Thomas R. Marshall
Thomas Marshall | |
---|---|
28th Vice President of the United States | |
In office March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921 | |
President | Woodrow Wilson |
Preceded by | James S. Sherman |
Succeeded by | Calvin Coolidge |
27th Governor of Indiana | |
In office January 11, 1909 – January 13, 1913 | |
Lieutenant | Frank J. Hall |
Preceded by | Frank Hanly |
Succeeded by | Samuel M. Ralston |
Personal details | |
Born | Thomas Riley Marshall March 14, 1854 North Manchester, Indiana, U.S. |
Died | June 1, 1925 Washington, D.C., U.S. | (aged 71)
Resting place | Crown Hill Cemetery |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse | |
Children | 1 foster son[a] |
Education | Wabash College (BA) |
Signature | |
Thomas Riley Marshall (March 14, 1854 – June 1, 1925) was an American politician who served as the 28th
Marshall's popularity as Indiana governor, and the state's status as a critical swing state, helped him secure the Democratic vice presidential nomination on a ticket with Wilson in 1912 and win the subsequent general election. An ideological rift developed between the two men during their first term leading Wilson to limit Marshall's influence in the administration. Marshall's brand of humor caused Wilson to move his office away from the White House, further isolating him. Marshall was targeted in an assassination attempt in 1915 for supporting intervention in World War I.[b] During Marshall's second term he delivered morale-boosting speeches across the nation during the war and became the first U.S. vice president to hold cabinet meetings, which he did while Wilson was in Europe during peace negotiations. As he was president of the United States Senate, a small number of anti-war Senators kept it deadlocked by refusing to end debate. To enable critical wartime legislation to be passed, Marshall had the body adopt its first procedural rule allowing filibusters to be ended by a two-thirds majority vote—a variation of this rule remains in effect.
Marshall's vice presidency is most remembered for a leadership crisis following a stroke that incapacitated Wilson in October 1919. Because of their personal dislike for Marshall, Wilson's advisers and wife
Marshall was known for his wit and sense of humor. One of his most enduring jokes provoked widespread laughter from his Senate colleagues during a floor debate. Responding to Senator Joseph Bristow's catalog of the nation's needs, Marshall quipped that, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar." After his terms as vice president, he opened an Indianapolis law practice where he authored several legal books and his memoir, Recollections. He continued to travel and speak publicly. Marshall died in 1925 after suffering a heart attack while on a trip to Washington, D.C.
Early life
Family and background
Thomas Marshall's paternal grandfather, Riley Marshall, immigrated to Indiana in 1817 and settled on a farm in present-day
Marshall's mother, Martha Patterson, was orphaned at age thirteen while living in Ohio and moved to Indiana to live with her sister on a farm near the Marshalls' home. Martha was known for her wit and humor, as her son later would be.[d] Martha and Daniel met and married in 1848.[2]
Thomas Riley Marshall was born in
The family moved to Osawatomie, Kansas, in 1859, but the frontier violence caused them to move to Missouri in 1860.[6] Eventually, Daniel succeeded in curing Martha's disease.[6] As the American Civil War neared, violence spread into Missouri during the Bleeding Kansas incidents. In October 1860 several men led by Duff Green demanded that Daniel Marshall provide medical assistance to the pro-slavery faction,[4] but he refused, and the men left. When the Marshalls' neighbors warned that Green was planning to return and murder them, the family quickly packed their belongings and escaped by steamboat to Illinois. The Marshalls remained in Illinois only briefly, before relocating to Indiana, which was even farther from the volatile border region.[5][7]
Education
On settling in
During college Marshall joined the
Marshall was elected to Phi Beta Kappa during his final year at college.[3] He graduated in June 1873, receiving the top grade in fourteen of his thirty-six courses in a class of twenty-one students.[15] Because of his libel case, he had become increasingly interested in law and began seeking someone to teach him. At that time, a common way to become a lawyer was to apprentice under a practicing attorney. Marshall's great-uncle Woodson Marshall began to help him, but the younger Marshall soon moved to Columbia City, Indiana, to live with his parents. Marshall read law in the Columbia City law office of Walter Olds, a future member of the Indiana Supreme Court, for more than a year and was admitted to the bar on April 26, 1875.[14][16][17][18]
Law practice
Marshall opened a law practice in Columbia City in 1876, taking on many minor cases. After gaining prominence, he accepted William F. McNagny as a partner in 1879 and began taking many criminal defense cases. The two men functioned well as partners. McNagny was better educated in law and worked out their legal arguments. Marshall, the superior orator, argued the cases before the judge and jury. Their firm became well known in the region after they handled a number of high-profile cases.[19] In 1880 Marshall ran for public office for the first time as the Democratic candidate for his district's prosecuting attorney.[20] The district was a Republican stronghold, and he was defeated. About the same time, he met and began to court Kate Hooper, and the two became engaged to marry. Kate died of an illness in 1882, one day before they were to be wed. Her death was a major emotional blow to Marshall, leading him to become an alcoholic.[21][22]
Marshall lived with his parents into his thirties. His father died in the late 1880s and his mother died in 1894, leaving him with the family estate and business. In 1895, while working on a case, Marshall met Lois Kimsey who was working as a clerk in her father's law firm.[22] Despite their nineteen-year age difference, the couple fell in love and married on October 2.[23] The Marshalls had a close marriage and were nearly inseparable, and spent only two nights apart during their nearly thirty-year marriage.[24]
Marshall's alcoholism had begun to interfere with his busy life before his marriage. He arrived at court
Marshall remained active in the Democratic party after his 1880 defeat and began stumping for other candidates and helping to organize party rallies across the state. His speeches were noted for their partisanship, but his rhetoric gradually shifted away from a conservative viewpoint in the 1890s as he began to identify himself with the growing
Marshall and his wife were involved in several private organizations. He was active in the Presbyterian Church, taught Sunday school, and served on the county fair board. As he grew wealthy from his law firm he became involved in local charities. An enthusiastic Mason in Columbia City Lodge No. 189 in the Grand Lodge of Indiana, he was a governing member of the state's York Rite bodies, awarded the thirty-third degree of the Scottish Rite in 1898, and became an Active member of the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction's Supreme Council in 1911. He remained a passionate Freemason until his death and served on several Masonic charitable boards. After his death, the $25,000 cost of erecting his mausoleum in Indianapolis' Crown Hill Cemetery was gratefully paid for by the Scottish Rite NMJ Supreme Council.[29]
Governorship (1909–1913)
Campaign
In 1906, Marshall declined his party's nomination to run for Congress. He hinted, however, to state party leaders that he would be interested in running for Indiana governor in the 1908 election.
Marshall's opponent in the general election was Republican Congressman James E. Watson, and the campaign focused on temperance and prohibition.[35][36] Just as it began, the Republican-controlled state government passed a local-option law that allowed counties to ban the sale of liquor. The law became the central point of debate between the parties and their gubernatorial candidates. The Democrats proposed that the local-option law be changed so that the decision to ban liquor sales could be made at the city and township level.[37] This drew support from anti-prohibitionists, who saw it as an opportunity to roll back prohibition in some areas, and as the only alternative available to the total prohibition which the Republican Party advocated. The Democratic position also helped to retain prohibitionists' support by allowing prohibition to remain enacted in communities where a majority supported it.[36] The Republican Party was in the midst of a period of instability, splitting along progressive and conservative lines.[36] Their internal problems proved to be the deciding factor in the election, giving Marshall a narrow victory: he received 48.1 percent of the vote to Watson's 48.0 percent.[38] Democrats also came to power in the Indiana House of Representatives by a small margin, though Republicans retained control of the Indiana Senate.[35][37]
Progressive agenda
Marshall was inaugurated as Governor of Indiana on January 11, 1909. Since his party had been out of power for many years, its initial objective was to appoint as many Democrats as possible to patronage positions.[39] Marshall tried to avoid becoming directly involved in the patronage system. He allowed the party's different factions to have positions and appointed very few of his own choices. He allowed Taggart to manage the process and pick the candidates, but signed off on the official appointments. Although his position on patronage kept peace in his party, it prevented him from building a strong political base.[40]
During his term, Marshall focused primarily on advancing the progressive agenda. He successfully advocated the passage of a
Marshall was a strong opponent of Indiana's recently passed eugenics and sterilization laws, and ordered state institutions not to follow them.[43] He was an early, high-profile opponent of eugenics laws, and he carried his opposition into the vice-presidency.[44] His governorship was the first in which no state executions took place, due to his opposition to capital punishment and his practice of pardoning and commuting the sentences of people condemned to execution.[45] He regularly attacked corporations and used recently created antitrust laws to attempt to break several large businesses.[46] He participated in a number of ceremonial events, including laying the final golden brick to complete the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1909.[47]
Democratic Party campaign literature emphasized Marshall's record as governor, with one Democratic textbook from 1912 listing various laws enacted during his time in office by his instance. These included acts to investigate industrial and agricultural education; to permit night schools In cities; to prevent traffic in white slaves; to establish uniform weights and measures; to provide police court matrons; to protect against loan sharks; to strengthen the pure food act; to establish public play grounds; to provide free treatment for hydrophobia; to regulate the sale of cocaine and other drugs; to prevent blindness at birth; to require hygienic schoolhouses and to permit medical examination of school children; to regulate the sale of cold storage products; to curtail child labor; and to “require medical supplies as part of a train equipment, etc.” The textbook also listed various laws “intended to protect the toilers” that were also championed by Marshall. These included laws to require storm windows for locomotives; to require full switching crews; to require standard cabooses; to require inspection of locomotive boilers; to provide efficient headlights on locomotives; to require safety devices on switch engines; to require full train crews; to establish free employment agencies; to create a bureau of inspection for factories, workshops, mines and boilers; and to “provide a weekly wage; etc.”[48]
Marshall's constitution
Rewriting the state constitution became Marshall's central focus as governor, and after the General Assembly refused to call a constitutional convention he sought other ways to have a new constitution adopted. He and
Republicans opposed the ratification process, and were infuriated that the Democrats were attempting to revise the entire constitution without calling a
Vice presidency (1913–1921)
Election
The Indiana constitution prevented Marshall from serving a consecutive term as governor. He made plans to run for a United States Senate seat after his term ended, but another opportunity presented itself during his last months as governor. Although he did not attend the
Marshall was not fond of Wilson, as he disagreed with him on a number of issues.[63] Although Wilson invited Marshall to cabinet meetings, Marshall's ideas were rarely considered for implementation, and Marshall eventually stopped attending them regularly.[63] In 1913, Wilson broke with longstanding tradition and met with senators to discuss policy. Previous presidents had used the vice president as an intermediary, but Wilson did not trust Marshall with delicate business.[62][64] In his memoir, Marshall's only negative comment towards Wilson was, "I have sometimes thought that great men are the bane of civilization, they are the real cause of all the bitterness and contention which amounts to anything in the world".[65][66] Their relationship was described as one of "functioning animosity".[67]
Senate developments
Marshall was not offended by Wilson's lack of interest in his ideas, and considered his primary constitutional duty to be in the Senate. He viewed the vice presidency as a legislative role, not an executive one.
In the debates leading up to
As Marshall made little news and was viewed as a somewhat comic figure in Washington because of his sense of humor, a number of Democratic party leaders wanted him removed from the 1916 reelection ticket.[75] Wilson, after deliberating, decided keeping Marshall on would demonstrate party unity; thus in 1916 Wilson won reelection over the still divided Republican Party. Marshall became the first vice president re-elected since John C. Calhoun in 1828. Wilson and Marshall were the first president and vice president team to be re-elected since Monroe and Tompkins in 1820.[62][76]
Assassination attempt
On the evening of July 2, 1915,
On July 3, Muenter (who went under the pseudonym Frank Holt) burst into the
World War I
During Marshall's second term, the United States entered World War I. Marshall was a reluctant supporter of the war, believing the country to be unprepared and feared it would be necessary to enact conscription.[74][e] He was pleased with Wilson's strategy to begin a military buildup before the declaration of war, and fully supported the war effort once it had begun. Shortly after the first troops began to assemble for transport to Europe, Wilson and Marshall hosted a delegation from the United Kingdom in which Marshall became privy to the primary war strategy.[82] However, he was largely excluded from war planning and rarely received official updates on the progress of military campaigns. He usually received news of the war through the newspapers.[83]
Wilson sent Marshall around the nation to deliver morale-boosting speeches and encourage Americans to buy
Morrison
Marshall's wife, Lois, was heavily involved in charitable activities in Washington and spent considerable time working at the Diet Kitchen Welfare Center providing free meals to impoverished children. In 1917 she became acquainted with a mother of newborn twins, one of whom was chronically ill. The child's parents were unable to get adequate treatment for their son's condition. Lois formed a close bond with the baby, named Clarence Ignatius Morrison, and offered to take him and help him find treatment.[87] She and Marshall were unable to have children, and when she brought the baby home, Marshall told her that she could "keep him, provided he did not squall".[88] Marshall grew to love the boy and wrote that he "never walked the streets of Washington with as sure a certainty as he walked into my heart", and, as the boy grew older, that he was "beautiful as an angel; brilliant beyond his years; lovable from every standpoint".[88][89]
The Marshalls never officially adopted Morrison because they believed that to go through the procedure while his parents were still living would appear unusual to the public. Wanting to keep the situation private, they instead made a special arrangement with his parents.[f] President Wilson felt obliged to acknowledge the boy as theirs and sent the couple a note that simply said, "With congratulations to the baby. Wilson".[90] Morrison lived with the Marshalls for the rest of his life. In correspondence they referred to him as Morrison Marshall, but in person they called him Izzy.[90] Lois took him to see many doctors and spent all her available time trying to nurse him back to health, but his condition worsened and he died in February 1920, just before his fourth birthday. His death devastated Marshall, who wrote in his memoir that Izzy "was and is and ever will be so sacred to me".[89][90]
Succession crisis
President Wilson experienced a mild
On October 5,
Wilson was kept secluded by his wife and personal physician and only his close advisers were allowed to see him; none would divulge official information on his condition.[92] Although Marshall sought to meet with Wilson to determine his condition, he was unable to do so. He instead relied on vague updates received through bulletins published by Wilson's physician.[104] Believing that Wilson and his advisers would not voluntarily transfer power to the vice president, a group of congressional leaders initiated Marshall's requested joint resolution. However, senators opposed to the League of Nations treaty blocked the joint resolution in hopes of preventing the treaty's ratification. These senators believed that as acting president Marshall would make several key concessions that would allow the treaty to win ratification. Wilson, in his present condition, was either unwilling or unable to make the concessions, and debate on the bill had resulted in a deadlock.[105]
On December 4, Lansing announced in a Senate committee hearing that no one in the cabinet had spoken with or seen Wilson in over sixty days. The senators seeking to elevate Marshall requested that a committee be sent to check on Wilson's condition, hoping to gain evidence to support their cause. Dubbed the "smelling committee" by several newspapers, the group discovered Wilson was in very poor health, but seemed to have recovered enough of his faculties to make decisions. Their report ended the perceived need for the joint resolution.[106]
At a Sunday church service in mid-December, in what Marshall believed was an attempt by other officials to force him to assume the presidency, a courier brought a message informing him that Wilson had died. Marshall was shocked, and rose to announce the news to the congregation. The ministers held a prayer, the congregation began singing hymns, and many people wept. Marshall and his wife exited the building, and made a call to the White House to determine his next course of action, only to find that he had been the victim of a hoax, and that Wilson was still alive.[107]
Marshall performed a few ceremonial functions for the remainder of Wilson's term, such as hosting foreign dignitaries. Among these was Albert I, King of the Belgians, the first European monarch to visit the United States. Edward, Prince of Wales, the future monarch of the United Kingdom, spent two days with Marshall and received a personal tour of Washington from him.[108] First Lady Edith Wilson performed most routine duties of government. She reviewed Wilson's communications and decided what to share with him and what to delegate to others. The resulting lack of leadership allowed the administration's opponents to prevent ratification of the League of Nations treaty.[104][109] They attacked the treaty's tenth article, which they believed would allow the United States to be bound in an alliance to European countries that could force the country to return to war without an act of Congress.[110] Marshall personally supported the treaty's adoption, but recommended several changes, including the requirement that all parties to it acknowledge the Monroe Doctrine and the United States' sphere of influence, and that the tenth article be made non-binding.[111][112]
Wilson began to recover by the end of 1919, but remained secluded for the remainder of his term, steadfast in his refusal or inability to accept changes to the treaty. Marshall was prevented from meeting with him to ascertain his true condition until his final day in office. It remains unclear who made executive decisions during Wilson's incapacity, but it was likely the first lady with the help of the presidential advisers.[113][114]
Post-vice presidency (1921–1925)
Marshall had his name entered as a candidate for the presidential nomination at the 1920 Democratic National Convention. He made arrangements with Thomas Taggart to have a delegation sent from Indiana to support his bid, but was unable to garner support outside of the Hoosier delegation. Ultimately he endorsed the Democratic nominees, James M. Cox for president and Franklin D. Roosevelt for vice president, but they were defeated by the Republican ticket of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge.[115] On their election, Marshall sent a note to Coolidge offering him his "sincere condolences" for his misfortune of having been elected vice president.[114][115][116]
Marshall considered returning to Columbia City after leaving office, but instead bought a home and opened a law practice in Indianapolis, where he believed there would be better business opportunities.[117] Harding nominated him to serve on the Lincoln Memorial Commission in 1921, and then to a more lucrative position on the Federal Coal Commission in 1922; Marshall resigned from both commissions in 1923.[117] He spent over a year writing books on the law and his Recollections, a humorous memoir. The latter book was completed in May 1925 and subsequent historians have noted it as unusual, even for its time, for not disclosing any secrets or attacking any of Marshall's enemies.[118] Marshall remained a popular public speaker, and continued to travel to give speeches. The last he delivered was to high school students in the town of his birth.[119]
Death
On June 1, 1925, Marshall and his wife were on a trip to Washington, D.C. when he died suddenly from a heart attack at his room at the Willard Hotel, while reading his Bible in bed.[120] He had been unwell for several days, and a nurse had accompanied them on the trip, but Marshall had already died by the time his wife could summon help. He was 71.[120]
A service and viewing was held in Washington two days later and was attended by many dignitaries. Marshall's remains were returned to Indianapolis, where he lay in state for two days; thousands visited his
Humor
Marshall was known for his quick wit and good sense of humor. On hearing of his nomination as vice president, he announced that he was not surprised, as "Indiana is the mother of Vice Presidents; home of more second-class men than any other state".[122] One of his favorite jokes, which he delivered in a speech before his departure for Washington, D.C., to become vice president, recounted a story of a man with two sons. One of the sons went to sea and drowned and the other was elected vice president; neither son was ever heard from again.[123] On his election as vice president, he sent Woodrow Wilson a book, inscribed "From your only Vice".[122]
Marshall's humor caused him trouble during his time in Washington. He was known to greet citizens walking by his office on the White House tour by saying to them, "If you look on me as a wild animal, be kind enough to throw peanuts at me."[80] This prompted Wilson to move Marshall's office to the Senate Office building, where the Vice President would not be disturbed by visitors.[122] In response to Alexander Graham Bell's proposal to the board of the Smithsonian Institution to send a team to excavate for ruins in Guatemala, Marshall suggested that the team instead excavate around Washington. When asked why, he replied that, judging by the looks of the people walking on the street, they should be able to find buried cave-men no more than six feet down. The joke was not well received, and he was shut out of board meetings for nearly a year.[65]
Marshall's wit is best remembered for a phrase he introduced to the American lexicon. While presiding over a Senate session in 1914, Marshall responded to earlier comments from Senator Joseph L. Bristow that provided a long list of what he felt the country needed. Marshall reportedly leaned over and muttered to one of his clerks, "What this country needs is more of this; what this country needs is more of that" and quipped loudly enough for others to overhear, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar."[g][71][74][124] Marshall's remark was popularized and widely circulated among a network of newspapers. Other accounts later embellished the story, including the exact situation that prompted his comment.[h] In 1922 Marshall explained that the five-cent cigar was a metaphor for simpler times and "buckling down to thrift and work."[125]
Legacy
The situation that arose after the incapacity of Wilson, for which Marshall's vice-presidency is most remembered, revived the national debate on the process of presidential succession.[74] The topic was already being discussed when Wilson left for Europe, which influenced him to allow Marshall to conduct cabinet meetings in his absence. Wilson's incapacity during 1919 and the lack of action by Marshall made it a major issue. The lack of a clear process for presidential succession had first become an issue when President William Henry Harrison died in office in 1841, but little progress had been made passing a constitutional amendment to remedy the problem.[126] Nearly fifty years later, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, allowing the vice president to assume the presidential powers and duties any time the president was rendered incapable of carrying out the powers and duties of the office.[127]
Historians have varied interpretations of Marshall's vice presidency. Claire Suddath rated Marshall as one of the worst vice presidents in American history in a 2008 Time magazine article.[67] Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that had Marshall carried out his constitutional duties, assumed the presidential powers and duties, and made the concessions necessary for the passage of the League of Nations treaty in late 1920, the United States would have been much more involved in European affairs and could have helped prevent the rise of Adolf Hitler, which began in the following year. Morison and a number of other historians claim that Marshall's decision was an indirect cause of the Second World War.[128] Charles Thomas, one of Marshall's biographers, wrote that although Marshall's assumption of presidential powers and duties would have made World War II much less likely, modern hypothetical speculation on the subject was unfair to Marshall, who made the correct decision in not forcibly removing Wilson from his duties, even temporarily.[119]
Electoral history
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Elijah Jackson | 5,594 | 52.7 | |
Democratic | Thomas R. Marshall | 5,023 | 47.3 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Thomas R. Marshall | 348,439 | 49.5 | |
Republican | James E. Watson | 338,262 | 48.0 | |
Prohibition | Samuel W. Haynes | 15,926 | 2.3 | |
Populist
|
F.J.S. Robinson | 986 | 0.1 |
1912 United States presidential election
Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote[130] | Electoral vote |
Running mate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Percentage | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote | ||||
Thomas Woodrow Wilson | Democratic
|
New Jersey | 6,296,284 | 41.8% | 435 | Thomas Riley Marshall | Indiana | 435 |
Theodore Roosevelt | Progressive
|
New York | 4,122,721 | 27.4% | 88 | Hiram Warren Johnson
|
California | 88 |
William Howard Taft | Republican
|
Ohio | 3,486,242 | 23.2% | 8 | Nicholas Murray Butler
|
New York | 8 |
Eugene Victor Debs
|
Socialist | Indiana | 901,551 | 6.0% | 0 | Emil Seidel | Wisconsin | 0 |
Eugene Wilder Chafin | Prohibition
|
Illinois | 208,156 | 1.4% | 0 | Aaron Sherman Watkins | Ohio | 0 |
Arthur Elmer Reimer | Socialist Labor | Massachusetts | 29,324 | 0.2% | 0 | August Gilhaus
|
New York | 0 |
Other | 4,556 | 0.0% | — | Other | — | |||
Total | 15,048,834 | 100% | 531 | 531 | ||||
Needed to win | 266 | 266 |
1916 United States presidential election
Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote[131] | Electoral vote |
Running mate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Percentage | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote | ||||
Woodrow Wilson | Democratic | New Jersey | 9,126,868 | 49.2% | 277 | Thomas Riley Marshall | Indiana | 277 |
Charles Evans Hughes | Republican | New York | 8,548,728 | 46.1% | 254 | Charles Warren Fairbanks | Indiana | 254 |
Allan Louis Benson | Socialist | New York | 590,524 | 3.2% | 0 | George Ross Kirkpatrick
|
New Jersey | 0 |
James Franklin Hanly
|
Prohibition
|
Indiana | 221,302 | 1.2% | 0 | Ira Landrith | Tennessee | 0 |
Other | 49,163 | 0.3% | — | Other | — | |||
Total | 18,536,585 | 100% | 531 | 531 | ||||
Needed to win | 266 | 266 |
Notes
- ^ Marshall and his wife, Lois, never officially adopted Morrison, whose legal name was Clarence Ignatius Morrison. (Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 241.)
- ^ Marshall is also the only known vice president of the United States to have been exclusively targeted in an assassination attempt while in office. An assassination attempt was made on Andrew Johnson while he was Vice President, but that was part of the plot to also assassinate Abraham Lincoln and William H. Seward.
- ^ According to a book published in 1930, Riley Marshall was the nephew of Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall. However, this fact is not mentioned in other Marshall biographies. (Federal Writers' Project 1930, p. 130.)
- ^ An example of Martha's humor: When asked why her family moved to Ohio, she replied that their Pennsylvania home had only four families and after intermarrying for several generations her parents decided it best to leave the area before their children married their uncle-cousins and had "imbecile children." (Bennett 2007, p. 19.)
- ^ Conscription was enacted shortly after war was declared.
- ^ Marshall arranged to provide jobs for the boy's parents at a hotel nearby the Marshall's home where they were able to frequently visit their son, who was kept in a special apartment where they could stay over with him when they chose (Bennett 2007, p. 298).
- ^ The earliest newspaper article describing Marshall's five-cent cigar remark appeared in Fred C. Kelly's "Statesmen, Real and Near" column in the February 6, 1914, issue of the Washington Herald. (Harstad 2014, p. 48.) Five cents is equivalent to $1.52 in 2023.
- ^ Accounts of the exact date, text, and circumstances of Marshall's five-cent cigar remarks are inconsistent, and no first-hand accounts of the event have been located. (Harstad 2014, pp. 48, 52, 54.)
References
Citations
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 2.
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 3
- ^ a b c d Gray 1977, p. 281.
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 5
- ^ a b Gugin and St. Clair, eds. 2006, p. 232.
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 4
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 6
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 7
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 9
- ^ Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 233.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 12
- ^ a b c Bennett 2007, p. 13
- ^ a b c d Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 234.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 15
- ^ Bennett 2007, pp. 19–20
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 282
- ^ Jehs, p. 222.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 22
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 283.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 23
- ^ a b Gray 1977, p. 284.
- ^ a b c Bennett 2007, p. 46
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 47
- ^ Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 235.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 74
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 285.
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 286.
- ^ Denslow, William R., "10,000 Famous Freemasons, Vol. 3." (Revised, reprint edition: 2007, Cornerstone Book Publishing), pp. 152–153.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 64.
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 287.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 66.
- ^ Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, pp. 235–236.
- ^ Bennett 2007, pp. 69–71
- ^ a b c Gray 1977, p. 288.
- ^ a b c Bennett 2007, p. 80
- ^ a b Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 236.
- ^ a b Congressional Quarterly 1976, p. 406.
- ^ a b Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 237.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 90
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 114
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 290.
- ^ Paul 1965, p. 343.
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 289.
- ^ Quayle Museum staff 2010.
- ^ a b c Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 238.
- ^ Gray 1994, p. 14.
- ^ The Democratic Text-book 1912, P.70
- ^ Gray 1977, pp. 290–291.
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 116
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 115
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 291.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 117
- ^ Ellingham v. Dye, 172 Ind. 336 (July 5, 1912).
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 292.
- ^ Marshall v. Dye, 231 U.S. 250 (December 1, 1913).
- ^ Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 239.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 138
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 293.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 139
- ^ NYT staff 1912.
- ^ a b c d e f Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 240.
- ^ a b Gray 1977, p. 294.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 262
- ^ a b Hatfield 1997, pp. 337–343.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 242
- ^ a b Suddath 2008
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 171.
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 172.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 173.
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 186.
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 295.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 187.
- ^ a b c d Gray 1977, p. 296.
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 298.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 215.
- ^ a b c Bennett 2007, p. 202.
- ^ "J. P. Morgan Jr". NNDB. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 203.
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 204.
- ^ Indianapolis Star, July 5, 1915, p. 1.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 229.
- ^ Bennett 2007, pp. 231–233.
- ^ a b c Bennett 2007, p. 225.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 251.
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 299.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 226.
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 227.
- ^ a b Gray 1977, p. 300.
- ^ a b c Bennett 2007, p. 298.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 275.
- ^ a b c Bennett 2007, p. 279.
- ^ a b c Gray 1977, p. 302.
- ^ a b Feerick 1992, p. 13.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 235.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 277.
- ^ Congressional Quarterly 1976, p. 212.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 285.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 243.
- ^ Congressional Quarterly 1976, p. 213.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 282.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 244.
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 303.
- ^ a b Feerick 1992, p. 14.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 280.
- ^ Bennett 2007, pp. 281–282.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 297.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 292.
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 304.
- ^ Bennett 2007, pp. 256–258.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 264.
- ^ Gray 1977, p. 305.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 247.
- ^ a b c Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 241.
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 301.
- ^ a b Gray 1977, p. 306.
- ^ a b Bennett 2007, p. 305.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 306.
- ^ a b c Bennett 2007, p. 308.
- ^ a b "Thomas R. Marshall, War Vice President, Dies, Bible in Hand". The New York Times. June 2, 1925. p. 1.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 309.
- ^ a b c Boller 2004, p. 198.
- ^ Harstad 2014, p. 46.
- ^ Keyes 2006, p. 30.
- ^ Harstad 2014, p. 54.
- ^ Feerick 1992, pp. 1–3.
- ^ Feerick 1992, p. 15.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 289.
- ^ Bennett 2007, p. 28.
- ^ Congressional Quarterly 1976, p. 284.
- ^ Congressional Quarterly 1976, p. 285.
Sources
- Bennett, David J (2007). He Almost Changed the World: The Life And Times Of Thomas Riley Marshall. Freeman & Costello. ISBN 978-1-4259-6562-4.
- Bodenhamer, David J.; Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31222-1.
- Boller, Paul F. Jr. (2004). Presidential Campaigns From George Washington to George W. Bush. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516716-3.
- Democratic National Committee (1912). The Democratic Text-book. New York: Isaac Goldmann Company. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
- Denslow, William R. (1957 – Revised, reprint edition: 2007) 10,000 Famous Freemasons, Vol. 3. Cornerstone Book Publishing. ISBN 978-1-88756042-9.
- Federal Writers' Project (1930). Indiana. The Board of Public Printing. p. 203.
- Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections. Congressional Quarterly Inc. 1976. ISBN 0-87187-072-X.
- Feerick, John D. (1992). The Twenty-fifth Amendment: Its Complete History and Applications. Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-8232-1373-0.
- Gray, Ralph D (1994). Indiana History: A Book of Readings. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32629-X.
- Gugin, Linda C.; St. Clair, James E, eds. (2006). The Governors of Indiana. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87195-196-7.
- Harstad, Peter T. (Fall 2014). "'What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar': A Historical Puzzle". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. 26 (4). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 44–55.
- Hatfield, Mark O.; with the Senate Historical Office (1997). Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 337–43. Reprint on U.S. Senate website. – Introduction by Mark O. Hatfield (for full citation from the Senate website, see printer option at the bottom of the webpage).
- Jehs, Randall W., "Thomas R. Marshall: Mr. Vice President, 1913–1921," in Gray, Ralph D (1977). Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates,1836–1940. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau. ISBN 1-885323-29-8.
- Keyes, Ralph (2006). The quote verifier: who said what, where, and when. Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-34004-4.
- NYT staff (July 3, 1912). "Indiana Governor Is Named Vice Presidential Candidate" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
- Paul, Julius (1965). "Three Generations of Imbeciles Are Enough": State Eugenic Sterilization Laws in American Thought and Practice (unpublished manuscript) (PDF). Washington, DC: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
- Quayle Museum staff (January 28, 2010). "Indiana's Five". Dan Quayle Museum. Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
- Suddath, Claire (August 21, 2008). "America's Worst Vice Presidents". Time. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
Further reading
- Marshall, Thomas R. (1925). Recollections. Bobbs-Merrill.
External links
- United States Congress. "Thomas R. Marshall (id: M000164)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- "Thomas Marshall's Obituary". The New York Times. June 2, 1925. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
- "Indiana's Popular History: Thomas Marshall". Indiana Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
- "Indiana Governor Thomas Riley Marshall (1854–1925) with portrait". Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- Thomas Riley Marshall papers, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library