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Antifa (

physical violence, and property damage

.

The movement tends to support

anti-state views.^[3]^[4] This also includes a range of left-wing ideologies such as anarchism, communism, Marxism, social democracy, and socialism.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Some on the American Left criticize antifa for encouraging violence or emboldening the right and their allies.^[10] Those on the right characterize it as a domestic terrorist organization or use antifa as a catch-all term^[11] for any left-leaning or liberal protest actions.^[12] Some liberal scholars reject equivalences between antifa and the far right or white supremacism and argue that antifa is a legitimate response to the rise of the far right.^[13]^[10]

There have been multiple efforts to discredit antifa groups via hoaxes on social media, many of them

First Amendment.^[21]^[22]^[23] Several analyses, reports, and studies concluded that antifa is not a major domestic terrorism risk and ranked far-right extremism and white supremacy as the top risk.^[24]^[25]^[26]

Overview

Etymology and use

An antifa sticker, based on the logo of the German Antifa movement

The English word antifa is a

antifa movement in Germany.^[27]^[28]^[29]

The German word Antifa itself first appeared in 1930 and the long form antifaschistisch was borrowed from the original Italian anti-Fascisti ("anti-fascists").[27] Oxford Dictionaries placed antifa on its shortlist for word of the year in 2017 and stated the word "emerged from relative obscurity to become an established part of the English lexicon over the course of 2017."^[28]

The Anti-Defamation League states that the label antifa should be limited to "those who proactively seek physical confrontations with their perceived fascist adversaries" and not be misapplied to include all anti-fascist counter-protesters.^[30]

Ideology

Individuals involved in the antifa movement tend to hold

far-left^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39] and militant.^[32]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]

According to historian

right-wing commentators have accused their adherents of being aided by "liberal sympathizers"^[49] and "affiliated with the Democratic Party"^[48] as well as being "a single organization", "funded by liberal financiers like George Soros", "mastermind[ing] violence at Black Lives Matter protests", and that "Antifascists are the 'real fascists.'"^[48]

The Anti-Defamation League states that "[m]ost antifa come from the anarchist movement or from the far left, though since the 2016 presidential election, some people with more mainstream political backgrounds have also joined their ranks."^[30] Similarly, Mark Bray argues that "[i]t's also important to remember that these are self-described revolutionaries. They're anarchists and communists who are way outside the traditional conservative-liberal spectrum."^[34] ABC News notes that "[w]hile antifa's political leanings are often described as 'far-left,' experts say members' radical views vary and can intersect with communism, socialism and anarchism."^[50] According to CNN, "Antifa is short for anti-fascists. The term is used to define a broad group of people whose political beliefs lean toward the left -- often the far left -- but do not conform with the Democratic Party platform."^[51] The BBC notes that, "as their name indicates, Antifa focuses more on fighting far-right ideology than encouraging pro-left policy."^[32]

Movement structure

Antifa is not a unified organization but rather a movement without a hierarchical leadership structure, comprising multiple autonomous groups and individuals.^[30]^[34]^[45]^[52] The movement is loosely affiliated^[32] and has no chain of command, with antifa groups instead sharing "resources and information about far-right activity across regional and national borders through loosely knit networks and informal relationships of trust and solidarity."^[23] According to Mark Bray, "members hide their political activities from law enforcement and the far right" and "concerns about infiltration and high expectations of commitment keep the sizes of groups rather small."^[23]

Activists typically organize protests via social media and through

white supremacists at the Unite the Right rally "reflects many Antifa supporters' belief that Trump is a fascist demagogue who threatens the existence of America's pluralistic, multi-racial democracy. This factor helps explain why such Antifa supporters are so quick to label the president's 'Make America Great Again' supporters as fascists — and why Trump is so quick to label Antifa as a terrorist organization."^[57]

The antifa movement has grown since the 2016 United States presidential election. As of August 2017, approximately 200 groups existed, of varying sizes and levels of activity.^[58] It is particularly present in the Pacific Northwest.^[59]

History

Background

Logo of Antifaschistische Aktion, the militant anti-fascist network in 1930s Germany that inspired the antifa movement

The logo as it appears on a flag held by an antifa protester in Cologne, Germany, 2008

When Italian dictator

syndicalist émigrés from Italy with experience in labor organizing and militancy.^[60] Ideologically, antifa in the United States sees itself as the successor to anti-Nazi activists of the 1930s. European activist groups that originally organized to oppose World War II-era fascist dictatorships re-emerged in the 1970s and 1980s to oppose white supremacy and skinheads, eventually spreading to the United States.^[58]

Modern antifa politics can be traced to opposition to the infiltration of Britain's

white power skinheads in the 1970s and 1980s, and the emergence of neo-Nazism in Germany following the fall of the Berlin Wall.^[46] In Germany, young leftists, including anarchists and punk fans, renewed the practice of street-level anti-fascism.^[46] Columnist Peter Beinart writes that "in the late '80s, left-wing punk fans in the United States began following suit, though they initially called their groups Anti-Racist Action (ARA) on the theory that Americans would be more familiar with fighting racism than they would be with fighting fascism."^[46]

Torch Antifa Network^[64] which has chapters throughout the United States.^[65] Other antifa groups are a part of different associations such as NYC Antifa or operate independently.^[66]

Activities

According to Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at the

Scott Crow

told an interviewer:

The idea in Antifa is that we go where they (right-wingers) go. That hate speech is not free speech. That if you are endangering people with what you say and the actions that are behind them, then you do not have the right to do that. And so we go to cause conflict, to shut them down where they are, because we don't believe that Nazis or fascists of any stripe should have a mouthpiece.[51]

A manual posted on

It's Going Down, an anarchist website, warns against accepting "people who just want to fight". Furthermore, the website notes that "physically confronting and defending against fascists is a necessary part of anti-fascist work, but is not the only or even necessarily the most important part."^[68]

transgender pride flag

in a 2017 protest

According to Beinart, antifa activists "try to publicly identify white supremacists and get them fired from their jobs and evicted from their apartments" and also "disrupt white-supremacist rallies, including by force."

militia movement group Three Percenters) at a September 2017 rally in Kansas City to remove ammunition from their weapons.^[72]

Apart from the other activities, antifa activists engage in

community gardens.^[77]

Antifa activists often use the black bloc tactic in which people dress in black and cover their faces in order to thwart surveillance and create a sense of equality and solidarity among participants.^[78] Antifa activists wear masks to hide their "identity from protestors on the other side (who might dox people they disagree with) or from police and cameras" and for philosophical reasons such as the beliefs that "hierarchies are bad and that remaining anonymous helps keep one's ego in check."^[79] Joseph Bernstein from BuzzFeed News says that antifa activists also wear masks because "they fear retribution from the far right and the cops, whom they believe are sympathetic if not outright supportive to fascists."^[80]

When antifa became prominent in the news during the

Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone in Seattle blamed people they identified as antifa for much of the violence and intimidation of their patrons while distinguishing antifa from Black Lives Matter.^[59] In September 2020, Scott Crow criticized a report for "equating the murder of human beings by the Boogaloo and neo-Nazis with property destruction because people are sick of having boots on their neck."^[82]

Notable actions

Along with

February 2017 Berkeley protests against alt-right provocateur^[83]^[84]^[85] speaker Milo Yiannopoulos, where antifa gained mainstream attention,^[53] with media reporting antifa protesters "throwing Molotov cocktails and smashing windows"^[51] and causing $100,000 worth of damage.^[86]

In April 2017, the Direct Action Alliance and the Oregon Students Empowered, described as "two self-described antifascist groups", threatened to disrupt the 82nd Avenue of Roses Parade in Portland, Oregon after hearing that the Multnomah County Republican Party would participate. The parade organizers also received an anonymous email, reading: "You have seen how much power we have downtown and that the police cannot stop us from shutting down roads so please consider your decision wisely." The two groups denied having anything to do with the email. The parade was ultimately canceled by the organizers due to safety concerns.^[87]^[88]

In August 2017, antifa counter-protesters at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, reported The New York Times, "used clubs and dyed liquids against the white supremacists."^[71] Journalist Adele Stan interviewed an antifa protester at the rally who said the sticks carried by the protesters were a justifiable countermeasure to the fact that "the right has a goon squad".^[89] Some antifa participants at the Charlottesville rally chanted that counter-protesters should "punch a Nazi in the mouth".^[69] Antifa participants also protected Cornel West and various clergy from attack by white supremacists, with West stating he felt that antifa had "saved his life".^[90]^[91] Antifa activists also defended the First United Methodist Church, where the Charlottesville Clergy Collective provided refreshments, music and training to the counter-protesters.^[92] According to a local rabbi, antifa counter-protesters "chased [the white supremacists] off with sticks."^[90]

Groups that had been preparing to protest the Boston Free Speech Rally saw their plans become viral following the violence in Charlottesville. The event drew a largely peaceful crowd of 40,000 counter-protesters. In The Atlantic, McKay Coppins stated that the 33 people arrested for violent incidents were "mostly egged on by the minority of 'Antifa' agitators in the crowd."^[93] President Trump described the protesters outside his August 2017 rally in Phoenix, Arizona as "antifa".^[94]

During the

Jesse Arreguin, the mayor of Berkeley, suggested classifying the city's antifa as a gang.^[97] The far-right group Patriot Prayer cancelled an event in San Francisco the same day following counter protests. Joey Gibson, the founder of Patriot Prayer, blamed antifa, along with BAMN, for breaking up the event.^[98]

In June 2018, a Nebraska antifa group published a list of names and photographs of 1,595

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officials, drawn from LinkedIn profiles.^[99]

In November 2018, police investigated the antifa group Smash Racism D.C. following a protest outside the home of

anarchist symbol on it.^[103] Twitter suspended the group's account for violation of Twitter rules by posting Carlson's home address. The group also posted addresses of Carlson's brother and a friend who co-founded The Daily Caller.^[104]^[105]^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109]

In February 2019, anti-fascist activists marched in celebration through
SPLC.^[110]^[111]^[112]

Public reactions

Academics and scholars

Historian
Mark Bray, who has studied the antifa movement, stated that "[g]iven the historical and current threat that white supremacist and fascist groups pose, it's clear to me that organized, collective self-defense is not only a legitimate response, but lamentably an all-too-necessary response to this threat on too many occasions."^[13] Alexander Reid Ross, a lecturer in geography and an author on the contemporary right, has argued that antifa groups represented "one of the best models for channeling the popular reflexes and spontaneous movements towards confronting fascism in organized and focused ways."^[113] Academic Cornel West, who attended a counter-protest to the Unite the Right rally, said in an interview that "we would have been crushed like cockroaches if it were not for the anarchists and the anti-fascists", describing a situation where a group of 20 counter-protesters were surrounded by marchers whom he described as "neofascists".^[114]

Academic
revolutionary politics.^[116] Historian and Dissent magazine editor Michael Kazin wrote that "[n]on-leftists often see the left as a disruptive, lawless force. Violence tends to confirm that view."^[117] Historian Ruth Ben-Ghiat argued that "[t]hrowing a milkshake is not equivalent to killing someone, but because the people in power are allied with the right, any provocation, any dissent against right-wing violence, backfires", with the effect that "[m]ilitancy on the left" can "become a justification for those in power and allies on the right to crack down" on the left.^[10]

Peter Beinart, a professor of journalism and political science, wrote that "[a]ntifa believes it is pursuing the opposite of authoritarianism. Many of its activists oppose the very notion of a centralized state. But in the name of protecting the vulnerable, antifascists have granted themselves the authority to decide which Americans may publicly assemble and which may not. That authority rests on no democratic foundation. [...] The people preventing Republicans from safely assembling on the streets of Portland may consider themselves fierce opponents of the authoritarianism growing on the American right. In truth, however, they are its unlikeliest allies."^[46] A. M. Gittlitz and Natasha Lennard^[81]^[118] have also argued against Chomsky and others, citing the 2017 events at Charlottesville and Richard B. Spencer's suspension of his college tour in March 2018,^[119]^[120] respectively, as "a victory"^[116] and as "a sharp rebuttal to the glut of claims that antifa practices serve as a gift to the far right."^[121]^[122]
2019–20 Hong Kong protests, but that what antifa was "not so great at is coming to the realization that eventually social protests seek to bargain."^[123]

Civil rights organizations

According to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), "most established civil rights organizations criticize antifa tactics as dangerous and counterproductive."^[30] In 2017, the ADL criticized antifa for its use of "unacceptable tactics" such as violence and warned that such tactics provided a powerful propaganda and recruitment tool to right-wing extremists.^[30] However, the ADL stated that "it is important to reject attempts to claim equivalence between the antifa and the white supremacist groups they oppose", noting that right-wing extremist movements are much more violent and have been responsible for hundreds of murders in the United States while "there have not been any known antifa-related murders."^[30] In 2020, the ADL noted that while there have been hundreds of murders by far-right groups in the last few decades, there has only been one suspected antifa-related murder.^[124]
According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), designating antifa as a domestic terrorist organization is dangerous and a threat to civil liberties.^[125] The SPLC also reported that antifa members "have been involved in skirmishes and property crimes, 'but the threat of lethal violence pales in comparison to that posed by far-right extremists.'"^[25]

Law enforcement and officials

In June 2017, the antifa movement was linked to "anarchist extremism" by the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) believed that "anarchist extremists" were the primary instigators of violence at public rallies against a range of targets in April 2016.^[128]

In July 2020,
Senate Judiciary Committee that the agency "considers antifa more of an ideology than an organization"^[19] which was later reiterated the same year in a September 17 remark to lawmakers.^[52] This contradicted President Trump's remarks about antifa and put Wray at odds with the Trump administration.^[52] According to the Associated Press, Wray "did not dispute that antifa activists were a serious concern", stating that antifa was a "real thing" and that the FBI had undertaken "any number of properly predicated investigations into what we would describe as violent anarchist extremists", including into individuals who identify with antifa, whom the FBI identified as "a movement or an ideology" rather than as "a group or an organization".^[52] Wray stated that "racially motivated violent extremists, such as white supremacists, have been responsible for the most lethal attacks in the U.S. in recent years", although "this year the most lethal violence has come from anti-government activists, such as anarchists and militia-types."^[52]

Three August 2020 DHS draft reports did not mention antifa as a domestic terrorism risk and ranked white supremacy as the top risk, higher than that of foreign terrorist groups.[26]

Members of Congress

On August 29, 2017,
House Minority Leader for the Democratic Party, condemned the violence of antifa activists in Berkeley.^[131]

In July 2019,
nonbinding resolution that would designate antifa a domestic terrorist organization.^[132]

In June 2020, Republican Senator Tom Cotton advocated using military force to quell nationwide protests against police brutality and racism, calling for the 101st Airborne Division to be deployed to combat what he called "Antifa terrorists".^[133] Cruz accused "Antifa protesters" of "organizing these acts of terror"^[134] and called for "systematic law enforcement targeting Antifa and other terrorist groups".^[135]
In September 2020,
2020 Democratic Party presidential candidate Joe Biden also condemned antifa violent actions,^[48] having previously already condemned violence across the political spectrum and expressed his support for the peaceful protests.^[136]

Trump administration

In August 2017, a petition was lodged with the White House petitioning system We the People calling upon President Donald Trump to formally classify "AntiFa" as terrorist. The White House responded in 2018 that federal law does not have a mechanism for formally designating domestic terrorist organizations.^[137]^[138]^[139] The writer of the petition later stated he had created it to "bring our broken right side together" and to "prop up antifa as a punching bag".^[140]
In 2017, Politico interviewed unidentified law enforcement officials who noted a rise in activity since the beginning of the Trump administration, particularly a rise in recruitment and on the part of the far right as well since the Charlottesville Unite the Right rally. One internal assessment acknowledged an inability to penetrate the groups' "diffuse and decentralized organizational structure". By 2017, the FBI and the DHS reported that they were monitoring suspicious antifa activity in relation to terrorism.^[128]
During the Trump administration, the term antifa became "a conservative catch-all" term as Trump, administration officials, Trump
base supporters, and right-wing commentators applied the label to all sorts of left-leaning or liberal protest actions.^[11] Conservative writers such as L. Brent Bozell III labeled Black Lives Matter as "antifa".^[11] Politico reported that "the term [antifa] is a potent one for conservatives" because "[i]t's the violent distillation of everything they fear could come to pass in an all-out culture war. And it's a quick way to brand part of the opposition".^[11] Alexander Reid Ross, who teaches at Portland State University, argued that the popularization of the term antifa was a reaction to the popularization of the term alt-right, "to the point where [antifa] simply describes people who are anti-fascist or people who are against racism and are willing to protest against it."^[11]

During the
Twitter posts and other statements, Trump blamed "ANTIFA and the Radical Left" for violence^[141]^[144] and repeatedly pledged that the federal government would designate antifa as a "Terrorist Organization".^[145]^[146]^[147]^[148] However, Trump lacks the authority to do so because under existing law the federal government may designate only foreign organizations as terrorist and antifa is a loosely associated movement rather than a specific organization.^[149]^[150]^[151] Legal experts, among others, believe that designating antifa as a terrorist group would be unconstitutional, raising First Amendment and due process issues.^[21]^[22] According to historian Mark Bray, antifa cannot be designated as a terrorist organization because "[t]he groups are loosely organized, and they aren't large enough to cause everything Trump blames them for." In addition, Bray argued that the political right has attempted to "blame everything on antifa" during the George Floyd protests and that in assuming antifa to be "predominantly white", it "evince[s] a kind of racism that assumes that black people couldn't organize on this deep and wide of a scale."^[23]

On June 2, 2020,
Washington Field Office internal situation report it had obtained which stated that the FBI had "no intelligence indicating Antifa involvement/presence" in the violent May 31 D.C.-area protests.^[152] Two days later, Barr claimed that "[w]e have evidence that antifa and other similar extremist groups, as well as actors of a variety of different political persuasions have been involved in instigating and participating in the violent activity."^[153] However, the Trump administration has provided no evidence for its claims^[154] and there is no evidence that antifa-aligned individuals played a role in instigating the protests or violence, or that antifa played a significant role in the protests.^[19]^[155]^[154] According to Bray, while "confident that some members of antifa groups have participated in a variety of forms of resistance" during the protests, it is "impossible to ascertain the exact number of people who belong to antifa groups."^[23] As of June 9, 2020, none of the 51 people facing federal charges were alleged to have links to antifa.^[156] As of September 16, 2020, no antifa or left-wing group has been charged in connection with the civil unrest.^[82]

In an August 2020 interview, Trump asserted "people that are in the dark shadows" control his Democratic presidential opponent Joe Biden and then claimed that "we had somebody get on a plane from a certain city this weekend, and in the plane it was almost completely loaded with thugs, wearing these dark uniforms, black uniforms, with gear and this and that", adding that "they're people that are on the streets. They're people that are controlling the streets." Antifa activists commonly dress in black.^[157] Trump's remarks were similar to false social media rumors during preceding months that planes and buses full of antifa gangs were preparing to invade communities, allegedly funded by George Soros.^[158]^[159]^[160] Two days after Trump's remarks, Barr asserted he knew antifa activists "are flying around the country" and "we are following them".^[161] However, there is no evidence of any such flight.^[157] According to Reuters, "[l]aw enforcement, intelligence and Congressional officials familiar with official reporting on weeks of protests and related arrests said on Tuesday they were aware of no incidents or reports that would confirm Trump's anecdote."^[161]
In a September 2020 whistleblower complaint,
Brian Murphy, who was the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis until August 2020, asserted that DHS secretary Chad Wolf and his deputy Ken Cuccinelli instructed him "to modify intelligence assessments to ensure they matched up with the public comments by President Trump on the subject of ANTIFA and 'anarchist' groups."^[163] On September 18, 2020, Trump publicly criticized FBI Director Christopher A. Wray and hinted that he could fire him over Wray's testimony about antifa and Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections.^[164]^[165]^[166]

On September 25, 2020, the Trump administration released details on a "Platinum Plan for Black America", under which "Antifa" and the
far-right terrorism.^[169]

Analyses and studies

In relation to the events of the Unite the Right rally, a 2018 study conducted by professor of criminology Gary LaFree on the link between antifa and terrorism concluded that "while the events share many characteristics of terrorist attacks", the actions by antifa supporters during this event "do not include all of the elements of terrorism required by the GTD". Whereas it fulfilled the requirements of an action led by "sub-national actors" with "violence or threat of violence", it lacked in particular the "intentionality of the incident", that is the "result of a conscious calculation on the part of the perpetrators." LaFree also questioned "whether antifa can be considered to constitute a 'group' at this point in time" and stressed "how complicated it is to distinguish terrorism from other forms of illegal violence" such as those by antifa supporters.^[170]
In June 2020, the centrist think tank
killing of Aaron Danielson by Michael Reinoehl.^[173] In September 2020, when the investigation was still ongoing, Brian Levin had noted that if Reinoehl was implicated, it would mark the first case in recent history of an antifa supporter being charged with homicide.^[174] LaFree had said "the case could potentially be included in the university's Global Terrorism Database as the first act of terror linked to antifa."^[174] Levin added that "[t]he biggest threat is still, far-right white supremacist groups. But you also see that Facebook has become fertile soil for the mushrooming of small groups and lone actors."^[175]

A September 2020 report by the Network Contagion Research Institute and researchers at Rutgers University found that some left-wing movements, including antifa, associated in "fringe online forums", posted dehumanizing memes about police, used violent rhetoric and coordinated riot activity.^[176] Voice of America summarized the report as stating that "far-left movements such as antifa, while decentralized and seen as less lethal than their counterparts on the far right, are just as capable of turning peaceful protests into violent confrontations with law enforcement".^[82] According to Voice of America, "the Justice Department has not charged any left-wing groups in connection with the civil unrest, and extremism experts say while the threat of violence from antifa is real, organized groups on the far right pose a greater threat of violence."^[82] Josh Lipowsky, a senior research analyst with the Counter Extremism Project, stated that "the decentralized antifa movement poses a lesser threat than the better organized groups on the far right."^[82]

Effectiveness

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2020)

Questions on how effective antifa is and whether it is a reasonable response have been raised and discussed by news media.^[81]^[177]^[46]^[118]^[120]^[178]

Hoaxes

2020 Trump campaign.^[183]

In August 2017, a #PunchWhiteWomen photo hoax campaign spread by fake antifa Twitter accounts.[184]^[185] Bellingcat researcher Eliot Higgins discovered an image of British actress Anna Friel portraying a battered woman in a 2007 Women's Aid anti-domestic violence campaign that had been re-purposed using fake antifa Twitter accounts organized by way of 4chan. The image is captioned "53% of white women voted for Trump, 53% of white women should look like this" and includes an antifa flag. Another image featuring an injured woman is captioned "She chose to be a Nazi. Choices have consequences" and includes the hashtag #PunchANazi. Higgins remarked to the BBC that "[t]his was a transparent and quite pathetic attempt, but I wouldn't be surprised if white nationalist groups try to mount more sophisticated attacks in the future".^[15] A similar fake image circulated on social media after the Unite the Right rally in 2017. The doctored image, actually from a 2009 riot in Athens, was altered to make it look like someone wearing an antifa symbol attacking a policeman with a flag.^[186] After the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, similar hoaxes falsely claimed that the shooter was an antifa "member"; another such hoax involved a fake antifa Twitter account praising the shooting.^[187]^[188] Another high-profile fake antifa account was banned from Twitter after it posted with a geotag originating in Russia.^[16] Those fake antifa accounts have been repeatedly reported on as real by right-leaning media outlets.^[14]^[18]
In October 2017, a conspiracy theory claiming that antifa groups were planning a violent insurrection or
civil war the following month spread on YouTube and was advanced by far-right figures including Alex Jones, Lucian Wintrich, Paul Joseph Watson, and Steven Crowder.^[189]^[190]^[191]^[192]^[193] The basis for the conspiracy theory was a series of protests against Donald Trump organized by the group Refuse Fascism.^[189]^[190]^[191]^[194] The protests passed off as planned without causing significant disruption.^[195]

During the nationwide
target of conspiracy theories, claiming he funded such groups and demonstrations.^[200]

In June 2020, a multiracial family on a camping trip in Forks, Washington, were accused of being antifa activists, harassed and trapped in their campsite when trees were felled to block the road.^[201]^[202]^[203] In Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, groups of armed right-wing vigilantes occupied streets in response to false rumors that antifa activists were planning to travel to the city while similar rumors led to threats being made against activists planning peaceful protests in Sonora, California.^[204] In Klamath Falls, Oregon, hundreds of people, most of whom were armed, assembled in response to false rumors that antifa activists would target the city, spread by a commander in the Oregon Air National Guard.^[160] In an August 2020 interview, Trump spread a similar conspiracy theory, claiming that "thugs, wearing these dark uniforms, black uniforms, with gear and this and that" had boarded a plane to Washington, D.C. to disrupt the 2020 Republican National Convention.^[157] Also in August 2020, a fake antifa website began to redirect users to the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign website. Although this has been described as "clearly a ploy to associate the Democratic Party with antifa", those on the right seized upon it.^[48] A study by Zignal Labs found that unsubstantiated claims of antifa involvement were one of three dominant themes in misinformation and conspiracy theories around the protests, alongside claims that Floyd's death had been faked and claims of involvement by George Soros.^[180] Some of the opposition to antifa activism has also been artificial in nature. Nafeesa Syeed of Bloomberg News reported that "[t]he most-tweeted link in the Russian-linked network followed by the researchers was a petition to declare Antifa a terrorist group".^[205]
As
Washington state, also debunking these rumors, described Facebook as "an absolute cesspool of misinformation" on the topic.^[210] Prominent promoters of the unfounded rumors included adherents of the QAnon conspiracy theory.^[210] One false claim that six antifa activists had been arrested for setting fires was specifically amplified by "Q", i.e. "the anonymous person or people behind QAnon".^[211] QAnon had for months been organizing "digital soldiers" on social media and internet message boards to wage information warfare to influence the 2020 United States elections.^[212]

See also

Autonomism

Diversity of tactics

Proud Boys

References

^ Liberman, Mark (August 20, 2017). "Ask Language Log: How to pronounce "Antifa"?". Language Log. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6
.

^
ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6
. In the United States, most [antifa groups] have been anarchist or antiauthoritarian since the emergence of modern antifa under the name Anti-Racist Action (ARA) in the late eighties.

^ ^a ^b Cammeron, Brenna (August 14, 2017). "Antifa: Left-wing militants on the rise". BBC News. Retrieved November 7, 2017. Antifa is anti-government and anti-capitalist, and their methodologies are often perceived as more closely aligned with anarchists than the mainstream left.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fuller, Thomas; Feuer, Alan; Kovaleski, Serge F. (August 17, 2017). "'Antifa' Grows as Left-Wing Faction Set to, Literally, Fight the Far Right". The New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2017. [...] the diverse collection of anarchists, communists and socialists has found common cause in opposing right-wing extremists and white supremacists.

^ Illing, Sean (August 25, 2017). "'They have no allegiance to liberal democracy': an expert on antifa explains the group". Vox. Retrieved August 27, 2017. For the most part, these are pan-leftist groups composed of leftists of different stripes. They all seem to have different views of what they think the ideal social order looks like. Some of them are Marxists, some are Leninists, some are social democrats or anarchists.

^ Lozada, Carlos (September 1, 2017). "The history, theory and contradictions of antifa". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2017. And its politics are not just negatory — they also aim to adapt "preexisting socialist, anarchist, and communist currents to a sudden need to react to the fascist menace.

^ ^a ^b Beinart, Peter (September 6, 2017). "The Rise of the Violent Left". The Atalntic. Retrieved November 7, 2017. Trump's rise has also bred a new sympathy for antifa among some on the mainstream left. 'Suddenly,' noted the antifa-aligned journal It's Going Down, 'anarchists and antifa, who have been demonized and sidelined by the wider Left have been hearing from liberals and Leftists, 'you've been right all along.' An article in The Nation argued that 'to call Trumpism fascist' is to realize that it is 'not well combated or contained by standard liberal appeals to reason.' The radical left, it said, offers 'practical and serious responses in this political moment.'

^ "What is Antifa?". Al Jazeera. June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020. Anti-fascists of the movement tend to be grouped on the leftward fringes of the US political spectrum, many describing themselves as socialists, anarchists, communists or anti-capitalists.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (July 2, 2019). "What Is Antifa? Explaining the Movement to Confront the Far Right". The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2019.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Nguyen, Tina (June 2, 2020). "How 'antifa' became a Trump catch-all". Politico. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

^ Galofaro, Claire; Kunzelman, Michael (September 23, 2020). "Trump, social media, right-wing news stir up antifa scares". Associated Press. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Bray, Mark; Sycamore, Mattilda Bernstein (December 11, 2017). "Anti-Fascism Beyond the Headlines: Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore Interviews Mark Bray". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved July 22, 2020.

^ ^a ^b ^c Chiel, Ethan (August 22, 2017). "Right Wing Publications Can't Stop Getting Duped By Fake Antifa Accounts". GQ. Retrieved September 11, 2018.

^ ^a ^b "Far-right smear campaign against Antifa exposed by Bellingcat". BBC News. August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.

^ ^a ^b "A Fake Antifa Account Was 'Busted' for Tweeting from Russia". Vice News. September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2018.

^ Feldman, Brian (August 21, 2017). "How to Spot a Fake Antifa Account". New York. Retrieved August 14, 2019.

^ ^a ^b Glaun, Dan (September 14, 2017). "Fake Boston Antifa group, which claimed credit for anti-racism banner at Red Sox game, is actually run by right wing trolls". The Republican. Retrieved August 14, 2019.

^ ^a ^b ^c Feuer, Alan; Goldman, Adam; MacFarquhar, Neil (June 11, 2020). "Federal Arrests Show No Sign That Antifa Plotted Protests". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2020. Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.

^ Peiser, Jaclyn (August 10, 2020). "'Their tactics are fascistic': Barr slams Black Lives Matter, accuses the left of 'tearing down the system'". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Haberman, Maggie; Savage, Charlie (May 31, 2020). "Trump, Lacking Clear Authority, Says U.S. Will Declare Antifa a Terrorist Group". The New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Perez, Evan; Hoffman, Jason (May 31, 2020). "Trump tweets Antifa will be labeled a terrorist organization but experts believe that's unconstitutional". CNN. Retrieved June 13, 2020.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bray, Mark (June 1, 2020). "Antifa isn't the problem. Trump's bluster is a distraction from police violence". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Beckett, Lois (July 27, 2020). "Anti-fascists linked to zero murders in the US in 25 years". The Guardian. Retrieved July 28, 2020.

^ ^a ^b ^c Stelloh, Tim (September 1, 2020). "Florida 'antifa hunter' sentenced to three years after threatening Black political candidate, activist". NBC News. Retrieved September 3, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Swan, Betsy Woodruff (September 4, 2020). "DHS draft document: White supremacists are greatest terror threat". Politico. Retrieved September 5, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

^ ^a ^b "Words We're Watching: 'Antifa'". Merriam-Webster. November 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

^ ^a ^b "Word of the Year 2017: shortlist". Oxford Languages. Oxford University Press. December 14, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Who are the Antifa?". Anti-Defamation League. 2017. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2019.

^ ^a ^b "What is Antifa?". The Economist. July 29, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cammeron, Brenna (August 14, 2017). "Antifa: Left-wing militants on the rise". BBC News. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

^ "Unmasking the leftist Antifa movement". CNN. August 17, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Illing, Sean (August 25, 2017). "'They have no allegiance to liberal democracy': an expert on antifa explains the group". Vox. Retrieved August 27, 2017.

^ ^a ^b Sacco, Lisa N. (June 9, 2020). "Are Antifa Members Domestic Terrorists? Background on Antifa and Federal Classification of Their Actions InFocus IF10839". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved September 9, 2020. Updated June 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

ISSN 1932-8036
. This present climate of partisan tribalism has given rise to new actors and factions representing the far ends of the political spectrum. [...] On the far left, Antifa represents a fast-growing crusade designed to confront all forms of fascism, principally the aforementioned groups but also, at times, law enforcement. Antifa has no single spokesperson but rather presents its movement as a collective of nameless vigilantes, typically outfitted in concealing masks and black combat gear, ready for battle.

ISBN 978-3-319-69891-5
. [...] Antifa, a far-left anti-fascist movement. [...] The American Far Left includes 'groups or individuals that embrace anticapitalist, Communist, or Socialist doctrines and [seek] to bring about change through violent revolution' (Department of Homeland Security 2009, p. 6).

S2CID 153314800
. [...] during 2016 and 2017, far-left movements in the U.S. such as Antifa were actively engaging in violent actions attacking alt-right demonstrators [...]. While the antifascist movements seemed to be disappeared with the end of WWII, they are on rise in the United States and Europe, in part due to the growth of neo-Nazism (LaFree, Arlow).

ISSN 1932-8036
.

^ ^a ^b Savage, Charlie (August 16, 2017). "Justice Dept. Demands Data on Visitors to Anti-Trump Website, Sparking Fight". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2017.

^ Miller, Michael E. (September 14, 2017). "Antifa: Guardians against fascism or lawless thrill-seekers?". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 13, 2017. It was a call to arms for militant anti-fascists, or 'antifa' – and Hines was heeding it.

^ Campos, Robert; Carroll, Jeremy; Guyen, Vicky; Jaworski, Jonathan; Jewett, Chris; Rutanashoodech, Tony (September 27, 2017). "An Inside Look at the Antifa Movement". KNTV. Retrieved October 13, 2017. NBC Bay Area sat down with several militant Antifa protesters [...].

ISBN 978-0-429-26517-4
. Since the election of President Trump and the rise in racism and white supremacist activity, the militant anti-fascist movement known as antifa has become increasingly active and high profile in the United States.

^ Hawkins, Derek (August 29, 2017). "A Dartmouth antifa expert was disavowed by his college president for 'supporting violent protest,' angering many faculty". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2020.

^
ISSN 0190-8286
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Beinart, Peter (September 6, 2017). "The Rise of the Violent Left". The Atalntic. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

^ ^a ^b Lozada, Carlos (September 1, 2017). "The history, theory and contradictions of antifa". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2017.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bray, Mark (September 11, 2020). "Five myths about antifa". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 17, 2020.

^ Beinart, Peter (July 4, 2019). "Conservatives Conjure Up Liberal Support for Antifa Violence". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C.: Emerson Collective. Retrieved June 1, 2020.

^ Mallin, Alexander (June 3, 2020). "What is antifa? Behind the group Trump wants to designate as a terrorist organization". ABC News. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Seurth, Jessica (August 14, 2017). "What is Antifa?". CNN. Retrieved August 15, 2017.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fox, Ben; Tucker, Eric (September 17, 2020). "FBI director says antifa is an ideology, not an organization". Associated Press. Retrieved September 17, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Beale, Andrew; Kehrt, Sonner (August 4, 2017). "Behind Berkeley's Semester of Hate". The New York Times. Retrieved August 7, 2017.

^ Mallett, Whitney (May 10, 2017). "California Anti-Fascists Want Racists and the Trump Administration to Be Afraid". Vice News. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

^ Devega, Chauncey (July 20, 2017). "There's a legacy of people resisting white supremacy in the US. Antifa is not new". Salon. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

^ Steakin, William (May 4, 2017). "What is Antifa? Controversial far-left group defends use of violence". AOL. Retrieved August 15, 2017.

^ Clarke, Colin; Kenney, Michael (June 23, 2020). "What Antifa Is, What It Isn't, and Why It Matters". War on the Rocks. Retrieved June 26, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Sales, Ben (August 16, 2017). "What you need to know about antifa, the group that fought white supremacists in Charlottesville". Jewish Telegraph Agency. Retrieved August 25, 2017.

^ ^a ^b Bowles, Nellie (August 7, 2020). "Abolish the Police? Those Who Survived the Chaos in Seattle Aren't So Sure". The New York Times. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

JSTOR 27500414
.

^ Stein, Perry (August 16, 2017). "Anarchists and the antifa: The history of activists Trump condemns as the 'alt-left'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 10, 2017.

^ Snyders, Matt (February 20, 2008). "Skinheads at Forty". City Pages. Archived from the original on August 3, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.

^ Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Garcia, Sandra E. (September 28, 2020). "What Is Antifa, the Movement Trump Wants to Declare a Terror Group?". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2020. One of the first groups in the United States to use the name was Rose City Antifa, which says it was founded in 2007 in Portland.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

^ Enzinna, Wes (April 27, 2017). "Inside the Underground Anti-Racist Movement That Brings the Fight to White Supremacists". Mother Jones. Retrieved September 9, 2020.

^ Strickland, Patrick (February 21, 2017). "US anti-fascists: 'We can make racists afraid again'". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved September 9, 2020.

^ Lennard, Natasha (January 19, 2017). "Anti-Fascists Will Fight Trump's Fascism in the Streets". The Nation. Retrieved September 9, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Beinart, Peter (August 16, 2017). "What Trump Gets Wrong About Antifa". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 16, 2017.

^ Mark, Michelle (August 23, 2017). "Trump and the right's post-Charlottesville bogeyman is antifa, a movement with a complicated history". Business Insider. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Updated by Michelle Mark and Connor Perrett to "Trump said he intends to declare antifa as a terrorist organization. Here's what we know about the decades-old, leaderless group." on June 2, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

^ ^a ^b Mann, Brian (August 14, 2017). "Trump Supporter: 'He Called For Unity, I Never Saw Obama Call For Unity'". NPR. Retrieved August 14, 2017.

ISSN 0458-3035
. Retrieved September 2, 2017.

^ ^a ^b Qiu, Linda (August 15, 2017). "Trump Asks, 'What About the Alt-Left?' Here's an Answer". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2017.

^ Davis, Mark (September 9, 2017). "KC police disarm antifa groups, others at Washington Square rally". Kansas City Star. Retrieved July 27, 2019.

^ Bernd, Candice (September 7, 2017). "Antifa and leftists organize mutual aid and rescue networks in Houston". Salon. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

^ "The Red Cross Won't Save Houston. Texas Residents Are Launching Community Relief Efforts Instead". Democracy Now!. August 30, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.

^ Smith, Lydia (August 31, 2017). "Hurricane Harvey: Antifa are on the ground in Texas helping flooding relief efforts". The Independent. Retrieved September 2, 2017.

^ ^a ^b Lennard, Natasha (January 19, 2017). "Anti-Fascists Will Fight Trump's Fascism in the Streets". The Nation. Retrieved August 7, 2017.

^ Feuer, Alan (May 15, 2018). "Antifa on Trial: How a College Professor Joined the Left's Radical Ranks". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 13, 2019.

^ Paulas, Rick (November 29, 2017). "What to Wear to Smash the State". The New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2018.

^ Steinmetz, Katy (August 14, 2017). "What Is Antifa? Anti-Fascist Protesters Draw Attention After Charlottesville". Time. Retrieved July 13, 2019.

^ Bernstein, Joseph (July 18, 2019). "Meet Andy Ngo: The Man Whose Attack By Portland Antifa Has Made Him a Victim and a Star". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved July 27, 2019.

^ ^a ^b ^c Beauchamp, Zack (June 8, 2020). "Antifa, explained". Vox. Retrieved June 12, 2020.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Farivar, Masood (September 16, 2020). "Anarchist Groups Tied to Riots in 4 US Cities". Voice of America. Retrieved September 17, 2020.

^ Luckhurst, Phoebe (November 25, 2016). "Who is Milo Yiannopoulos? Everything you need to know about Donald Trump's alt-Right poster boy". London Evening Standard. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

^ Roose, Kevin (August 9, 2017). "The Alt-Right Finds a New Enemy in Silicon Valley". The New York Times. Retrieved September 23, 2017.

^ Porter, Tom (August 12, 2017). "Who are the alt-right leaders and provocateurs addressing the Charlottesville white nationalist rally?". Newsweek. Retrieved September 23, 2017.

^ ^a ^b Swenson, Kyle (August 28, 2017). "Black-clad antifa attack peaceful right wing demonstrators in Berkeley". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 28, 2017.

^ Brown, Doug (April 25, 2017). "82nd Avenue of the Roses Parade Cancelled after Threats of Political Protests, Violence". The Portland Mercury. Retrieved August 16, 2017.

^ Mettler, Katie (April 27, 2017). "Portland rose parade canceled after 'antifascists' threaten GOP marchers". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2017.

^ Stan, Adele (August 14, 2017). "White Supremacist Chaos in Charlottesville Is Just the Beginning". Moyers & Company. Retrieved August 14, 2017.

^ ^a ^b Lithwick, Dahlia (August 16, 2017). "Yes, What About the 'Alt-Left'?". Slate. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

^ Flood, Alison (August 22, 2017). "Antifa: the Anti-fascist Handbook". The Guardian. Retrieved August 27, 2017. What Trump said made the book seem even more urgent. Rushed into print after the US president said there were 'fine people on both sides' of the Charlottesville clashes, Mark Bray's guide provides tactics for those hoping to 'defeat the resurgent far right.'

^ Bellows, Kate (July 6, 2017). "Charlottesville activists, religious leaders to counter KKK rally with community events Saturday". The Cavalier Daily. Retrieved August 30, 2017.

^ Coppins, McKay (August 19, 2017). "The far right's day in Boston". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 30, 2017.

^ Smith, David (August 23, 2017). "Trump paints himself as the real victim of Charlottesville in angry speech". The Guardian. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

^ Bowman, Emma (August 28, 2017). "Scattered Violence Erupts at Large, Left-Wing Berkeley Rally". NPR. Retrieved August 28, 2017.

^ Queally, James; St. John, Paige; Oreskes, Benjamin; Zahniser, David (August 27, 2017). "Counter-demonstrators vastly out number Trump supporters at Berkeley rally". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

^ Porter, Tom (August 29, 2017). "Berkeley's mayor wants antifa to be classified as a gang". Newsweek. Retrieved August 29, 2017.

^ Bauer, Shane (August 25, 2017). "Pro-Trump group cancels San Francisco rally as hundreds of counterprotesters march on the streets". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 4, 2018.

^ Mindock, Clark (June 22, 2018). "Antifa group shares link to list of 1,600 ICE employees alongside photos, locations, and job titles". The Independent. Retrieved July 4, 2018.

^ Balluck, Kyle (November 12, 2018). "Fox News Twitter account dark for days due to Tucker Carlson home threats". The Hill. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

^ Khalil, Ashraf (November 9, 2018). "Protesters target home of Fox News' Tucker Carlson". Associated Press. Retrieved June 9, 2020.

^ Stelter, Brian (November 17, 2018). "Tucker Carlson claimed his door was 'cracked' by Antifa protesters. The police saw no sign of that". CNN. Retrieved June 9, 2020. The group defended its decision to show up at Carlson's home. They believe Carlson supports and promotes a white nationalist agenda on Fox News, a charge Carlson denies.

^ "Antifa group chants outside Fox commentator Tucker Carlson's home". NBC News. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

^ Stelter, Brian (November 8, 2018). "Police called after left-wing activists descend on Fox host Tucker Carlson's home". CNN. Retrieved November 9, 2018.

^ May, Ashley (November 8, 2018). "Antifa protesters chant outside Fox's Tucker Carlson's home, break door". USA Today. Retrieved November 9, 2018.

^ Chiu, Allyson (November 8, 2018). "'They were threatening me and my family': Tucker Carlson's home targeted by protesters". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 11, 2018.

^ "Protesters target home of Fox News' Tucker Carlson". AP News. November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.

^ Bostock, Bill (November 8, 2018). "'You are not safe': Protestors sieged Fox News host Tucker Carlson's DC home in the middle of the night". AOL. Retrieved November 11, 2018.

^ Pyke, Alan (November 9, 2018). "I was at the protest outside Tucker Carlson's house. Here's what actually happened". ThinkProgress. Retrieved November 15, 2018.

^ Kass, Arielle (February 2, 2019). "Protesters march on Stone Mountain Village after park is closed". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 3, 2019.

^ Joyner, Chris (February 2, 2019). "'Pro-white' rally at Stone Mountain collapses amid internal strife". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 3, 2019.

^ "Counter-protesters march through streets of Stone Mountain after park remains closed". WXIA. February 2, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.

^ Anti Fascist News; Ross, Alexander Reid (January 23, 2017). "Responding to the Fascist Creep: An Interview With Alexander Reid Ross – It's Going Down". It's Going Down. Retrieved July 22, 2020.

^ Blackmon, Traci; Goodman, Amy; West, Cornel (August 14, 2017). "Cornel West & Rev. Traci Blackmon: Clergy in Charlottesville Were Trapped by Torch-Wielding Nazis". Democracy Now!. Retrieved July 22, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Oppenheim, Maya (August 22, 2017). "Noam Chomsky: Antifa is a 'major gift to the right'". The Independent. Retrieved August 30, 2017.

^ ^a ^b Gittlitz, A. M. (December 6, 2018). "Anti-Anti-Antifa". Commune. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

^ Lopez, German (August 29, 2017). "The case against antifa". Vox. Retrieved November 12, 2018.

^ ^a ^b Holland, Joshua (March 21, 2018). "Antifa Has Richard Spencer on the Run. Does That Vindicate Its Tactics?". The Nation. Retrieved October 24, 2020.

^ Svrluga, Susan (March 12, 2018). "'Antifa is winning': Richard Spencer rethinks his college tour after violent protests". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Wilson, Jacon (March 19, 2018). "The alt-right is in decline. Has antifascist activism worked?". The Guardian. Retrieved October 24, 2020.

^ Lennard, Natasha (March 17, 2018). "'Alt-Right' Icon Richard Spencer Made the Case for Antifa". The Intercept. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

ISBN 9780429883743
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^ ^a ^b Gordon, Tim (October 1, 2020). "Here's what antifa is and its connection to Portland". KGW. NBC. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.

^ "Who are Antifa?". Anti-Defamation League. 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020. Right-wing extremists have been one of the largest and most consistent sources of domestic terror incidents in the United States for many years; they have murdered hundreds of people in this country over the last ten years alone. To date, there has been one suspected antifa-related murder, which took place on August 29, 2020, in Portland, Oregon.

^ "Designating Antifa as Domestic Terrorist Organization Is Dangerous, Threatens Civil Liberties". Southern Poverty Law Center. June 2, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2020.

^ "Anarchist Extremists: Antifa". New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness. June 12, 2017. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.

^ "2019 Terrorism Threat Assessment". New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness. January 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.

^ ^a ^b Meyer, Josh (September 1, 2017). "FBI, Homeland Security warn of more 'antifa' attacks". Politico. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017. Federal authorities have been warning state and local officials since early 2016 that leftist extremists known as 'antifa' had become increasingly confrontational and dangerous, so much so that the Department of Homeland Security formally classified their activities as 'domestic terrorist violence', according to interviews and confidential law enforcement documents obtained by POLITICO.

^ Wray, Christopher A. (June 4, 2020). "FBI Director Christopher Wray's Remarks at Press Conference Regarding Civil Unrest in Wake of George Floyd's Death" (Press release). Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

^ "Wray claims FBI sees 'anarchists like Antifa' exploiting George Floyd protests". The Washington Post. June 4, 2020. Retrieved September 7, 2020.

^ Pelosi, Nancy (August 29, 2017). "Pelosi Statement Condemning Antifa Violence in Berkeley" (Press release). The Office of Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.

^ Lati, Marisa (July 20, 2019). "Antifa resolution: Cruz, Cassidy call anti-fascists 'domestic terrorists'". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2020.

^ Relman, Eliza (June 1, 2020). "GOP Sen. Tom Cotton calls for the US Army's toughest soldiers to quell 'domestic terrorism' and suggests protesters should be shown no mercy". Business Insider. Retrieved June 2, 2020.

^ Wallace, Jeremy (June 2, 2020). "Ted Cruz says Antifa protesters are 'behaving like bigots'". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved June 7, 2020.

^ Kaplan, Talia (June 2, 2020). "Ted Cruz: Rioting cannot be tolerated, this is 'terrorist assault' on America". Fox News. Retrieved June 7, 2020.

^ "Fact check: Joe Biden has condemned Antifa, violent protests". Reuters. October 16, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

^ "White House refuses to address petition calling on Trump to release tax returns". Associated Press. February 26, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018 – via The Guardian.

^ Robertson, Adi (March 20, 2018). "The White House is answering online petitions again, but does it still matter?". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved April 1, 2019.

^ Miller, Zeke (February 28, 2018). "White House answers online petitions, ducks tax-return issue". Associated Press. Retrieved April 1, 2019.

^ "White House 'antifa' petition written by pro-Trump troll". Politico. August 24, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2019.

^ ^a ^b McCausland, Phil (May 30, 2020). "Attorney General Barr blames 'far-left extremist groups' for violent protests". NBC News. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

^ "Attorney General William P. Barr's Statement on Riots and Domestic Terrorism" (Press release). United States Department of Justice. May 31, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.

^ Smith, Allan (May 31, 2020). "Trump says he will designate antifa a terrorist organization as GOP points fingers at extremists". NBC News. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

^ Samuels, Brett; Chalfant, Morgan (June 1, 2020). "Trump mobilizes military in DC to quell protests as tear gas fired into crowds". The Hill. Retrieved June 1, 2020.

^ Beauchamp, Zack (June 8, 2020). "Antifa, explained". Vox. Take, for example, Trump's repeated vows to label antifa a terrorist organization.

^ "Antifa: Trump says group will be designated 'terrorist organisation'". BBC News. May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

^ "Trump Lays Blame For Clashes On 'Radical-Left Anarchists'". NPR. May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

^ "Trump says he will designate antifa a terrorist organization as GOP points fingers at extremists". NBC News. May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

^ Haberman, Maggie; Savage, Charlie (May 31, 2020). "Trump, Lacking Clear Authority, Says U.S. Will Declare Antifa a Terrorist Group". The New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2020. First, antifa is not an organization. It does not have a leader, membership roles or any defined, centralized structure. Rather, it is a vaguely defined movement of people who share common protest tactics and targets. More important, even if antifa were a real organization, the laws that permit the federal government to deem entities terrorists and impose sanctions on them are limited to foreign groups. There is no domestic terrorism law, despite periodic proposals to create one.

^ Beauchamp, Zack (June 8, 2020). "Antifa, explained". Vox. Retrieved June 13, 2020. Take, for example, Trump's repeated vows to label antifa a terrorist organization. He cannot do this legally: The federal government maintains a list of foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) [...]. There is no such thing as a domestic terrorism designation, and it would require an act by Congress to create one. The president's proposal is, legally speaking, impossible.

^ Alemany, Jacqueline; Klemko, Robert; Zapotosky, Matt (May 31, 2020). "In Trump's campaign against antifa, observers see an attempt to distract from protesters' genuine outrage". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2020. Trump cannot, for practical and legal reasons, formally designate antifa a terrorist organization [...]. Although Trump vowed Sunday to designate antifa a terrorist organization, legal observers say it is impossible for him to do so with any domestic group.

^ ^a ^b Klippenstein, Ken (June 2, 2020). "The FBI Finds 'No Intel Indicating Antifa Involvement' in Sunday's Violence". The Nation. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

^ Mallin, Alexander (June 4, 2020). "Evidence that antifa, 'foreign actors' involved in sowing unrest and violence: AG Barr". ABC News. Retrieved June 4, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse (June 22, 2020). "Who caused the violence at protests? It wasn't antifa". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2020.

^ "As Trump Blames Antifa, Protest Records Show Scant Evidence". Associated Press. June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020 – via Voice of America. The Associated Press analyzed court records, employment histories, social media posts and other sources of information for 217 people arrested last weekend [...] only a handful appeared to have any affiliation with organized groups. [...] Social media posts indicate only a few of those arrested are left-leaning activists, including a self-described anarchist. But others had indications of being on the political right, including some Trump supporters.

^ Lucas, Ryan (June 9, 2020). "No Sign Of Antifa So Far In Justice Department Cases Brought Over Unrest". NPR. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

^ ^a ^b ^c Collins, Ben (September 1, 2020). "Trump's 'plane loaded with thugs' conspiracy theory matches months-old rumor". NBC News. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

^ Collins, Ben; Zadrozny, Brandy (June 2, 2020). "False antifa rumors about a suburban invasion take over neighborhood social media apps". NBC News. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

^ Anglen, Robert; Longhi, Lorraine; Ruelas, Richard (June 5, 2020). "Fake social media posts incite fear of suburban marauders, rape and murder across the U.S." The Arizona Republic. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Collins, Ben; Zadrozny, Brandy (June 6, 2020). "In Klamath Falls, Oregon, victory declared over antifa, which never showed up". NBC News. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Wolfe, Jan (September 3, 2020). "U.S. Attorney General Barr says antifa 'flying around' U.S. to incite violence". Reuters. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

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^ Cohen, Zachary (September 9, 2020). "Whistleblower accuses Trump appointees of downplaying Russian interference and White supremacist threat". CNN. Retrieved September 10, 2020.

^ Niedzwiadek, Nick (September 18, 2020). "Trump hits FBI director again over testimony on antifa, Russia". Politico. Retrieved September 23, 2020.

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^ Jones, Seth G. (June 4, 2020). "Who Are Antifa, and Are They a Threat?". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved September 4, 2020.

^ Pasley, James. "Trump frequently accuses the far-left of inciting violence, yet right-wing extremists have killed 329 victims in the last 25 years, while antifa members haven't killed any, according to a new study". Business Insider. Retrieved October 6, 2020.

^ Beckett, Lois (October 22, 2020). "White supremacists behind majority of US domestic terror attacks in 2020". The Guardian. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Farivar, Masood (September 1, 2020). "Antifa Protester Implicated in Killing of Trump Supporter in Oregon". Voice of America. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

^ Bharath, Deepa (September 7, 2020). "As Nov. 3 election draws near, fears mount of escalating street violence". The Orange County Register. Retrieved October 23, 2020. 'The Portland incident is an outlier but also a bellwether,' he said. 'Once violence becomes more normalized, it doesn't go back in the shell.' [...] 'You have a perfect storm in this country with a polarized population, a presidential election, a global pandemic that is frustrating and devastating people, and disinformation and conspiracy theories spreading on social media,' he said.

^ Donohue, John K.; Farmer, John; Finkelstein, Joel; Goldenberg, Alex; Jussim, Lee; Paresky, Pamela; Stevens, Sean (September 14, 2020). "Network-Enabled Anarchy: How Militant Anarcho-Socialist Networks Use Social Media to Instigate Widespread Violence Against Political Opponents and Law Enforcement". Network Contagion Research Institute. Retrieved September 17, 2020.

^ Friedersdorf, Conor (August 31, 2017). "Distinguishing Between Antifa, the KKK, and Black Lives Matter". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 23, 2020. Antifa is more complicated. Some of its members employ the objectionable means of initiating extralegal street violence; but its stated end of resisting fascism is laudable, while its actual end is contested. Is it really just about resisting fascists or does it have a greater, less defensible agenda? Many debates about Antifa that play out on social media would prove less divisive if the parties understood themselves to be agreeing that opposing fascism is laudable while disagreeing about Antifa's means, or whether its end is really that limited.

^ Hess, Amanda (August 15, 2017). "America Is Struggling to Sort Out Where 'Violence' Begins and Ends". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2020.

^ Concha, Joe (August 29, 2017). "Laura Ingraham proposes declaring antifa a 'terrorist organization'". The Hill. Retrieved August 30, 2017.

^ ^a ^b Alba, Davey (June 1, 2020). "Misinformation About George Floyd Protests Surges on Social Media". The New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2020.

^ Sunshine, Spencer (June 5, 2020). "Blaming it on Antifa: Trump's Crisis Scapegoats". The Battleground. Retrieved September 13, 2020.

^ Wilson, Jason (June 6, 2020). "What is antifa and why is Donald Trump targeting it?". The Guardian. Retrieved June 7, 2020.

^ Nieto, Phillip (September 13, 2020). "Trump Campaign Sends Alarming Text to Supporters". Mediaite. Retrieved September 13, 2020.

^ Maldonado, Alessandra (August 24, 2017). "Antifa '#PunchWhiteWomen' campaign revealed as 4Chan hoax". Salon. Retrieved August 30, 2017. Reportedly, 'alt-right' activists have been using masked Twitter accounts and doctored photos of battered women to run a smear campaign against the antifa movement

^ "Fake 'antifa' campaign telling people to 'punch white women' is a 4chan hoax". The Daily Dot. August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2019.

^ "Antifa activist didn't beat cop in Charlottesville (Faked image has been around for years)". Global News. August 19, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2018.

^ Romano, Aja (October 5, 2017). "After the Las Vegas shooting, 4chan and propagandists spread fake news". Vox. Retrieved September 11, 2018.

^ "Misinformation Is the New Normal of Mass Shootings". Politico. October 2, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2018.

^ ^a ^b Wilson, Jason (November 1, 2017). "Why the far right believes a US civil war will start on Saturday". The Guardian. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Hayden, Michael Edison (October 11, 2017). "'Antifa' Waging Civil War on November 4, According to Right Wing Conspiracy". Newsweek. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Sunshine, Spencer (October 31, 2017). "Rumors of Civil War". Political Research Associates. Retrieved October 28, 2010.

^ Kang, Inkoo (November 3, 2017). "Antifa Is Clickbait for Conspiracy Theorists". Slate. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

^ LaCapria, Kim (November 3, 2017). "Is 'Antifa' Planning a Civil War?". Snopes. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

^ Mak, Aaron (November 3, 2017). "Why the Far Right Thinks a Second U.S. Civil War Launches Saturday". Slate. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

^ Hayden, Michael Edison (November 4, 2017). "'Antifa Civil War' on November 4 Was Really Just a Few Protests Against Trump". Newsweek. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

^ Alba, Davey; Decker, Ben (June 22, 2020). "41 Cities, Many Sources: How False Antifa Rumors Spread Locally". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2020.

^ Collins, Ben; Zadrozny, Brandy; Saliba, Emmanuelle (June 1, 2020). "White nationalist group posing as antifa called for violence on Twitter". NBC News. Retrieved June 2, 2020.

^ "False Claims of Antifa Protesters Plague Small US Cities". Voice of America. June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.

^ Baragona, Justin; Sommer, Will (June 11, 2020). "Lara Logan, the Fox 'Investigative Journalist' Who Keeps Falling for Antifa Hoaxes". The Daily Beast. Retrieved June 15, 2020.

^ Graziosi, Graig (June 23, 2020). "Rudy Giuliani says Black Lives Matter 'wants to come and take your house away from you' in Fox News rant". The Independent. Retrieved June 27, 2020.

^ "Family harassed in Forks after being accused of being members of Antifa". Peninsula Daily News. June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.

^ "Deputies investigate after family on camping trip harassed". June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.

^ Gstalter, Morgan (June 5, 2020). "Family camping in Washington harassed by locals, accused of being antifa members". The Hill. Retrieved June 5, 2020.

^ Wilson, Jason (June 6, 2020). "Rightwing vigilantes on armed patrol after fake rumours of antifa threat". The Guardian. Retrieved June 6, 2020.

^ Syeed, Nafeesa (September 1, 2017). "Pro-Russian Bots Sharpen Online Attacks for 2018 U.S. Vote". Bloomberg News. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

^ Baker, Mike; Healy, Jack. "In Oregon, a Year of Political Tumult Extends to Devastating Wildfires". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2020.

^ Palma, Bethania (September 10, 2020). "'Antifa' arsonists have been setting wildfires raging on the West Coast in September 2020". Snopes. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

^ O'Sullivan, Donie (September 11, 2020). "911 dispatchers slammed with calls about QAnon-backed false claims about wildfires". CNN. Retrieved September 12, 2020.

^ Funke, Daniel (September 10, 2020). "Antifa activists did not start the West Coast wildfires". PolitiFact. Retrieved September 12, 2020.

^ ^a ^b Collins, Ben; Zadrozny, Brandy (September 11, 2020). "West Coast officials are already fighting wildfires. Now they're fighting misinformation, too". NBC News. Retrieved September 12, 2020.

^ O'Sullivan, Donie; Toropin, Konstantin (September 11, 2020). "QAnon fans spread fake claims about real fires in Oregon". CNN. Retrieved September 12, 2020.

^ Thomas, Elise (February 17, 2020). "Qanon Deploys 'Information Warfare' to Influence the 2020 Election". Wired. Retrieved September 13, 2020.

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Mainstream Media Critique" is not used in the content (see the help page).

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Neo-Nazis Face a New Foe Online and IRL: the Far-Left Antifa" is not used in the content (see the help page).

Further reading

Wikiquote has quotations related to Antifa (United States).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antifa logo.

Coale, Robert S. (2016). "From Antifascistas to PAF: Lexical and Political Interpretations of American International Brigaders in Spain during the Second World War". In García, Hugo (ed.). Rethinking Antifascism: History, Memory and Politics, 1922 to the Present. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 187–199.
ISBN 978-1-78533-139-8
.

Jackson, Wll (June 1, 2020). "Donald Trump has declared it a terrorist organisation but what is Antifa anyway?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC News. Retrieved June 1, 2020.

Massot, Xavier; Scott, Crow; Van Deusen, David (2002). The Black Bloc Papers (2nd ed.). Shawnee Mission: Breaking Glass Press.
OCLC 906021712
.

Sunshine, Spencer (August 5, 2019). "Antifa Panic: Blaming the Left for Terrorism". The Battleground. Retrieved June 1, 2020.

Vysotsky, Stanislav (January 2015). "The Anarchy Police: Militant Anti-Fascism as Alternative Policing Practice". Critical Criminology. 23 (1): 235–253.
doi:10.1007/s10612-015-9267-6
.

Vysotsky, Stanislav (2020). American Antifa: The Tactics, Culture, and Practice of Militant Antifascism. London: Routledge.
ISBN 9780367210601
.

Free speech
Socialism
Society

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antifa_(United_States)&oldid=989455729"

[1] Liberman, Mark (August 20, 2017). "Ask Language Log: How to pronounce "Antifa"?". Language Log. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

[2] ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6
.

[Bray_intro-3] 
ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6
. In the United States, most [antifa groups] have been anarchist or antiauthoritarian since the emergence of modern antifa under the name Anti-Racist Action (ARA) in the late eighties.

[bbcantifa_w_quote-4] Cammeron, Brenna (August 14, 2017). "Antifa: Left-wing militants on the rise". BBC News. Retrieved November 7, 2017. Antifa is anti-government and anti-capitalist, and their methodologies are often perceived as more closely aligned with anarchists than the mainstream left.

[Fuller-5] Fuller, Thomas; Feuer, Alan; Kovaleski, Serge F. (August 17, 2017). "'Antifa' Grows as Left-Wing Faction Set to, Literally, Fight the Far Right". The New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2017. [...] the diverse collection of anarchists, communists and socialists has found common cause in opposing right-wing extremists and white supremacists.

[Socialists,_Anarchists,_and_Communists_w_quote-6] Illing, Sean (August 25, 2017). "'They have no allegiance to liberal democracy': an expert on antifa explains the group". Vox. Retrieved August 27, 2017. For the most part, these are pan-leftist groups composed of leftists of different stripes. They all seem to have different views of what they think the ideal social order looks like. Some of them are Marxists, some are Leninists, some are social democrats or anarchists.

[Context_and_timeliness_w_quote-7] Lozada, Carlos (September 1, 2017). "The history, theory and contradictions of antifa". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2017. And its politics are not just negatory — they also aim to adapt "preexisting socialist, anarchist, and communist currents to a sudden need to react to the fascist menace.

[BeinartAtlantic_w_quote-8] Beinart, Peter (September 6, 2017). "The Rise of the Violent Left". The Atalntic. Retrieved November 7, 2017. Trump's rise has also bred a new sympathy for antifa among some on the mainstream left. 'Suddenly,' noted the antifa-aligned journal It's Going Down, 'anarchists and antifa, who have been demonized and sidelined by the wider Left have been hearing from liberals and Leftists, 'you've been right all along.' An article in The Nation argued that 'to call Trumpism fascist' is to realize that it is 'not well combated or contained by standard liberal appeals to reason.' The radical left, it said, offers 'practical and serious responses in this political moment.'

[9] "What is Antifa?". Al Jazeera. June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020. Anti-fascists of the movement tend to be grouped on the leftward fringes of the US political spectrum, many describing themselves as socialists, anarchists, communists or anti-capitalists.

[bogelburroughs-10] Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (July 2, 2019). "What Is Antifa? Explaining the Movement to Confront the Far Right". The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2019.

[Nguyen-11] Nguyen, Tina (June 2, 2020). "How 'antifa' became a Trump catch-all". Politico. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

[12] Galofaro, Claire; Kunzelman, Michael (September 23, 2020). "Trump, social media, right-wing news stir up antifa scares". Associated Press. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

[Bray_&_Sycamore_2017-13] Bray, Mark; Sycamore, Mattilda Bernstein (December 11, 2017). "Anti-Fascism Beyond the Headlines: Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore Interviews Mark Bray". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved July 22, 2020.

[GQ-14] Chiel, Ethan (August 22, 2017). "Right Wing Publications Can't Stop Getting Duped By Fake Antifa Accounts". GQ. Retrieved September 11, 2018.

[Far-right_smear_campaign_against_Antifa_exposed_by_Bellingcat-15] "Far-right smear campaign against Antifa exposed by Bellingcat". BBC News. August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.

[vice-16] "A Fake Antifa Account Was 'Busted' for Tweeting from Russia". Vice News. September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2018.

[17] Feldman, Brian (August 21, 2017). "How to Spot a Fake Antifa Account". New York. Retrieved August 14, 2019.

[masslive-18] Glaun, Dan (September 14, 2017). "Fake Boston Antifa group, which claimed credit for anti-racism banner at Red Sox game, is actually run by right wing trolls". The Republican. Retrieved August 14, 2019.

[nytimes_antifa-19] Feuer, Alan; Goldman, Adam; MacFarquhar, Neil (June 11, 2020). "Federal Arrests Show No Sign That Antifa Plotted Protests". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2020. Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.

[20] Peiser, Jaclyn (August 10, 2020). "'Their tactics are fascistic': Barr slams Black Lives Matter, accuses the left of 'tearing down the system'". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

[HabermanSavage-21] Haberman, Maggie; Savage, Charlie (May 31, 2020). "Trump, Lacking Clear Authority, Says U.S. Will Declare Antifa a Terrorist Group". The New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2020.

[Perez-22] Perez, Evan; Hoffman, Jason (May 31, 2020). "Trump tweets Antifa will be labeled a terrorist organization but experts believe that's unconstitutional". CNN. Retrieved June 13, 2020.

[Bray_2020-23] Bray, Mark (June 1, 2020). "Antifa isn't the problem. Trump's bluster is a distraction from police violence". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

[Beckett_2020-24] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Beckett, Lois (July 27, 2020). "Anti-fascists linked to zero murders in the US in 25 years". The Guardian. Retrieved July 28, 2020.

[Stelloh_2020-25] Stelloh, Tim (September 1, 2020). "Florida 'antifa hunter' sentenced to three years after threatening Black political candidate, activist". NBC News. Retrieved September 3, 2020.

[Swan_2020-26] Swan, Betsy Woodruff (September 4, 2020). "DHS draft document: White supremacists are greatest terror threat". Politico. Retrieved September 5, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[merriamwebster-27] "Words We're Watching: 'Antifa'". Merriam-Webster. November 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

[oxford-28] "Word of the Year 2017: shortlist". Oxford Languages. Oxford University Press. December 14, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2019.

[29] CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins
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[ADL_page-30] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Who are the Antifa?". Anti-Defamation League. 2017. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2019.

[eewia-31] "What is Antifa?". The Economist. July 29, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.

[bbcantifa-32] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cammeron, Brenna (August 14, 2017). "Antifa: Left-wing militants on the rise". BBC News. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

[cnnantifa-33] "Unmasking the leftist Antifa movement". CNN. August 17, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

[Socialists,_Anarchists,_and_Communists-34] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Illing, Sean (August 25, 2017). "'They have no allegiance to liberal democracy': an expert on antifa explains the group". Vox. Retrieved August 27, 2017.

[Sacco_2020-35] Sacco, Lisa N. (June 9, 2020). "Are Antifa Members Domestic Terrorists? Background on Antifa and Federal Classification of Their Actions InFocus IF10839". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved September 9, 2020. Updated June 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[klein-36] ISSN 1932-8036
. This present climate of partisan tribalism has given rise to new actors and factions representing the far ends of the political spectrum. [...] On the far left, Antifa represents a fast-growing crusade designed to confront all forms of fascism, principally the aforementioned groups but also, at times, law enforcement. Antifa has no single spokesperson but rather presents its movement as a collective of nameless vigilantes, typically outfitted in concealing masks and black combat gear, ready for battle.

[37] ISBN 978-3-319-69891-5
. [...] Antifa, a far-left anti-fascist movement. [...] The American Far Left includes 'groups or individuals that embrace anticapitalist, Communist, or Socialist doctrines and [seek] to bring about change through violent revolution' (Department of Homeland Security 2009, p. 6).

[38] S2CID 153314800
. [...] during 2016 and 2017, far-left movements in the U.S. such as Antifa were actively engaging in violent actions attacking alt-right demonstrators [...]. While the antifascist movements seemed to be disappeared with the end of WWII, they are on rise in the United States and Europe, in part due to the growth of neo-Nazism (LaFree, Arlow).

[39] ISSN 1932-8036
.

[SavageFight-40] Savage, Charlie (August 16, 2017). "Justice Dept. Demands Data on Visitors to Anti-Trump Website, Sparking Fight". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2017.

[41] Miller, Michael E. (September 14, 2017). "Antifa: Guardians against fascism or lawless thrill-seekers?". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 13, 2017. It was a call to arms for militant anti-fascists, or 'antifa' – and Hines was heeding it.

[42] Campos, Robert; Carroll, Jeremy; Guyen, Vicky; Jaworski, Jonathan; Jewett, Chris; Rutanashoodech, Tony (September 27, 2017). "An Inside Look at the Antifa Movement". KNTV. Retrieved October 13, 2017. NBC Bay Area sat down with several militant Antifa protesters [...].

[43] ISBN 978-0-429-26517-4
. Since the election of President Trump and the rise in racism and white supremacist activity, the militant anti-fascist movement known as antifa has become increasingly active and high profile in the United States.

[44] Hawkins, Derek (August 29, 2017). "A Dartmouth antifa expert was disavowed by his college president for 'supporting violent protest,' angering many faculty". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2020.

[bray-wapo-45] 
ISSN 0190-8286
. Retrieved November 10, 2017.

[BeinartAtlantic-46] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Beinart, Peter (September 6, 2017). "The Rise of the Violent Left". The Atalntic. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

[Context_and_timeliness-47] Lozada, Carlos (September 1, 2017). "The history, theory and contradictions of antifa". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2017.

[Bray_September_2020-48] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bray, Mark (September 11, 2020). "Five myths about antifa". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 17, 2020.

[49] Beinart, Peter (July 4, 2019). "Conservatives Conjure Up Liberal Support for Antifa Violence". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C.: Emerson Collective. Retrieved June 1, 2020.

[50] Mallin, Alexander (June 3, 2020). "What is antifa? Behind the group Trump wants to designate as a terrorist organization". ABC News. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

[SeurthWhatIs-51] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Seurth, Jessica (August 14, 2017). "What is Antifa?". CNN. Retrieved August 15, 2017.

[Fox_&_Tucker_2020-52] Fox, Ben; Tucker, Eric (September 17, 2020). "FBI director says antifa is an ideology, not an organization". Associated Press. Retrieved September 17, 2020.

[SemesterOfHate-53] Beale, Andrew; Kehrt, Sonner (August 4, 2017). "Behind Berkeley's Semester of Hate". The New York Times. Retrieved August 7, 2017.

[ViceBayAreaAntifa-54] Mallett, Whitney (May 10, 2017). "California Anti-Fascists Want Racists and the Trump Administration to Be Afraid". Vice News. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

[55] Devega, Chauncey (July 20, 2017). "There's a legacy of people resisting white supremacy in the US. Antifa is not new". Salon. Retrieved November 7, 2017.

[AOL-56] Steakin, William (May 4, 2017). "What is Antifa? Controversial far-left group defends use of violence". AOL. Retrieved August 15, 2017.

[Clarke_&_Kenney-57] Clarke, Colin; Kenney, Michael (June 23, 2020). "What Antifa Is, What It Isn't, and Why It Matters". War on the Rocks. Retrieved June 26, 2020.

[American_Antifa_ideological_lineage-58] Sales, Ben (August 16, 2017). "What you need to know about antifa, the group that fought white supremacists in Charlottesville". Jewish Telegraph Agency. Retrieved August 25, 2017.

[bowles-59] Bowles, Nellie (August 7, 2020). "Abolish the Police? Those Who Survived the Chaos in Seattle Aren't So Sure". The New York Times. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

[Cannistraro-1985-60] JSTOR 27500414
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[62] Snyders, Matt (February 20, 2008). "Skinheads at Forty". City Pages. Archived from the original on August 3, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.

[63] Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Garcia, Sandra E. (September 28, 2020). "What Is Antifa, the Movement Trump Wants to Declare a Terror Group?". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2020. One of the first groups in the United States to use the name was Rose City Antifa, which says it was founded in 2007 in Portland.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[64] Enzinna, Wes (April 27, 2017). "Inside the Underground Anti-Racist Movement That Brings the Fight to White Supremacists". Mother Jones. Retrieved September 9, 2020.

[65] Strickland, Patrick (February 21, 2017). "US anti-fascists: 'We can make racists afraid again'". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved September 9, 2020.

[66] Lennard, Natasha (January 19, 2017). "Anti-Fascists Will Fight Trump's Fascism in the Streets". The Nation. Retrieved September 9, 2020.

[Beinart-67] Beinart, Peter (August 16, 2017). "What Trump Gets Wrong About Antifa". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 16, 2017.

[Community_Organizing-68] Mark, Michelle (August 23, 2017). "Trump and the right's post-Charlottesville bogeyman is antifa, a movement with a complicated history". Business Insider. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Updated by Michelle Mark and Connor Perrett to "Trump said he intends to declare antifa as a terrorist organization. Here's what we know about the decades-old, leaderless group." on June 2, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[MannUnity-69] Mann, Brian (August 14, 2017). "Trump Supporter: 'He Called For Unity, I Never Saw Obama Call For Unity'". NPR. Retrieved August 14, 2017.

[70] ISSN 0458-3035
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[QiuAltLeft-71] Qiu, Linda (August 15, 2017). "Trump Asks, 'What About the Alt-Left?' Here's an Answer". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2017.

[72] Davis, Mark (September 9, 2017). "KC police disarm antifa groups, others at Washington Square rally". Kansas City Star. Retrieved July 27, 2019.

[73] Bernd, Candice (September 7, 2017). "Antifa and leftists organize mutual aid and rescue networks in Houston". Salon. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

[Anarchists_&_Antifa_Relief-74] "The Red Cross Won't Save Houston. Texas Residents Are Launching Community Relief Efforts Instead". Democracy Now!. August 30, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.

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[LennardStreets-76] Lennard, Natasha (January 19, 2017). "Anti-Fascists Will Fight Trump's Fascism in the Streets". The Nation. Retrieved August 7, 2017.

[77] Feuer, Alan (May 15, 2018). "Antifa on Trial: How a College Professor Joined the Left's Radical Ranks". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 13, 2019.

[78] Paulas, Rick (November 29, 2017). "What to Wear to Smash the State". The New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2018.

[79] Steinmetz, Katy (August 14, 2017). "What Is Antifa? Anti-Fascist Protesters Draw Attention After Charlottesville". Time. Retrieved July 13, 2019.

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[102] Stelter, Brian (November 17, 2018). "Tucker Carlson claimed his door was 'cracked' by Antifa protesters. The police saw no sign of that". CNN. Retrieved June 9, 2020. The group defended its decision to show up at Carlson's home. They believe Carlson supports and promotes a white nationalist agenda on Fox News, a charge Carlson denies.

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[dhs_ter-128] Meyer, Josh (September 1, 2017). "FBI, Homeland Security warn of more 'antifa' attacks". Politico. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017. Federal authorities have been warning state and local officials since early 2016 that leftist extremists known as 'antifa' had become increasingly confrontational and dangerous, so much so that the Department of Homeland Security formally classified their activities as 'domestic terrorist violence', according to interviews and confidential law enforcement documents obtained by POLITICO.

[129] Wray, Christopher A. (June 4, 2020). "FBI Director Christopher Wray's Remarks at Press Conference Regarding Civil Unrest in Wake of George Floyd's Death" (Press release). Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

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[132] Lati, Marisa (July 20, 2019). "Antifa resolution: Cruz, Cassidy call anti-fascists 'domestic terrorists'". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2020.

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[134] Wallace, Jeremy (June 2, 2020). "Ted Cruz says Antifa protesters are 'behaving like bigots'". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved June 7, 2020.

[135] Kaplan, Talia (June 2, 2020). "Ted Cruz: Rioting cannot be tolerated, this is 'terrorist assault' on America". Fox News. Retrieved June 7, 2020.

[136] "Fact check: Joe Biden has condemned Antifa, violent protests". Reuters. October 16, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

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[138] Robertson, Adi (March 20, 2018). "The White House is answering online petitions again, but does it still matter?". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved April 1, 2019.

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[142] "Attorney General William P. Barr's Statement on Riots and Domestic Terrorism" (Press release). United States Department of Justice. May 31, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.

[143] Smith, Allan (May 31, 2020). "Trump says he will designate antifa a terrorist organization as GOP points fingers at extremists". NBC News. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

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[145] Beauchamp, Zack (June 8, 2020). "Antifa, explained". Vox. Take, for example, Trump's repeated vows to label antifa a terrorist organization.

[146] "Antifa: Trump says group will be designated 'terrorist organisation'". BBC News. May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

[147] "Trump Lays Blame For Clashes On 'Radical-Left Anarchists'". NPR. May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

[148] "Trump says he will designate antifa a terrorist organization as GOP points fingers at extremists". NBC News. May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

[149] Haberman, Maggie; Savage, Charlie (May 31, 2020). "Trump, Lacking Clear Authority, Says U.S. Will Declare Antifa a Terrorist Group". The New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2020. First, antifa is not an organization. It does not have a leader, membership roles or any defined, centralized structure. Rather, it is a vaguely defined movement of people who share common protest tactics and targets. More important, even if antifa were a real organization, the laws that permit the federal government to deem entities terrorists and impose sanctions on them are limited to foreign groups. There is no domestic terrorism law, despite periodic proposals to create one.

[150] Beauchamp, Zack (June 8, 2020). "Antifa, explained". Vox. Retrieved June 13, 2020. Take, for example, Trump's repeated vows to label antifa a terrorist organization. He cannot do this legally: The federal government maintains a list of foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) [...]. There is no such thing as a domestic terrorism designation, and it would require an act by Congress to create one. The president's proposal is, legally speaking, impossible.

[151] Alemany, Jacqueline; Klemko, Robert; Zapotosky, Matt (May 31, 2020). "In Trump's campaign against antifa, observers see an attempt to distract from protesters' genuine outrage". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2020. Trump cannot, for practical and legal reasons, formally designate antifa a terrorist organization [...]. Although Trump vowed Sunday to designate antifa a terrorist organization, legal observers say it is impossible for him to do so with any domestic group.

[Klippenstein-152] Klippenstein, Ken (June 2, 2020). "The FBI Finds 'No Intel Indicating Antifa Involvement' in Sunday's Violence". The Nation. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

[153] Mallin, Alexander (June 4, 2020). "Evidence that antifa, 'foreign actors' involved in sowing unrest and violence: AG Barr". ABC News. Retrieved June 4, 2020.

[KellySamuels-154] Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse (June 22, 2020). "Who caused the violence at protests? It wasn't antifa". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2020.

[155] "As Trump Blames Antifa, Protest Records Show Scant Evidence". Associated Press. June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020 – via Voice of America. The Associated Press analyzed court records, employment histories, social media posts and other sources of information for 217 people arrested last weekend [...] only a handful appeared to have any affiliation with organized groups. [...] Social media posts indicate only a few of those arrested are left-leaning activists, including a self-described anarchist. But others had indications of being on the political right, including some Trump supporters.

[156] Lucas, Ryan (June 9, 2020). "No Sign Of Antifa So Far In Justice Department Cases Brought Over Unrest". NPR. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

[Collins_2020-157] Collins, Ben (September 1, 2020). "Trump's 'plane loaded with thugs' conspiracy theory matches months-old rumor". NBC News. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

[158] Collins, Ben; Zadrozny, Brandy (June 2, 2020). "False antifa rumors about a suburban invasion take over neighborhood social media apps". NBC News. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

[159] Anglen, Robert; Longhi, Lorraine; Ruelas, Richard (June 5, 2020). "Fake social media posts incite fear of suburban marauders, rape and murder across the U.S." The Arizona Republic. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

[Collins_&_Zadrozny_June_2020-160] Collins, Ben; Zadrozny, Brandy (June 6, 2020). "In Klamath Falls, Oregon, victory declared over antifa, which never showed up". NBC News. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

[Wolfe_2020-161] Wolfe, Jan (September 3, 2020). "U.S. Attorney General Barr says antifa 'flying around' U.S. to incite violence". Reuters. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

[162] Murphy, Brian (September 8, 2020). "In the Matter of Murphy, Brian Principal Deputy Under Secretary Department of Homeland Security Office of Intelligence & Analysis Complaint" (PDF). United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Retrieved September 10, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[163] Cohen, Zachary (September 9, 2020). "Whistleblower accuses Trump appointees of downplaying Russian interference and White supremacist threat". CNN. Retrieved September 10, 2020.

[164] Niedzwiadek, Nick (September 18, 2020). "Trump hits FBI director again over testimony on antifa, Russia". Politico. Retrieved September 23, 2020.

[165] Barrett, Devlin; Itkowitz, Colby (September 19, 2020). "Trump suggests he'd consider removing FBI director over unfavorable testimony". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 23, 2020.

[166] Massie, Graeme (September 18, 2020). "Donald Trump hints he could fire FBI director over Antifa disagreement". The Independent. Retrieved September 23, 2020.

[167] Capps, Kriston (September 29, 2020). "Trump Releases a 'Platinum Plan' for Black Voters". Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

[168] Vazquez, Maegan (October 7, 2020). "Trump unveils 'Platinum Plan' for Black Americans". CNN. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

[169] Cohen, Seth. "More Than Juneteenth? What's In Trump's $500 Billion 'Platinum Plan' For Black America". Forbes. Retrieved September 26, 2020.

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[171] Jones, Seth G. (June 4, 2020). "Who Are Antifa, and Are They a Threat?". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved September 4, 2020.

[172] Pasley, James. "Trump frequently accuses the far-left of inciting violence, yet right-wing extremists have killed 329 victims in the last 25 years, while antifa members haven't killed any, according to a new study". Business Insider. Retrieved October 6, 2020.

[173] Beckett, Lois (October 22, 2020). "White supremacists behind majority of US domestic terror attacks in 2020". The Guardian. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

[VOA_2020-174] Farivar, Masood (September 1, 2020). "Antifa Protester Implicated in Killing of Trump Supporter in Oregon". Voice of America. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

[175] Bharath, Deepa (September 7, 2020). "As Nov. 3 election draws near, fears mount of escalating street violence". The Orange County Register. Retrieved October 23, 2020. 'The Portland incident is an outlier but also a bellwether,' he said. 'Once violence becomes more normalized, it doesn't go back in the shell.' [...] 'You have a perfect storm in this country with a polarized population, a presidential election, a global pandemic that is frustrating and devastating people, and disinformation and conspiracy theories spreading on social media,' he said.

[176] Donohue, John K.; Farmer, John; Finkelstein, Joel; Goldenberg, Alex; Jussim, Lee; Paresky, Pamela; Stevens, Sean (September 14, 2020). "Network-Enabled Anarchy: How Militant Anarcho-Socialist Networks Use Social Media to Instigate Widespread Violence Against Political Opponents and Law Enforcement". Network Contagion Research Institute. Retrieved September 17, 2020.

[Friedersdorf_2017-177] Friedersdorf, Conor (August 31, 2017). "Distinguishing Between Antifa, the KKK, and Black Lives Matter". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 23, 2020. Antifa is more complicated. Some of its members employ the objectionable means of initiating extralegal street violence; but its stated end of resisting fascism is laudable, while its actual end is contested. Is it really just about resisting fascists or does it have a greater, less defensible agenda? Many debates about Antifa that play out on social media would prove less divisive if the parties understood themselves to be agreeing that opposing fascism is laudable while disagreeing about Antifa's means, or whether its end is really that limited.

[178] Hess, Amanda (August 15, 2017). "America Is Struggling to Sort Out Where 'Violence' Begins and Ends". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2020.

[Laura_Ingraham_proposes_declaring_antifa_a_'terrorist_organization'-179] Concha, Joe (August 29, 2017). "Laura Ingraham proposes declaring antifa a 'terrorist organization'". The Hill. Retrieved August 30, 2017.

[Alba-180] Alba, Davey (June 1, 2020). "Misinformation About George Floyd Protests Surges on Social Media". The New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2020.

[Battleground_sunshine_2020-181] Sunshine, Spencer (June 5, 2020). "Blaming it on Antifa: Trump's Crisis Scapegoats". The Battleground. Retrieved September 13, 2020.

[182] Wilson, Jason (June 6, 2020). "What is antifa and why is Donald Trump targeting it?". The Guardian. Retrieved June 7, 2020.

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[Salon-184] Maldonado, Alessandra (August 24, 2017). "Antifa '#PunchWhiteWomen' campaign revealed as 4Chan hoax". Salon. Retrieved August 30, 2017. Reportedly, 'alt-right' activists have been using masked Twitter accounts and doctored photos of battered women to run a smear campaign against the antifa movement

[dailydot-185] "Fake 'antifa' campaign telling people to 'punch white women' is a 4chan hoax". The Daily Dot. August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2019.

[186] "Antifa activist didn't beat cop in Charlottesville (Faked image has been around for years)". Global News. August 19, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2018.

[187] Romano, Aja (October 5, 2017). "After the Las Vegas shooting, 4chan and propagandists spread fake news". Vox. Retrieved September 11, 2018.

[188] "Misinformation Is the New Normal of Mass Shootings". Politico. October 2, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2018.

[wilsonnov1-189] Wilson, Jason (November 1, 2017). "Why the far right believes a US civil war will start on Saturday". The Guardian. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

[haydenoct11-190] Hayden, Michael Edison (October 11, 2017). "'Antifa' Waging Civil War on November 4, According to Right Wing Conspiracy". Newsweek. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

[sunshineoct31-191] Sunshine, Spencer (October 31, 2017). "Rumors of Civil War". Political Research Associates. Retrieved October 28, 2010.

[192] Kang, Inkoo (November 3, 2017). "Antifa Is Clickbait for Conspiracy Theorists". Slate. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

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[194] Mak, Aaron (November 3, 2017). "Why the Far Right Thinks a Second U.S. Civil War Launches Saturday". Slate. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

[195] Hayden, Michael Edison (November 4, 2017). "'Antifa Civil War' on November 4 Was Really Just a Few Protests Against Trump". Newsweek. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

[Alba_&_Decker-196] Alba, Davey; Decker, Ben (June 22, 2020). "41 Cities, Many Sources: How False Antifa Rumors Spread Locally". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2020.

[197] Collins, Ben; Zadrozny, Brandy; Saliba, Emmanuelle (June 1, 2020). "White nationalist group posing as antifa called for violence on Twitter". NBC News. Retrieved June 2, 2020.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 {{use American English|date=August 2017}}
 {{anti-fascism sidebar|organizations}}
+'''Antifa''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|t|iː|f|ə|,_|ˈ|æ|n|t|i|ˌ|f|ɑː}})<ref>{{cite web|last=Liberman|first=Mark|date=August 20, 2017|url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=34177|title=Ask Language Log: How to pronounce "Antifa"?|website=Language Log|accessdate=June 11, 2020}}</ref> is an [[anti-fascist action|anti-fascist]] and [[left-wing]] [[political movement]] in the United States. The name ''antifa'' and its logo, with two flags representing anarchism and communism, are derived from the [[German antifa movement]], which has a history dating back to pre-[[World War II]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Mark|last=Bray|date=2017|title=Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook|publisher=Melville House|location=New York|page=54|isbn=978-1-61219-703-6|url={{Google books|id=OKEwDwAAQBAJ|page=54|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> It comprises an array of [[Leaderless resistance|decentralized, autonomous]] groups and individuals that aim to achieve their objectives through the use of both [[nonviolent]] and [[Anarchism and violence|violent]] [[direct action]]. Its members' stated goals are to confront who they identify as [[fascists]] and [[racists]] such as [[neo-Nazis]], [[white supremacists]], and other [[far-right]] [[extremists]]. Antifa activist's protest tactics include [[digital activism]], [[harassment]], [[physical violence]], and [[property damage]].
-'''Antifa''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|t|iː|f|ə|,_|ˈ|æ|n|t|i|ˌ|f|ɑː}})<ref>{{cite web|last=Liberman|first=Mark|date=August 20, 2017|url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=34177|title=Ask Language Log: How to pronounce "Antifa"?|website=Language Log|accessdate=June 11, 2020}}</ref> is an [[anti-fascist action|anti-fascist]] and [[left-wing]] [[political movement]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title='Radical left bad people': Trump says Antifa groups will be labelled terrorists|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-01/trump-says-military-wont-intervene-in-george-floyd-riots-yet/12305850|date=May 31, 2020|agency=ABC News|accessdate=June 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bogel-Burroughs|first1=Nicholas|last2=Garcia|first2=Sandra E.|date=May 31, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-antifa-trump.html|title=What Is Antifa, the Movement Trump Wants to Declare a Terror Group?|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=June 1, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=President Trump deems Antifa a terrorist organization, points to far-left groups for many violent protests|url=https://www.wral.com/president-trump-deems-antifa-a-terrorist-organization-points-to-far-left-groups-for-many-violent-protests/19122917/|last=Suerth|first=Jessica|date=May 31, 2020|agency=WRAL|accessdate=June 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=George Floyd protests: as riots spread, officials fear right-wing extremists and Antifa fan the flames|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/as-riots-spread-officials-fear-extremists-are-fanning-the-flames-20200601-p54y8n.html|last1=Hennessey|first1=Kathleen|last2=Kunzelman|first2=Michael|date=May 31, 2020|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=June 1, 2020}}</ref> It comprises an array of [[Leaderless resistance|decentralized, autonomous]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=LaFree|first=Gary|s2cid=149530376|year=2018|title=Is Antifa a Terrorist Group?|journal=Society|volume=55|issue=3|pages=248–252|doi=10.1007/s12115-018-0246-x|issn=1936-4725|quote=In general, antifa falls on the less structured side of this continuum. It is not a highly organized entity. It has not persisted over time. There is little evidence of a chain of command or a stable leadership structure. To this point in time antifa seems to be more of a movement than a group.}}</ref><ref name="klein">{{cite journal|last=Klein|first=Adam|year=2019|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/10076|title=From Twitter to Charlottesville: Analyzing the Fighting Words Between the Alt-Right and Antifa|journal=International Journal of Communication|volume=13|pages=22|issn=1932-8036|quote=This present climate of partisan tribalism has given rise to new actors and factions representing the far ends of the political spectrum. [...] On the far left, Antifa represents a fast-growing crusade designed to confront all forms of fascism, principally the aforementioned groups but also, at times, law enforcement. Antifa has no single spokesperson but rather presents its movement as a collective of nameless vigilantes, typically outfitted in concealing masks and black combat gear, ready for battle.}}</ref> groups and individuals that aim to achieve their objectives through the use of both [[nonviolent]] and [[Anarchism and violence|violent]] [[direct action]] rather than through policy [[reform]].<ref name=bbcantifa/><ref>{{cite news|last=Beinart|first=Peter|date=August 16, 2017|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/what-trump-gets-wrong-about-antifa/537048/|title=What Trump Gets Wrong About Antifa|newspaper=The Atlantic|accessdate=August 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5437204/antifa-history-comic/|title=What the Artist Behind a Comics-Style History of Anti-Fascist Resistance Thinks You Should Know About Antifa|last=Rothman|first=Lily|date=February 25, 2019|newspaper=Time|accessdate=July 22, 2019}}</ref><ref name=bogelburroughs>{{cite news|last=Bogel-Burroughs|first=Nicholas|date=July 2, 2019|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/us/what-is-antifa.html|title=What Is Antifa? Explaining the Movement to Confront the Far Right|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=July 13, 2019}}</ref> Its members stated goals are to combat [[fascists]] and [[racists]] such as [[neo-Nazis]], [[white supremacists]], and other [[far-right]] [[extremists]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Colin|last2=Kenney|first2=Michael|date=23 June 2020|url=https://warontherocks.com/2020/06/what-antifa-is-what-it-isnt-and-why-it-matters/|title=What Antifa Is, What It Isn't, and Why It Matters|website=War on the Rocks|accessdate=June 26, 2020|quote=[...] Antifa, a highly decentralized movement of anti-racists who seek to combat neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and far-right extremists whom Antifa's followers consider 'fascist' [...].}}</ref> Antifa activist's protest tactics include [[digital activism]],<ref name="Neo-Nazis Face a New Foe Online and IRL: the Far-Left Antifa"/> [[harassment]],<ref name="ADL page"/> [[physical violence]],<ref name="ADL page"/> and [[property damage]].<ref name="SPLC June 2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/06/02/designating-antifa-domestic-terrorist-organization-dangerous-threatens-civil-liberties|title=Designating Antifa as Domestic Terrorist Organization Is Dangerous, Threatens Civil Liberties|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|date=June 2, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ADL page"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kaste|first1=Martin|last2=Siegler|first2=Kirk|date=June 16, 2017|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/06/16/533255619/fact-check-is-left-wing-violence-rising|title=Fact Check: Is Left-Wing Violence Rising?|agency=NPR|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name="SeurthWhatIs"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Maida|first=Adam|date=January 16, 2018|url=https://www.wired.com/story/free-speech-issue-antifa-data-mining/|title=Meet Antifa's Secret Weapon Against Far-Right Extremists|newspaper=Wired|accessdate=November 13, 2018}}</ref> Much of antifa's activism is nonviolent, involving poster and flyer campaigns, delivering speeches, marching in protest, and community organizing on behalf of anti-racist and anti-[[white nationalist]] causes.<ref name=kgw/><ref name="Beauchamp 2020"/><ref name="Sacco 2020"/>
-Individuals involved in the movement tend to hold [[anti-authoritarian]], [[anti-capitalist]], [[anti-fascist]], and [[anti-state]] views,<ref name="Bray intro"/><ref name="bbcantifa w quote"/> subscribing to a range of left-wing ideologies such as [[anarchism]], [[communism]], [[Marxism]], [[social democracy]], and [[socialism]].<ref name="Fuller">{{cite news|first1=Thomas|last1=Fuller|first2=Alan|last2=Feuer|first3=Serge F.|last3=Kovaleski|date=August 17, 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/us/antifa-left-wing-faction-far-right.html|title='Antifa' Grows as Left-Wing Faction Set to, Literally, Fight the Far Right|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=September 10, 2017|quote=[...] the diverse collection of anarchists, communists and socialists has found common cause in opposing right-wing extremists and white supremacists.}}</ref><ref name="Socialists, Anarchists, and Communists w quote"/><ref name="Context and timeliness w quote"/><ref name="BeinartAtlantic w quote"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/antifa-200601170721571.html|title=What is Antifa?|agency=Al Jazeera|date=1 June 2020|accessdate=June 2, 2020|quote=Anti-fascists of the movement tend to be grouped on the leftward fringes of the US political spectrum, many describing themselves as socialists, anarchists, communists or anti-capitalists.}}</ref> The name ''antifa'' and the logo with two flags representing anarchism and communism are derived from the [[German antifa movement]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Mark|last=Bray|date=2017|title=Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook|publisher=Melville House|location=New York|page=54|isbn=978-1-61219-703-6|url={{Google books|id=OKEwDwAAQBAJ|page=54|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Antifa actions have been both criticized and defended.<ref name="Mainstream Media Critique"/><ref name="Noam Chomsky: Antifa is a 'major gift to the right'"/><ref name="Lennard 2020"/> Some on the [[American Left]] criticize antifa for its willingness to adopt violent direct actions<ref>{{cite news|last=Beinart|first=Peter|date=August 16, 2017|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/what-trump-gets-wrong-about-antifa/537048/|title=What Trump Gets Wrong About Antifa|newspaper=The Atlantic|accessdate=October 23, 2020|quote=As I argued in my essay, some of their tactics are genuinely troubling. They're troubling tactically because conservatives use antifa's violence to justify—or at least distract from—the violence of white supremacists, as Trump did in his press conference. They're troubling strategically because they allow white supremacists to depict themselves as victims being denied the right to freely assemble. And they're troubling morally because antifa activists really do infringe upon that right.}}</ref><ref name="Friedersdorf 2017">{{cite news|last=Friedersdorf|first=Conor|date=August 31, 2017|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/drawing-distinctions-antifa-the-alt-right-and-black-lives-matter/538320/|title=Distinguishing Between Antifa, the KKK, and Black Lives Matter|newspaper=The Atlantic|accessdate=October 23, 2020|quote=Antifa is more complicated. Some of its members employ the objectionable means of initiating extralegal street violence; but its stated end of resisting fascism is laudable, while its actual end is contested. Is it really just about resisting fascists or does it have a greater, less defensible agenda? Many debates about Antifa that play out on social media would prove less divisive if the parties understood themselves to be agreeing that opposing fascism is laudable while disagreeing about Antifa's means, or whether its end is really that limited.}}</ref> and for being counterproductive<ref name="Noam Chomsky: Antifa is a 'major gift to the right'"/><ref name="BeinartAtlantic"/><ref name="Left Anti-Antifa"/> or backfiring by embolding the right and their allies.<ref name=bogelburroughs/> Those on the right characterize it as a domestic terrorist organization or use ''antifa'' as a catch-all term<ref name=Nguyen/> for any left-leaning or liberal protest actions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Galofaro|first1=Claire|last2=Kunzelman|first2=Michael|date=September 23, 2020|url=https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-media-social-media-kentucky-racial-injustice-97624252a276dea5cfe2e79381df0248|title=Trump, social media, right-wing news stir up antifa scares|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=October 23, 2020}}</ref> Some scholars argue that antifa is a legitimate response to the rise of the far right<ref name="Bray & Sycamore 2017"/> and that antifa's violence such as [[milkshaking]] is not equivalent to [[right-wing violence]].<ref name=bogelburroughs/> Scholars tend to reject the equivalence between antifa and white supremacism.<ref name="klein"/><ref name="Kivland">Kivland, Chelsey (2017). [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5efa3e4eb1788c3251bc5750/t/5f1e836db4238228f9f11697/1595835245782/charlottesville.pdf "A Defense of the Charlottesville Counter‐Protesters"]. ''Anthropology News''. '''58''' (5): 94–99.</ref><ref name="Beckett 2020"/>
+The movement tends to support [[anti-authoritarian]], [[anti-capitalist]], and [[anti-state]] views.<ref name="Bray intro" /><ref name="bbcantifa w quote" /> This also includes a range of left-wing ideologies such as [[anarchism]], [[communism]], [[Marxism]], [[social democracy]], and [[socialism]].<ref name="Fuller">{{cite news|first1=Thomas|last1=Fuller|first2=Alan|last2=Feuer|first3=Serge F.|last3=Kovaleski|date=August 17, 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/us/antifa-left-wing-faction-far-right.html|title='Antifa' Grows as Left-Wing Faction Set to, Literally, Fight the Far Right|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=September 10, 2017|quote=[...] the diverse collection of anarchists, communists and socialists has found common cause in opposing right-wing extremists and white supremacists.}}</ref><ref name="Socialists, Anarchists, and Communists w quote"/><ref name="Context and timeliness w quote"/><ref name="BeinartAtlantic w quote"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/antifa-200601170721571.html|title=What is Antifa?|agency=Al Jazeera|date=1 June 2020|accessdate=June 2, 2020|quote=Anti-fascists of the movement tend to be grouped on the leftward fringes of the US political spectrum, many describing themselves as socialists, anarchists, communists or anti-capitalists.}}</ref> Some on the [[American Left]] criticize antifa for encouraging violence or emboldening the right and their allies.<ref name="bogelburroughs">{{cite news|last=Bogel-Burroughs|first=Nicholas|date=July 2, 2019|title=What Is Antifa? Explaining the Movement to Confront the Far Right|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/us/what-is-antifa.html|accessdate=July 13, 2019}}</ref> Those on the right characterize it as a domestic terrorist organization or use ''antifa'' as a catch-all term<ref name=Nguyen/> for any left-leaning or liberal protest actions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Galofaro|first1=Claire|last2=Kunzelman|first2=Michael|date=September 23, 2020|url=https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-media-social-media-kentucky-racial-injustice-97624252a276dea5cfe2e79381df0248|title=Trump, social media, right-wing news stir up antifa scares|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=October 23, 2020}}</ref> Some liberal scholars reject equivalences between antifa and the far right or white supremacism and argue that antifa is a legitimate response to the rise of the far right.<ref name="Bray & Sycamore 2017"/><ref name=bogelburroughs/>
 There have been multiple efforts to discredit antifa groups via hoaxes on social media, many of them [[false flag]] attacks originating from [[alt-right]] and [[4chan]] users posing as antifa backers on [[Twitter]].<ref name="GQ"/><ref name="Far-right smear campaign against Antifa exposed by Bellingcat"/><ref name="vice"/> Some hoaxes have been picked up and reported as fact by right-leaning media.<ref name="GQ"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Feldman|accessdate=August 14, 2019|title=How to Spot a Fake Antifa Account|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/08/how-to-spot-a-fake-antifa-account.html|date=August 21, 2017|newspaper=New York}}</ref><ref name="masslive">{{cite news|first=Dan|last=Glaun|accessdate=August 14, 2019|title=Fake Boston Antifa group, which claimed credit for anti-racism banner at Red Sox game, is actually run by right wing trolls|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/09/fake_boston_antifa_group_who_c.html|date=September 14, 2017|newspaper=The Republican}}</ref> During the [[George Floyd protests]] in May and June 2020, the [[Trump administration]] has blamed antifa for orchestrating the mass protests; analysis of federal arrests did not find links to antifa.<ref name="nytimes_antifa">{{cite news|last1=Feuer|first1=Alan|last2=Goldman|first2=Adam|last3=MacFarquhar|first3=Neil|date=June 11, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/us/antifa-protests-george-floyd.html|title=Federal Arrests Show No Sign That Antifa Plotted Protests|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=June 11, 2020|quote=Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.}}</ref> There have been repeated calls by [[Donald Trump]] and [[William Barr]] to designate antifa as a terrorist organization,<ref>{{cite news|last=Peiser|first=Jaclyn|date=August 10, 2020|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/08/10/barr-fox-antifa-blm/|title='Their tactics are fascistic': Barr slams Black Lives Matter, accuses the left of 'tearing down the system'|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=August 10, 2020}}</ref> a move that academics, legal experts, and others argue would exceed the authority of the presidency and violate the [[First Amendment]].<ref name="HabermanSavage"/><ref name=Perez/><ref name="Bray 2020"/> Several analyses, reports, and studies concluded that antifa is not a major domestic terrorism risk and ranked far-right extremism and white supremacy as the top risk.<ref name="Beckett 2020"/><ref name="Stelloh 2020"/><ref name="Swan 2020"/>
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 === Ideology ===
-Individuals involved in the antifa movement tend to hold [[anti-authoritarian]],<ref name="Bray intro"/> [[anti-capitalist]],<ref name="bbcantifa w quote"/><ref name="eewia"/> [[anti-fascist]], and [[anti-state]] views,<ref name="bbcantifa"/> subscribing to a varied range of [[left-wing]] ideologies.<ref name="cnnantifa"/> A majority of adherents are [[anarchists]], [[communists]], and other [[socialists]] who describe themselves as revolutionaries,<ref name="Socialists, Anarchists, and Communists"/> although some [[social democrats]] and [[American Left|other leftists]],<ref name="BeinartAtlantic w quote"/> among them [[environmentalists]], [[LGBT social movements|LGBT]] and [[indigenous rights]] advocates,<ref name="Sacco 2020"/> also adhere to the antifa movement.<ref name="Socialists, Anarchists, and Communists"/> Antifa involvement in violent actions against far-right opponents and the police has led some scholars and news media to characterize the movement as ''[[far-left]]''<ref name="klein"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Perliger|first1=Lauren R.|last2=Shapiro|first2=Arie|year=2018|editor-last1=Maras|editor-first1=Marie-Helen|editor-last2=Sweeney|editor-first2=Matthew M.|title=Terrorism: Domestic|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management|location=New York|publisher=Springer International Publishing|pages=1–9|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_250-1|isbn=978-3-319-69891-5|quote=[...] Antifa, a far-left anti-fascist movement. [...] The American Far Left includes 'groups or individuals that embrace anticapitalist, Communist, or Socialist doctrines and [seek] to bring about change through violent revolution' (Department of Homeland Security 2009, p. 6).}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alizadeh|first1=Meysam|last2=Weber|first2=Ingmar|last3=Cioffi-Revilla|first3=Claudio|last4=Fortunato|first4=Santo|last5=Macy|first5=Michael|s2cid=153314800|year=2019|title=Psychology and morality of political extremists: evidence from Twitter language analysis of alt-right and Antifa|journal=EPJ Data Science|volume=8|issue=1|pages=17|doi=10.1140/epjds/s13688-019-0193-9|issn=2193-1127|quote=[...] during 2016 and 2017, far-left movements in the U.S. such as Antifa were actively engaging in violent actions attacking alt-right demonstrators [...]. While the antifascist movements seemed to be disappeared with the end of WWII, they are on rise in the United States and Europe, in part due to the growth of neo-Nazism (LaFree, Arlow).|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Xu|first=Weiai Wayne|year=2020|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11978|title=Mapping Connective Actions in the Global Alt-Right and Antifa Counterpublics|journal=International Journal of Communication|publisher=USC Annenberg Press|location=Los Angeles|volume=14|pages=22|issn=1932-8036}}</ref> and ''[[militant]]''.<ref name=bbcantifa/><ref name="SavageFight"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Michael E.|date=September 14, 2017|title=Antifa: Guardians against fascism or lawless thrill-seekers?|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/antifa-guardians-against-fascism-or-lawless-thrill-seekers/2017/09/14/38db474c-93fe-11e7-89fa-bb822a46da5b_story.html|accessdate=October 13, 2017|quote=It was a call to arms for militant anti-fascists, or 'antifa' – and Hines was heeding it.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Campos|first1=Robert|last2=Carroll|first2=Jeremy|last3=Guyen|first3=Vicky|last4=Jaworski|first4=Jonathan|last5=Jewett|first5=Chris|last6=Rutanashoodech|first6=Tony|date=September 27, 2017|url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/investigations/An-Inside-Look-at-the-Antifa-Movement--448068573.html|title=An Inside Look at the Antifa Movement|agency=KNTV|accessdate=October 13, 2017|quote=NBC Bay Area sat down with several militant Antifa protesters [...].}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vysotsky|first=Stanislav|year=2020|title=American Antifa: The Tactics, Culture, and Practice of Militant Antifascism|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-429-26517-4|doi=10.4324/9780429265174|quote=Since the election of President Trump and the rise in racism and white supremacist activity, the militant anti-fascist movement known as antifa has become increasingly active and high profile in the United States.}}</ref>
+Individuals involved in the antifa movement tend to hold [[anti-authoritarian]],<ref name="Bray intro"/> [[anti-capitalist]],<ref name="bbcantifa w quote"/><ref name="eewia"/> [[anti-fascist]], and [[anti-state]] views,<ref name="bbcantifa"/> subscribing to a varied range of [[left-wing]] ideologies.<ref name="cnnantifa"/> A majority of adherents are [[anarchists]], [[communists]], and other [[socialists]] who describe themselves as revolutionaries,<ref name="Socialists, Anarchists, and Communists"/> although some [[social democrats]] and [[American Left|other leftists]],<ref name="BeinartAtlantic w quote"/> among them [[environmentalists]], [[LGBT social movements|LGBT]] and [[indigenous rights]] advocates,<ref name="Sacco 2020"/> also adhere to the antifa movement.<ref name="Socialists, Anarchists, and Communists"/> Antifa involvement in violent actions against far-right opponents and the police has led some scholars and news media to characterize the movement as ''[[far-left]]''<ref name="klein">{{cite journal|last=Klein|first=Adam|year=2019|title=From Twitter to Charlottesville: Analyzing the Fighting Words Between the Alt-Right and Antifa|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/10076|journal=International Journal of Communication|volume=13|pages=22|issn=1932-8036|quote=This present climate of partisan tribalism has given rise to new actors and factions representing the far ends of the political spectrum. [...] On the far left, Antifa represents a fast-growing crusade designed to confront all forms of fascism, principally the aforementioned groups but also, at times, law enforcement. Antifa has no single spokesperson but rather presents its movement as a collective of nameless vigilantes, typically outfitted in concealing masks and black combat gear, ready for battle.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Perliger|first1=Lauren R.|last2=Shapiro|first2=Arie|year=2018|editor-last1=Maras|editor-first1=Marie-Helen|editor-last2=Sweeney|editor-first2=Matthew M.|title=Terrorism: Domestic|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management|location=New York|publisher=Springer International Publishing|pages=1–9|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_250-1|isbn=978-3-319-69891-5|quote=[...] Antifa, a far-left anti-fascist movement. [...] The American Far Left includes 'groups or individuals that embrace anticapitalist, Communist, or Socialist doctrines and [seek] to bring about change through violent revolution' (Department of Homeland Security 2009, p. 6).}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alizadeh|first1=Meysam|last2=Weber|first2=Ingmar|last3=Cioffi-Revilla|first3=Claudio|last4=Fortunato|first4=Santo|last5=Macy|first5=Michael|s2cid=153314800|year=2019|title=Psychology and morality of political extremists: evidence from Twitter language analysis of alt-right and Antifa|journal=EPJ Data Science|volume=8|issue=1|pages=17|doi=10.1140/epjds/s13688-019-0193-9|issn=2193-1127|quote=[...] during 2016 and 2017, far-left movements in the U.S. such as Antifa were actively engaging in violent actions attacking alt-right demonstrators [...]. While the antifascist movements seemed to be disappeared with the end of WWII, they are on rise in the United States and Europe, in part due to the growth of neo-Nazism (LaFree, Arlow).|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Xu|first=Weiai Wayne|year=2020|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11978|title=Mapping Connective Actions in the Global Alt-Right and Antifa Counterpublics|journal=International Journal of Communication|publisher=USC Annenberg Press|location=Los Angeles|volume=14|pages=22|issn=1932-8036}}</ref> and ''[[militant]]''.<ref name=bbcantifa/><ref name="SavageFight"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Michael E.|date=September 14, 2017|title=Antifa: Guardians against fascism or lawless thrill-seekers?|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/antifa-guardians-against-fascism-or-lawless-thrill-seekers/2017/09/14/38db474c-93fe-11e7-89fa-bb822a46da5b_story.html|accessdate=October 13, 2017|quote=It was a call to arms for militant anti-fascists, or 'antifa' – and Hines was heeding it.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Campos|first1=Robert|last2=Carroll|first2=Jeremy|last3=Guyen|first3=Vicky|last4=Jaworski|first4=Jonathan|last5=Jewett|first5=Chris|last6=Rutanashoodech|first6=Tony|date=September 27, 2017|url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/investigations/An-Inside-Look-at-the-Antifa-Movement--448068573.html|title=An Inside Look at the Antifa Movement|agency=KNTV|accessdate=October 13, 2017|quote=NBC Bay Area sat down with several militant Antifa protesters [...].}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vysotsky|first=Stanislav|year=2020|title=American Antifa: The Tactics, Culture, and Practice of Militant Antifascism|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-429-26517-4|doi=10.4324/9780429265174|quote=Since the election of President Trump and the rise in racism and white supremacist activity, the militant anti-fascist movement known as antifa has become increasingly active and high profile in the United States.}}</ref>
 According to historian [[Mark Bray (historian)|Mark Bray]], an expert on the movement,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hawkins|first=Derek|date=August 29, 2017|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/08/28/a-dartmouth-antifa-expert-was-disavowed-by-his-college-president-for-supporting-violent-protest-angering-many-faculty/|title=A Dartmouth antifa expert was disavowed by his college president for 'supporting violent protest,' angering many faculty|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=June 4, 2020}}</ref> the "vast majority of anti-fascist organizing is nonviolent. But their willingness to physically defend themselves and others from white supremacist violence and preemptively shut down fascist organizing efforts before they turn deadly distinguishes them from liberal anti-racists."<ref name="bray-wapo"/> Described as a pan-leftist and non-hierarchical movement,<ref name="Socialists, Anarchists, and Communists"/> antifa is united by opposition to [[right-wing extremism]] and [[white supremacy]]<ref name="bbcantifa"/><ref name="Fuller"/> as well as opposition to [[centralized states]].<ref name="BeinartAtlantic"/> Antifa activists reject both [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] and [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] anti-fascism.<ref name="Fuller"/><ref name="Context and timeliness"/> The antifa movement generally eschews mainstream [[liberal democracy]],<ref name="Socialists, Anarchists, and Communists"/> having "an illiberal disdain for the confines of mainstream politics",<ref name="Bray September 2020"/> and favoring [[direct action]] over [[electoral politics]].<ref name="bbcantifa"/><ref name="Fuller"/> Bray states that "[t]he vast majority of antifa militants are radical anti-capitalists who oppose the Democratic Party" and that [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] leaders, including [[Nancy Pelosi]] and [[Joe Biden]], have condemned antifa and political violence more broadly.<ref name="Bray September 2020">{{cite news|last=Bray|first=Mark|date=September 11, 2020|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/five-myths-about-antifa/2020/09/11/527071ac-f37b-11ea-bc45-e5d48ab44b9f_story.html|title=Five myths about antifa|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=September 17, 2020}}</ref> Despite antifa's opposition to the Democratic Party and liberalism, some [[right-wing]] commentators have accused their adherents of being aided by "liberal sympathizers"<ref>{{cite news|last=Beinart|first=Peter|date=July 4, 2019|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/07/conservatives-conjure-liberal-support-antifa/593164/|title=Conservatives Conjure Up Liberal Support for Antifa Violence|newspaper=The Atlantic|publisher=Emerson Collective|location=Washington, D.C.|accessdate=June 1, 2020}}</ref> and "affiliated with the Democratic Party"<ref name="Bray September 2020"/> as well as being "a single organization", "funded by liberal financiers like [[George Soros]]", "mastermind[ing] violence at [[Black Lives Matter]] protests", and that "Antifascists are the 'real fascists.'"<ref name="Bray September 2020"/>
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 According to the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL), "most established civil rights organizations criticize antifa tactics as dangerous and counterproductive."<ref name="ADL page"/> In 2017, the ADL criticized antifa for its use of "unacceptable tactics" such as violence and warned that such tactics provided a powerful propaganda and recruitment tool to right-wing extremists.<ref name="ADL page"/> However, the ADL stated that "it is important to reject [[False equivalence|attempts to claim equivalence]] between the antifa and the white supremacist groups they oppose", noting that right-wing extremist movements are much more violent and have been responsible for hundreds of murders in the United States while "there have not been any known antifa-related murders."<ref name="ADL page"/> In 2020, the ADL noted that while there have been hundreds of murders by far-right groups in the last few decades, there has only been [[Killings of Aaron Danielson and Michael Reinoehl|one suspected antifa-related murder]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/antifa|title=Who are Antifa?|publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|date=2020|accessdate=October 22, 2020|quote=Right-wing extremists have been one of the largest and most consistent sources of domestic terror incidents in the United States for many years; they have murdered hundreds of people in this country over the last ten years alone. To date, there has been one suspected antifa-related murder, which took place on August 29, 2020, in Portland, Oregon.}}</ref>
-According to the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC), designating antifa as a domestic terrorist organization is dangerous and a threat to civil liberties.<ref name="SPLC June 2020"/> The SPLC also reported that antifa members "have been involved in skirmishes and property crimes, 'but the threat of lethal violence pales in comparison to that posed by far-right extremists.'"<ref name="Stelloh 2020"/>
+According to the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC), designating antifa as a domestic terrorist organization is dangerous and a threat to civil liberties.<ref name="SPLC June 2020">{{cite web|date=June 2, 2020|title=Designating Antifa as Domestic Terrorist Organization Is Dangerous, Threatens Civil Liberties|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/06/02/designating-antifa-domestic-terrorist-organization-dangerous-threatens-civil-liberties|accessdate=September 8, 2020|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref> The SPLC also reported that antifa members "have been involved in skirmishes and property crimes, 'but the threat of lethal violence pales in comparison to that posed by far-right extremists.'"<ref name="Stelloh 2020"/>
 === Law enforcement and officials ===
@@ Line 144: / Line 144: @@
 <!-- Add analysis on what sources say, making sure both sides and arguments are properly represented. -->{{Expand section|date=October 2020}}
-Questions on how effective antifa is and whether it is a reasonable response have been raised and discussed by news media.<ref name="Beauchamp 2020"/><ref name="Friedersdorf 2017"/><ref name="BeinartAtlantic"/><ref name="Holland 2018"/><ref name="Wilson 2018">{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Jacon|date=March 19, 2018|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/19/the-alt-right-is-in-decline-has-antifa-activism-worked|title=The alt-right is in decline. Has antifascist activism worked?|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=October 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hess|first=Amanda|date=August 15, 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/magazine/america-is-struggling-to-sort-out-where-violence-begins-and-ends.html|title=America Is Struggling to Sort Out Where 'Violence' Begins and Ends|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=October 24, 2020}}</ref>
+Questions on how effective antifa is and whether it is a reasonable response have been raised and discussed by news media.<ref name="Beauchamp 2020"/><ref name="Friedersdorf 2017">{{cite news|last=Friedersdorf|first=Conor|date=August 31, 2017|title=Distinguishing Between Antifa, the KKK, and Black Lives Matter|newspaper=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/drawing-distinctions-antifa-the-alt-right-and-black-lives-matter/538320/|accessdate=October 23, 2020|quote=Antifa is more complicated. Some of its members employ the objectionable means of initiating extralegal street violence; but its stated end of resisting fascism is laudable, while its actual end is contested. Is it really just about resisting fascists or does it have a greater, less defensible agenda? Many debates about Antifa that play out on social media would prove less divisive if the parties understood themselves to be agreeing that opposing fascism is laudable while disagreeing about Antifa's means, or whether its end is really that limited.}}</ref><ref name="BeinartAtlantic"/><ref name="Holland 2018"/><ref name="Wilson 2018">{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Jacon|date=March 19, 2018|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/19/the-alt-right-is-in-decline-has-antifa-activism-worked|title=The alt-right is in decline. Has antifascist activism worked?|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=October 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hess|first=Amanda|date=August 15, 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/magazine/america-is-struggling-to-sort-out-where-violence-begins-and-ends.html|title=America Is Struggling to Sort Out Where 'Violence' Begins and Ends|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=October 24, 2020}}</ref>
 == Hoaxes ==