Western Indonesia
The region comprising the other 21 provinces in Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan is known as Western Indonesia.[1][2]
Geography
Geology
The main islands of Sumatra, Java, Madura, and Kalimantan lie on the Sunda Plate. Indonesia has relatively high tectonic and volcanic activities. It lies on the convergence between the Eurasian, Indo-Australian, Pacific, and Philippine Sea Plate. The Sunda megathrust is a 5,500 km long fault located off southern coasts of Sumatra, Java and Lesser Sunda Islands, where the Indo-Australian Plate is thrusting northeastward towards the subducting Sunda Plate.Tectonic movement in this fault is responsible for the creation of the Sunda Trench, and mountain ranges across Sumatra, Java.[3] Mount Merapi, located in the Java portion of the megathrust, is the most active volcano in Indonesia and is designated as one of world's Decade Volcanoes due to the hazard it poses to the surrounding populated areas.[4]
Ecology
Borneo is the third largest island in the world and the native vegetation was mostly Borneo lowland rain forests although much of this has been cleared with wildlife retreating to the Borneo montane rain forests inland. Kalimantan and Sumatra, experience only slight differences in rainfall and temperature between the seasons, whereas others, such as Nusa Tenggara, experience far more pronounced differences with droughts in the dry season, and floods in the wet. Rainfall in Indonesia is plentiful, particularly in West Sumatra, Northwest Kalimantan, West Java.
Economy
Below are the top 13 provinces in Western Indonesia ranked by GDP in 2019:
Rank | Province | Region | GDP (in billion Rp) |
GDP nominal | GDP PPP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in billion $ )
|
Comparable country | (in billion $ )
| ||||
- | Indonesia | South East Asia
|
16,073,257 | 1,136.72 | Mexico | 3,329.17 |
1 | Jakarta | Java | 2,840,828 | 200.91 | New Zealand | 588.42 |
2 | East Java | Java | 2,352,425 | 166.37 | Algeria | 487.27 |
3 | West Java | Java | 2,125,158 | 150.30 | Ukraine | 440.19 |
4 | Central Java | Java | 1,362,457 | 96.35 | Ethiopia | 282.18 |
5 | North Sumatra | Sumatra | 801,733 | 56.70 | Uruguay | 166.06 |
6 | Riau | Sumatra | 765,198 | 54.12 | Lithuania | 158.51 |
7 | Banten | Java | 664,963 | 47.03 | Azerbaijan | 137.74 |
8 | East Kalimantan | Kalimantan | 653,677 | 46.23 | Azerbaijan | 135.40 |
9 | South Sumatra | Sumatra | 455,233 | 32.19 | Estonia | 94.28 |
10 | Lampung | Sumatra | 360,664 | 25.51 | El Salvador | 74,71 |
11 | Riau Islands | Sumatra | 268,080 | 18.96 | Sudan | 55.53 |
12 | West Sumatra | Sumatra | 246,423 | 17.42 | Mali | 51.01 |
13 | Jambi | Sumatra | 217,712 | 15.40 | Albania | 45.10 |
In 2012, the DMO was 24.72%. Starting from 2014, no low-grade coal exports are allowed, so the
Demographics
Population
The other largest cities by region include Medan (Sumatra, also the largest outside of Java), Samarinda (Kalimantan).
Below are the populations of each provinces which make up the total population of Western Indonesia:
Province | Population (2010 census) |
Urban % in 2010 |
Total Fertility Rate |
Population (2015 census) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aceh |
4,494,410 | 23.6 | 2.79 | 4,496,570 |
North Sumatra | 12,982,204 | 42.4 | 3.01 | 13,923,262 |
West Sumatra | 4,846,909 | 29.0 | 2.91 | 5,190,577 |
Riau | 5,538,367 | 43.7 | 2.82 | 6,330,941 |
Jambi | 3,092,265 | 28.3 | 2.51 | 3,397,164 |
South Sumatra | 7,450,394 | 34.4 | 2.56 | 8,043,042 |
Bengkulu | 1,715,518 | 29.4 | 2.51 | 1,872,136 |
Lampung | 7,608,405 | 21.0 | 2.45 | 8,109,601 |
Bangka Belitung Islands | 1,223,296 | 43.0 | 2.54 | 1,370,331 |
Riau Islands | 1,679,163 | 67.4 | 2.38 | 1,968,313 |
Banten | 10,632,166 | 52.2 | 2.35 | 11,934,373 |
Jakarta | 9,607,787 | 100.0 | 1.82 | 10,154,134 |
West Java | 43,053,732 | 50.3 | 2.43 | 46,668,214 |
Central Java | 32,382,657 | 40.4 | 2.20 | 33,753,023 |
Yogyakarta | 3,457,491 | 57.7 | 1.94 | 3,675,768 |
East Java | 37,476,757 | 40.9 | 2.00 | 38,828,061 |
Languages
Indonesia recognizes only a single national language, and indigenous languages are recognized at the regional level, although policies vary from one region to another. For example, in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the Javanese language is the region's official language along with Indonesian.[8]
The next most widely spoken regional languages in the country are Sundanese, local Malay, and Minangkabau.
There are hundreds of indigenous languages spoken in Indonesia. Most of them are locally used indigenous languages,
The population numbers given below are of
Language | Number (millions) |
% of total population |
Branch | Year surveyed | Main areas where spoken |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indonesian | 210 | 80.42 | Malayic | 2010 | Throughout Indonesia |
Javanese | 84.3 | 32.28 | Javanese | 2000 (census) | Throughout Kalimantan islands.
|
Sundanese | 42.0 | 16.08 | Sundanese | 2016 | West Java, Banten, Jakarta |
Madurese | 13.6 | 5.21 | Madurese | 2000 (census) | Madura Island (East Java) |
Minangkabau | 5.5 | 2.11 | Malayic | 2007 | West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, Jakarta |
Palembang Malay[13] | 3.9 | 1.49 | Malayic | 2000 (census) | South Sumatra |
Banjarese
|
3.5 | 1.34 | Malayic | 2000 (census) | South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan |
Acehnese | 3.5 | 1.34 | Chamic | 2000 (census) | Aceh |
Betawi | 2.7 | 1.03 | Malay-based creole
|
1993 | Jakarta |
Batak Toba | 2.0 | 0.77 | Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands | 1991 | North Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, Jakarta |
Chinese-Min Nan
|
1.3 | 0.50 | Sinitic (Min Nan) | 2000 | North Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, West Kalimantan |
Batak Karo | 0.6 | 0.23 | Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands | 1991 | North Sumatra |
Bangka Malay | 0.3 | 0.11 | Malayic | 2000 (census) | Bangka Belitung )
|
Osing
|
0.3 | 0.11 | Javanese | 2000 (census) | East Java |
Gayo | 0.3 | 0.11 | Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands | 2000 (census) | Aceh |
Chinese-Cantonese | 0.3 | 0.11 | Sinitic (Yue) | 2000 | North Sumatera, Riau Islands, Jakarta
|
Religion
Religion was a census variable in the 1961, 1971, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010 and in various intercensal surveys. Being deemed divisive, the 1961 census data regarding religion was not published. In 1971, three groups of Christians were recorded: Catholic, Protestant and other. The U.N. Demographic Yearbook 1979 only lists data collectively for all Christians. In the 2000 census, only Catholics and Protestants were available as categories.[14]
Religious composition by ethnic group[15]
Ethnic Group | Muslims | Christians | Hindus | Buddhists | Confucians | Others | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Javanese | 92,107,046 | 2,428,121 | 160,090 | 90,465 | 2,857 | 9,599 | 94,788,943 |
Sundanese | 36,450,022 | 29,332 | 1,851 | 24,528 | 4,854 | 155,308 | 36,665,892 |
Malay | 8,643,370 | 8,484 | 1,031 | 19,848 | 1,243 | 242 | 8,751,218 |
Batak | 3,738,660 | 4,707,658 | 1,476 | 9,190 | 315 | 6,305 | 8,463,604 |
Madurese | 7,157,518 | 7,695 | 368 | 435 | 32 | 43 | 7,166,091 |
Betawi | 6,607,019 | 151,429 | 1,161 | 39,278 | 1,805 | 252 | 6,800,943 |
Minangkabau | 6,441,071 | 1,822 | 179 | 1,255 | 49 | 44 | 6,459,420 |
Buginese | 6,348,200 | 35,516 | 26,102 | 957 | 47 | 2,395 | 6,413,217 |
Bantenese | 4,634,374 | 4,810 | 101 | 2,680 | 70 | 242 | 4,642,277 |
Banjarese | 4,108,104 | 15,775 | 994 | 1,396 | 62 | 410 | 4,126,741 |
Balinese | 127,274 | 49,385 | 3,736,993 | 10,378 | 142 | 473 | 3,924,645 |
Acehnese | 3,398,818 | 403 | 70 | 1,028 | 7 | 4 | 3,403,961 |
Dayak | 1,016,697 | 2,017,870 | 12,140 | 17,502 | 568 | 154,219 | 3,218,996 |
Sasak | 3,153,671 | 5,540 | 4,555 | 10,682 | 7 | 439 | 3,174,894 |
Chinese | 131,682 | 1,211,692 | 3,552 | 1,388,829 | 94,005 | 1,114 | 2,830,874 |
See also
Notes
- ^ Zein's definition of "Malayic" RLFs should not be confused with the genealogical Malayic subgroup of Malayo-Polynesian languages. The genealogical Malayic subgroup also includes languages that are listed by Zein as "non-Malayic" RLFs, such as Iban and Musi
References
- ^ Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional Republik Indonesia (2021-03-19). "Sosialisasi dan Bimtek Indeks Daya Saing Daerah untuk Kawasan Barat Indonesia (Sumatera, Jawa dan Kalimantan) | Berita - Index Daya Saing Daerah (IDSD)". Indeks-inovasi.brin.go.id. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
- ^ Paramitha, Pradna (December 29, 2021). "Western, central, and eastern Indonesia show diverse trends in online shopping behavior". Jakarta: The Jakarta Post. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
- ISBN 9781862399662.
- ISBN 9783764370442.
- ^ "Coal production may reach 370 million tons this year". 23 September 2011.
- ^ Sanderson, Henry (30 August 2019). "Nickel prices hit four-year high on Indonesia export ban". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
- ^ "Indonesia emerges as world's second-largest cobalt producer". Financial Times. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ Peraturan Daerah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 2 Tahun 2021 (in Indonesian) – via Wikisource bahasa Indonesia.
- ^ Zein 2020, pp. 39–40.
- ^ a b Simons & Fennig 2018.
- ^ Zein 2020, pp. 34–41.
- ^ "Indonesia". Ethnologue.
- ^ Muhadjir, ed. (2000). Bahasa Betawi: Sejarah dan Perkembangannya. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 13.
- ISBN 978-981-230-218-2.
- ^ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Singapore: ISEAS: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. p. 273.