the goal of creating higher employment while avoiding a welfare trap.[66] Closely associated with this is the implementation of a progressive tax, in which higher earnings are taxed at higher rates.[50] Some early centre-left groups supported gradual reform toward socialism, but this position is not supported by the centre-left in the 21st century.[1] The modern centre-left distinguishes between just and unjust capitalism, advocating for welfare state policies to create what it considers to be just capitalism.[67] Through the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the centre-left has been more likely to benefit electorally during periods of economic growth and suffer electorally in economic downturn.[51]
The core objective underlying centre-left economic policies,
The
History
Origins
The centre-left is descended from left-wing politics, which originated in the
Elsewhere in Europe, centre-left movements appeared from the 1860s, mainly in Spain and Italy. In Italy, the centre-left was born as coalition between the liberal Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour and the progressive Urbano Rattazzi, the heads respectively of the Right and Left groupings in Parliament. This alliance was called "connubio" ("marriage") for its opportunist characteristics.[78] Liberalism was typically associated with the centre-right in the late 19th century,[79] but liberal parties in France, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom adopted left liberal policies through coalitions of middle and working class voters that survived until World War I.[80]
Progressivism developed as a school of thought within British and American centre-left politics in the mid-19th century. Early progressive thought developed from modernism and humanism, manifesting as calls for reform. It developed as a political movement in the late-19th and early-20th centuries as it was adopted by social liberal and social democratic parties.[24] Unlike later social democratic movements, social democracy in the 19th century held socialist society as an eventual goal.[81] The first social democratic party was established in Germany in 1863.[11]
Early 20th century
Social democracy had developed as a major political movement in Europe by the early 20th century as a response to the strength of capitalism.[5] Challenging the idea that capitalism was nearing an implosion, reformist socialists such as Eduard Bernstein rejected Marxist ideas of historical materialism and class conflict,[82][8] and social democrats established themselves as a reformist alternative to the revolutionary left, arguing that societal improvements within capitalist democracy would better serve the working class.[5] This philosophy became widely popular among the European left after World War I, which had convinced many contemporary leftists that national identity was more important to the working class than class solidarity, which would render Marxism unviable. This was reinforced by the wave of democracy that followed, allowing socialists to participate in electoral politics.[82]
Social democrats made up the centre-left during the
Post-war politics
Centre-left ideas proliferated rapidly after the Great Depression and World War II. A post-war consensus formed among policymakers in Western Europe that rejected both classical liberalism and democratic socialism in favour of social democratic ideals.[86] With the end of fascism, countries in Western Europe adopted social democracy and liberal democracy.[87] Social democracy was widely adopted and implemented in much of Europe, both by centre-left and by traditionally centre-right parties.[8] Social liberalism was developed in the United Kingdom by liberal politicians such as John Maynard Keynes and William Beveridge, who advocated market restrictions to the benefit of the public.[19] Keynesian economics became the mainstream in Western Europe during the 1950s and 1960s,[87] while the social market economy was developed by social democrats in Germany at the same time.[19] As social democracy became influential in Europe, the United Nations considered the New International Economic Order plan that would facilitate social democratic governments in developing nations.[88]
Centre-left politics were historically unpopular in Latin America,[89] and left-wing candidates were kept out of power through both right-wing dictatorships and through conservative victories in fair elections.[90] In the mid-20th century, centre-left politics supported state-led development and industrialization in the region, which allowed redistributive and socially inclusive policies to be implemented. In East Asia, interventionism and developmental policy were adopted by right-wing parties rather than centre-left parties.[91]
Keynesian economics declined in popularity after the end of the post-war consensus, spurred by the
Late 20th century
Third Way politics developed as a prominent form of centre-left politics, beginning with the Australian governments of
Centre-left ideologies were among those uplifted by the
Ideological diversity developed in Africa after the end of the decolonization period, which had been dominated by far-left politics. Most post-colonial African political parties adopted some form of socialism or social democracy, though social democratic policies have seen limited success due to the unstable nature of democracy in Africa.[14]
Early 21st century
By the beginning of the 21st century, the centre-left had almost entirely overtaken farther left groups in politics globally, with other forms of left-wing politics seeing little support in democratic nations.
The Great Recession exacerbated this trend, bringing significant challenges to the rule of centre-left parties, particularly those with social democratic leanings.[105][106] In Europe, this brought about a period of Pasokification in which social democratic parties saw large declines during the 2010s, largely being replaced by far-left and right-wing populist parties.[107] The centre-left's stance on immigration in Europe was one of multiculturalism, further pushing working class voters from the centre-left to the far-right.[108] In some cases, centre-left and centre-right politics in these countries became less distinct as political cleavages shifted toward populist versus traditional politics.[109] The Arab Spring in the Middle East and North Africa supported ideals often associated with social democracy and the centre-left.[110]
See also
- Centre-right politics
- Eco-capitalism
- Green liberalism
- Green libertarianism
- Hard left
- List of left-wing political parties
- Neoclassical liberalism
- Soft left
References
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- ^ a b Keman 2017, p. 1.
- ^ Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011, p. 10.
- ^ Berman 2011, p. 44.
- ^ a b Abbey, Michael (7 November 2022). "The state of African social democracy". IPS. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
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Bibliography
- Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd; Bale, Time, eds. (2017). Left-of-Centre Parties and Trade Unions in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Ptress. ISBN 9780192507716.
- Balán, Manuel; Montambeault, Françoise, eds. (2020). Legacies of the Left Turn in Latin America: The Promise of Inclusive Citizenship. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 9780268106607.
- Cameron, Maxwell A. "Liberalism and Its Competitors in Latin America". In Balán & Montambeault (2020), pp. 44–68.
- Roberts, Kenneth M. "Parties and Party Systems in Latin America's Left Turn". In Balán & Montambeault (2020), pp. 71–100.
- Bell, Daniel A. (2006). Beyond Liberal Democracy: Political Thinking for an East Asian Context. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400827466.
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