Tongva language
Tongva | |
---|---|
Gabrielino or Gabrieleño | |
eyooshiraaw | |
Native to | Santa Catalina Island |
Ethnicity | Tongva |
Extinct | ca. 1900 |
Revival | since 2000s |
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | xgf |
xgf | |
Glottolog | tong1329 |
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The Tongva language (also known as Gabrielino or Gabrieleño) is an extinct.
The last fluent native speakers of Tongva lived in the early 20th century. The language is primarily documented in the unpublished field notes of
The
Language revitalization
The Gabrielino language is a subgroup of Takic, a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan, which is usually divided into three subgoups: Serrano-Kitanemuk, Gabrielino (including the Fernandeño dialect) and Cupan.
In 2004, Pamela Munro, now UCLA emeritus professor of linguistics, was asked to serve as a linguistic mentor to Tongva people who wanted to learn about their language at the Breath of Life Workshop, a biennial event in Berkeley staged by the Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival.[6] Since then, she has taught monthly Tongva language classes in which adults and children practice pronunciation, master the use of grammatical particles, sing songs and play word games. She calls her work "a reclamation effort" for the language.[7] Munro has compiled a Tongva dictionary of over 1,000 words, and also maintains a Tongva language Facebook page to which she posts Tongva words, phrases and songs.[8] Munro says there are no audio recordings of people speaking the Tongva language, but that there are a few scratched wax cylinder recordings of Tongva songs.[6][9]
Phonology
Consonants
The following is a list of the consonants and vowels of the Tongva language as used by the Tongva Language Committee, based on linguist
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio -velar |
Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n / n /
|
ng /ŋ/ | ||||
Stop |
voiced | (b /b/) | (d / d /)
|
(g /ɡ/) | |||
voiceless | p /p/ | t / t /
|
ch /tʃ/ | k /k/ | kw /kʷ/ | ʼ /ʔ/ | |
Fricative
|
(f /f/) | s /s/ | sh /ʃ/ | x /x/ | h /h/ | ||
Approximant
|
v /v/ | l / l /
|
y /j/ | w /w/ | |||
Tap
|
r /ɾ/ |
Consonants /b d f ɡ/ are used in loanwords.[11]
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i /i/ | ii /iː/ | u /u/ | uu /uː/ | ||
Mid | e /e/ | ee /eː/ | o /o/ | oo /oː/ | ||
Open | a /a/ | aa /aː/ |
Morphology
Tongva is an
Vocabulary
The Lord's Prayer[11]
The Lord's Prayer is called ʼEyoonak in Tongva. The following text was derived from old Mission records.
ʼEyoonak
ʼEyoonak, ʼeyooken tokuupangaʼe xaa;
hoyuuykoy motwaanyan;
moxariin mokiimen tokuupra;
maay moʼwiishme meyii ʼooxor ʼeyaa tokuupar.Hamaare, ʼeyooneʼ maxaareʼ ʼwee taamet,
koy ʼoovonreʼ ʼeyoomamaayntar momoohaysh, miyii ʼeyaare
'oovonax 'eyoohiino 'eyooyha';
koy xaareʼ maayn ʼiitam momoohaysh,
koy xaa mohuuʼesh.
ʼWee meneeʼ xaaʼe.
Collected by C. Hart Merriam (1903)[12]
(Merriam refers to them as the Tongvā)
- Numbers
- Po-koo
- Wěh-hā
- Pah-hā
- Wah-chah
- Mah-har
- Pah-vah-hā
- Wah-chah-kav-e-ah
- Wa-ha's-wah-chah
- Mah-ha'hr-kav-e-ah
- Wa-hās-mah-hah'r
- Wa-hā's-mah-hah'r-koi-po-koo
- Wa-hā's-mah-hah'r-koi-wěh-hā
- grizzly bear
- hoó-nahr
- hoon-nah (subject)
- hoon-rah (object)
- black bear
- pí-yah-hó-naht
Collected by Alexander Taylor (1860)[12]
- Numbers
- po-koo
- wa-hay
- pa-hey
- wat-sa
- mahar
- pawahe
- wat-sa-kabiya
- wa-hish-watchsa
- mahar-cabearka
- wa-hish-mar
Taylor claims "they do not count farther than ten"
Collected by Dr. Oscar Loew (1875)[12]
- Numbers
- pu-guʼ
- ve-heʼ
- paʼ-hi
- va-tchaʼ
- mahaʼr
- pa-vaʼhe
- vatchaʼ-kabyaʼ
- vehesh-vatchaʼ
- mahar-kabyaʼ
- vehes-mahar
- puku-hurura
- vehe-hurura
- bear
- unar
Collected by Charles Wilkes, USN (1838-1842)[12]
- Numbers
- pukū
- wehē
- pāhe
- watsā
- bear
- hundr
Other sources
- desert fox: erow[13]
- Pacoima = from the root word Pako enter, meaning the entrance[citation needed]
- Tujunga = from the root word old woman tux'uu[citation needed] Tujunga means Mountains of Health according to long-time residents.
- Azusa = from the word -shuuk 'Ashuuksanga = his grandmother[citation needed]
Toponymy
The table below gives the names of various missions in the Tongva language.[14]
English | Tongva |
---|---|
Los Angeles | Yaa |
San Bernardino | Wa'aach |
San Gabriel | Shevaa |
San Pedro | Chaaw |
Santa Ana | Hotuuk |
Santa Monica | Kecheek |
Santa Catalina
|
Pemu |
See also
References
- ^ Glottolog 4.4 – Tongva
- ^ Fortier, Jana (December 2008). Native American Consultation And Ethnographic Study, Ventura County, California (Report). La Jolla, California: California Department of Transportation. pp. 13–14. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
- ^ Byrd, Deborah (February 19, 2013). "Quaoar, a rocky world orbiting beyond Neptune". EarthSky. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
- ^ Plesset, R. (June 2, 2012). "San Pedro: Science Center Endangered/Tongva Village Site Revitalization : LA IMC". la.indymedia.org. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
- ^ a b Munro, Pamela (October 28, 2014). "This is how to revive a Native American language spoken before white people came". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
- ^ Curwen, Thomas (May 12, 2019). "Tongva, Los Angeles' first language, opens the door to a forgotten time and place". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- ^ Marquez, Letisia (June 27, 2014). "UCLA linguist, Gabrielino-Tongva Indians use social media to revive extinct language". UCLA Newsroom. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
- ^ Rosemeyer (Rosemyre), J. V. (1916). "Tongva wax cylinder recordings|Hearst Museum of Anthropology". hearstmuseum.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
- ISBN 9780803224063. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
- ^ OL 25610961M.
- ^ a b c d McCawley, William. The First Angelinos: The Gabrielino Indians of Los Angeles. Malki Museum Press, 1996
- ^ Native Languages of the Americas[year needed]
- ^ Munro, Pamela, et al. Yaara' Shiraaw'ax 'Eyooshiraaw'a. Now You're Speaking Our Language: Gabrielino/Tongva/Fernandeño. Lulu.com: 2008.
External links
- Native-languages.org: Gabrieliño (Tongva) Language
- Gabrielino language — overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages.
- The Limu Project — active in Native California languages revitalization.
- 2002 Tongva speech spoken at Cal Poly Pomona during the opening of a Tongva ethnobotanicgarden; speech begins at 35:10.
- Keepers of Indigenous Ways: Tongva Language History & classes