Luiseño language
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (September 2008) |
Luiseño | |
---|---|
Luiseño–Juaneño | |
Chamꞌteela | |
Native to | United States |
Region | Southern Juaneño (2007)[1] |
Extinct | early 2010s[1] |
| |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | lui |
ISO 639-3 | lui |
Glottolog | luis1253 |
ELP | Luiseño |
The Luiseño language is a
The language went
Juaneño, the Luiseño dialect spoken by the Acjachemen, went extinct at an earlier date.
Morphology
Luiseño is an
Phonology
Vowels
Luiseño has ten vowel phonemes, five long and five short.[7]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | ɪ iː | ʊ uː | |
Mid | ɛ eː | ɔ ɔː | |
Open | a aː |
Diphthongs include ey [ej], ow [ow] and oow [oːw].
Luiseño vowels have three lengths.
- Short: The basic vowel length. In writing, this is the standard value of a given vowel, e.g. ⟨a⟩.
- Long: The vowel is held twice as long but with no change in quality. In writing, a long vowel is often indicated by doubling it, e.g. ⟨aa⟩.
- Overlong: The vowel is held three times as long but with no change in quality. In writing, an overlong vowel is indicated by tripling it, e.g. ⟨aaa⟩.
Overlong vowels are rare in Luiseño, typically reserved for absolutes, such as interjections, e.g. aaashisha, roughly "haha!" (more accurately an exclamation of praise, joy or laughter).
Variants
For some native speakers recorded in The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño, the allophones [ə] and [ɨ] are free variants of [e] and [i] respectively. However, other speakers do not use these variants. Sparkman records fewer than 25 Luiseño words with either [ə] or [ɨ]. For one of these words (ixíla "a cough") the pronunciations [əxɨla] and [ɨxɨla] are both recorded.
Unstressed [u] freely varies with [o]. Likewise, unstressed [i] and [e] are free variants.
Vowel syncope
Vowels are often
Accent
A stress accent most commonly falls on the first syllable of a word.
A single consonant between a stressed and unstressed vowel is doubled. Most are geminate, such as w [wː] and xw [xːʷ]. However, some take a glottal stop instead: ch [ʔt͜ʃ], kw [ʔkʷ], qw [ʔqʷ], ng [ŋʔ], th [ðʔ], v [vʔ], x [xʔ] (Elliot 1999: 14–16.)
As a rule, the possessive prefixes are unstressed. The accent remains on the first syllable of the root word, e.g. nokaamay "my son" and never *nokaamay. One rare exception is the word pó-ha "alone" (< po- "his/her/its" + ha "self"), whose invariable prefix and fixed accent suggests that it is now considered a single lexical item (compare noha "myself", poha "him/herself", etc.).
Consonants
Luiseño has a fairly rich consonant inventory.
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m [m] | n [ n ] |
ng [ŋ] | |||||
Plosive | voiceless
|
p [p] | t [ t ] |
ch [tʃ] | k [k], kw [kʷ] | q [q], qw [qʷ] | ꞌ [ʔ] | |
voiced
|
(b [b]) | (d [ d ]) |
(g [ɡ]) | |||||
Fricative | voiceless
|
(f [f]) | s [ s̪ ] |
s̸ s̺ ] |
sh [ʃ] | x [x] ~ [χ], xw [xʷ] | h [h] | |
voiced
|
v [v] | th [ð] | ||||||
Approximant
|
l [ l ] |
y [j] | w [w] | |||||
Rhotic | r [ r ] |
- /b/, /d/, /f/, /ɡ/ are found only in borrowed words, principally from Spanish and English.
- Both [ʃ] and [tʃ] are found in word initial position. However, only [tʃ] occurs intervocalically, and only [ʃ] is found preconsonantally and at word final position. Examples of these allophones in complementary distributionabound, such as yaꞌásh ('man NOM') and yaꞌáchi ('man ACC').
- /r/ is trilled at the beginning of a word and a tap between vowels.
- The two sibilants have also been described as dental and retroflex [ʂ] (Elliot 1999: 14).
Orthography
Along with an extensive oral tradition, Luiseño has a written tradition that stretches back to the Spanish settlement of San Diego. Pablo Tac (1822–1841), a native Luiseño speaker and Mission Indian, was the first to develop an orthography for his native language while studying in Rome to be a Catholic priest.[9] His orthography leaned heavily on Spanish, which he learned in his youth. Although Luiseño has no standardized spelling, a commonly accepted orthography is implemented in reservation classrooms and college campuses in San Diego where the language is taught.
The alphabet taught in schools is:[10]
- ꞌ ꞌa ch ꞌe h ꞌi k kw l m n ng ꞌo p q qw r s s̸[8] sh th t ꞌu v w x xw y
Current orthography marks stress with an acute accent on the stressed syllable's vowel, e.g. chilúy "speak Spanish", koyóowut "whale". Formerly, stress might be marked on both letters of a long vowel, e.g. koyóówut, or by underlining, e.g. koyoowut "whale"; stress was not marked when it fell on the first syllable, e.g. hiicha "what" (currently híicha). The marking of word-initial stress, like the marking of predictable glottal stop, is a response to language revitalization efforts.
The various orthographies that have been used for writing the language show influences from Spanish, English and Americanist phonetic notation.
IPA | Pablo Tac (1830s) |
Sparkman (1900) |
other recent |
Modern |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Long vowel, e.g. /iː/) | ii | iꞏ | ii | |
/tʃ/ | cꞌ | č | ch | |
/ʃ/ | sꞌ | š | sh | |
/q/ | qꞌ | q | q | |
/ʔ/ | ꞌ | ʔ | ꞌ | |
/x/ | j | x | x | |
/ð/ | δ | ð | th | |
/ŋ/ | nꞌ | ŋ | ñ | ng |
/j/ | y | y | y | |
/ʂ/ | z | s̸[8] |
Sample texts
The
- Cham-naꞌ tuupanga aaukat cham-cha oi ohóꞌvanma.
- Toshngo om chaami.
- Lovíꞌi om hish mimchapun iváꞌ ooxng tuupanga axáninuk.
- Ovi om chaamik cham-naachaxoni choun teméti.
- Maaxaxan-up om chaamik hish aláxwichi chaam-loꞌxai ivianáninuk chaam-cha maaxaxma pomóomi chaami hish pom-loꞌxai aláxwichi.
- Tuusho kamíiꞌi chaami chaam-loꞌxai hish hichakati.
- Kwavcho om chaami.
- Our-father / sky-in / being / we / you / believe / always.
- Command / you / us.
- Do / you / anything / whatever / here / earth-on / sky-in / as.
- Give / you / us-to / our-food / every / day.
- Pardon / you / us-to / anything / bad / our-doing / this as /we / pardon / them / us / anything / their-doing / bad.
- Not / allow / us / our-doing / anything / wicked.
- Care / you / us.
Linguistic documentation
Linguist
See also
References
- ^ a b c Luiseño at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ *Marisa Agha (2012-03-18). "Language preservation helps American Indian students stick with college". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
- ^ "Preserving the Luiseno Indian Language: The California Report". The California Report, californiareport.org. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ^ Olson, David (2013-02-15). "TRIBES: Campaign to save Native American languages". Press-Enterprise, PE.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
- ^ Deborah Sullivan Brennan (2012-09-01). "Video games teach traditional tongue". North County Times. Escondido, California. Archived from the original on 2012-08-07. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "Video Games Make Learning Fun". SpokenFirst, Falmouth Institute. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ Eric Elliott (1999) Dictionary of Rincón Luiseño. University of California at San Diego doctoral dissertation.
- ^ a b c ⟨ş⟩ may be used as a substitute when fonts don't support ⟨s̸⟩ with a combining diacritic. Dedicated characters for the capital and lower-case letters are proposed at Unicode U+A7CC and U+A7CD (, ).
- ^ Clifford, pp. 39-46.
- ^ Raymond Basquez Sr, Neal Ibanez & Myra Masiel-Zamora (2018) ꞌAtáaxum Alphabet. Great Oak Press
- JSTOR 30028216.
- ^ "Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution". collections.si.edu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
Sources
- S2CID 143855734
- Clifford, Christian (2017), Meet Pablo Tac: Indian from the Far Shores of California, CreateSpace
- Hyde, Villiana Calac; Elliot, Eric (1994), Yumáyk Yumáyk: Long Ago, University of California Press
- Hyde, Villiana (1971), An Introduction to the Luiseño Language, Malki Museum Press
- Kroeber, A. L.; Grace, George William (1960), The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño, Berkeley: UC Berkeley Press
- Tagliavini, Carlo (1926), La lingua degli Indi Luisenos, Bologna: Cooperativa Tipografica Azzoguidi
- Sparkman, Philip Stedman (1908). The culture of the Luiseño Indians. The University Press. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
External links
- Luiseño language revitalization project
- Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians
- Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians
- Luiseño language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- "Luiseño sound recordings". Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
- OLAC resources in and about the Luiseno language