Yanaon
French settlement of Yanam Établissement français de Yanaon | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Territory of Établissement français dans l'Inde | |||||||||
January 1723–1962 | |||||||||
Pondichéry | |||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1948 | 5,853 | ||||||||
• 1936 | 5,220 | ||||||||
• 1885 | 4,266 | ||||||||
• 1843 | 4,000 | ||||||||
• Type | Republic | ||||||||
Historical era | Imperialism | ||||||||
• Established | January 1723 | ||||||||
• Abandoned | 1727 | ||||||||
• Re-established | 30 July 1731 | ||||||||
• Sovereignty granted by Nizam Coup d'État (France lost Sovereignty) | 13 June 1954 | ||||||||
• De facto transfer to India | 1 November 1954 | ||||||||
• De jure transfer to India | 16 August 1962 | ||||||||
|
Yanaon (French: [janaˈɔ̃], Telugu: [jaːnaːm], Tamil: [eːnaːm]) was one of the five principal settlements of French India between 1731 and 1954. It was referred to in British records as Yanam.
Early years
Reason for European interests
The French in their earlier records does mention their interest in establishing trade in the
Apart from the above political reason, the areas in and around Yanaon were very fertile and the textile industry flourished. The English and Dutch also established many colonies in the Circars of Rajamundry and Ellore. In these circars, the English had colonies in
Village | Paragana
|
Circar
|
Subah | Empire |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yanaon | Injaram | Rajahmundry
|
Deccan
|
Mughal Empire |
The Subah of Deccan (i.e. Hyderabad) had 22 Circars in it with Injaram being on them.
Possible Dutch presence
In the west of Yanam, there are still Nīlikunḍīlu (
As per British records, the nearest Dutch settlements to Yanaon are Draksharam and Jaggernaikpoeram.[3] At Injaram, a whopping number of 2000 weavers worked for the Dutch and around 700 for the English. As the textile industry flourished in Godavari districts where the French colony of Yanaon is an enclave, perhaps the Dutch may have made some presence in Yanaon as well.[12] The Dutch factors in Draksharama refer to the villages of Dulla and Vemagiri as being particularly important sources of cloth. Perhaps they may have some trade relationship with the weavers of Yanaon. The Dutch must have left Yanaon well before the French arrival in 1723.
Uncertainty in early history
It is not known exactly when the French founded Yanaon before 1723. It was assumed that Yanaon did not exist as a Human settlement before 1706[6] as that area was densely forested and got ravaged by a severe cyclone in 1706 as narrated by an eye-witness Gollapoondi Nagichitty (Gollapudi Nagishetty).[13][14] Thus, unlike other major French settlements in India, the year when French got sovereignty (i.e.circa 1750) is usually mentioned as the year of establishment in some French records.[15][6] However, there is an old Vishnu temple located in the rue Vichenou of Yanaon and popular belief is that it was built many centuries ago (i.e. well before French presence).[10] However there two more nearby villages along the mouths of Godavari in Andhra Pradesh that bear the similar name. They are Surasani Yanam (S. Yanam)[note 1][16] in Uppalaguptam Mandal and Chirra Yanam in Katrenikona mandal. The name Yanaon may have come from the word Inam.[note 2]
1723 Establishment
The main colonial history of Yanam starts in the early 18th century. French agent M. Courton was resident since 1721 at the French Colony of Masulipatam and played a major role in the establishment of the French presence in Yanaon. As per the letter dated 24 January 1723 by M. Courton to the Superior Council of French India at Pondichéry, it was mentioned that he purchased some land by the
1727 Abandonment
As per the letter of Dupleix dated January 1928, Yanaon became so profitless and the future seemed to be dim. Under the pretext of the tyranny of local nawabs and governors, the Superior council in Pondicherry forced then French agents at Yanaon, M. Fouquet and M. Guillard to wind up the affairs and abandon it.[20][21]: 17
1731 Re-establishment
The possession of Rajahmundry and Chicacole circars was disputed between the Nizam of Deccan and the Gajapatis. Mir Qamaruddin, then Nizam of Deccan, settled this issue in 1713. Anwaruddin Khan was appointed Faujdār for these two provinces.[22][5]: 55 He appointed his Tabedār Rustum Khan alias Haji Mohammad Hussain to collect the arrears of tribute from Zamindars in these two circars.[6][5] Rustum Khan was a Turkish officer who was Nawab (i.e. Faujdar) of Rajahmundry between 1730 and 1737.[23]
1731 Paravana
A paravana dated 24 May 1731 from Haji Mohammad Hussain,[24] Nawab of Rajahmundry (i.e. Faujdar of this Circar[note 3]) authorised the French Representative Fouquet, then chief of the Company at Machilipatnam to re-establish up a loge[note 4] at Déchavarom (Draksharama) near Yanaon.[4]: 24 [25]: 13 As per Puducherry government records, this parawana was meant for re-establishment loge at Yanaon.[26]
French re-established in Yanaon on 30 July 1731.
1734 Paravana
During June (or July) 1934, a paravana has been issued by the Nawab
1735 Paravana
Nawab Rustum khan (i.e. Haji Mohammad Hussain) granted a paravana dated 4 February 1735 for French commerce in Yanaon.[4]: 37
After 1742 political motives began to overshadow the desire for commercial gains of the French East India Company. All factories were fortified for the purpose of defense. M. De Choisy administered it.
Era of Nasir Jung
After the death of
Era of Muzaffar Jung
However, on 20 September 1750, Yanaon along with Masulipatam was returned to M. Guillard, Chef de Yanaon, who was representing the French.[21]: 21
Later,
Since the
Era of Salabat Jung
An imperial
In December 1753, a paravana of Salabat Jang, Subedar of Deccan conceded to
One street in Yanaon and another in Pondicherry are named in remembrance of Bussy. However, the street in Pondicherry has been renamed 'Lal Bahadur Shastri Street'.
First British occupation
There is again a dearth of information regarding this place from 1753 to 1765. Another important event in history was the war between the French and the English fought at Chandurthi in 1758 in which the French were defeated. Yanam fell into the hands of the British around the same year. a grant of the five Circars.
The Article XI of the Treaty of Paris (1763) ensured that the English to handover all the possessions the French held as of 1749.[33][34] The Article XI of this treaty stated that,
(Dans les Indes Orientales La Grande Bretagne restituera à la France, dans l'Etat où ils sont aujourd'hui, les differens Comptoirs, que cette Couronne possedoit tant sur la Côte de Choromandel & d'Orixa, que sur celle de Malabar, ainsi que dans le Bengale, au Commencement de l'Année mil sept cent quarante neuf; Et Sa Majesté Très Chretienne renonce à toute Pretension aux Acquisitions, qu'Elle avoit faites sur la Côte de Choromandel, & d'Orixa, depuis le dit Commencement de l'Année mil sept centquarante neuf.Sa Majeste Très Chretienne restituera, de son Coté, tout ce qu'Elle pourroit avoir conquis sur la Grande Bretagne dans les Indes Orientales pendant la presente Guerre, & fera restituer nommement Natal & Tapanouly dans l'Isle de Sumatra. Elle s'engage de plus à ne point eriger de Fortifications, & à ne point entretenir de Troupes dans aucune Partie des Etats du Subah de Bengale.
Et afin de conserver la Paix future sur la Côte de Choromandel & d'Orixa, les Anglois & les François reconnoitront Mahomet Ali Khan pour legitime Nabob du Carnate, & Salabat Jing pour legitime Subah de Decan; Et les deux Parties renonceront à toute Demande ou Pretension de Satisfaction qu'Elles pourroient former à la Charge, l'une de l'autre, ou à celle de leurs Alliés Indiens pour les Depredations ou Degats commis soit d'un Coté, soit de l'autre pendant la Guerre.)
(In the East IndiesSubah of the Decan; and both parties shall renounce all demands and pretensions of satisfaction with which they might charge each other, or their Indian allies, for the depredations or pillage committed on the one side or on the other during the war.).
A document dated 15 May 1765 showed that the villages of Yanam and Kapulapalem (Capouloupalém) with other lands were handed over by Jean white hill and George Dolben, the Englishmen deputed by Mr. Jean Pybus, the head of the English settlement in
After the transfer of
1765 dispute of market
The documents of 1765 throw light on a dispute of a weekly market or fair in Yanam. A weekly market used to be held here every Tuesday (Even now market occurs in Yanam on this Tuesday only). People used to come to it for purchasing all their essential commodities once a week. Neelapalli (Nélapilly), a neighboring village of Yanam was under the British at that time. It is nearly 3 kilometres away from Yanam. The people in this village also used to hold a fair on Tuesdays. Thus there was a clash of interests between Yanam and Neelapalli. After prolonged correspondence with the English authorities at
1767 memoire by Lauriston
It is from Yanam that we get our best 'Guinness' (fine cloth). It is possible to have commerce here worth more than a million
teakwood, oils, rice, and other grains both for the men as well as for the animals. A port from commerce, Yanam enjoyed another kind of importance. "The advantages which may be derived in a time of war from the alliances that we the French may conclude with several Rajaswho sooner or later cannot fail to be dissatisfied with the English'." Although the English gained effective control over the Circars, Yanam enabled the French to enter into secret relations with the local chieftains. Yanam had some commercial importance.
— Extract from Jean Law de Lauriston's memoire on Yanaon.[37]
Jean Law de Lauriston, Governor of Pondichéry (1765–1766) stated in his "Memoire of 1767". During that time, it was a center for the production of salt and this salt constituted the major part of the quantity imported by the French into Bengal region. It was also an important center of cotton goods and supplied a large part of the return cargo of the French ships visiting India. A few French citizens in Yanam were fully occupied by these two kinds of profitable business and they had no interest in political and administrative matters that were left entirely to the chief or commandant. Indian residents wanted nothing better than to be left in peace to carry on their trading activities.
Second British occupation
During 1783 many French settlements along with Yanaon went under British occupation.[38] There is again lack of information because of its subsequent English occupation. Yanam was restored again to the French in February 1785 and Masulipatam along with Francepeth was retroceded on 16 March 1785.[39] The 1787 Convention between Great Britain and France on the subject of the French establishments and commerce in India mentions about the restoration of Yanaon factory to the French.[40]
The Article IX of this convention states that,
(La factorerie d'Yanam, avec ses dependances, ayant, en exécution dudit traité de paix , été délivrée par le Sr. Guillaume Hamilton , de la part de S. M.[note 5] Britannique, au Sr. Pierre- Paul Martin, de la part de S. M. T. C.[note 6] la restitution en est confirmée par la présente Convention , dans les termes de l'instrument, daté du 7 Mars 1785, et signé par les sieurs Hamilton et Martin)
(The Factory of Yanam, with its dependencies, having, in pursuance of the said treaty of peace, been delivered up by Mr. William Hamilton, on the part of his Britannic Majesty, to Mr. Peter Paul Martin, on the part of his Most Christian Majesty, the restitution thereof is consumed by the present Convention, in the terms of the instrument bearing date the seventh of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty five, and signed by Messieurs Hamilton and Martin.).
Mr. Mallhendre took possession after the retrocession of Yanaon and Mr. Bluter succeeded him.
During the French Revolution
The French Revolution had its effects in different ways in all the former French settlements. The French trade at Yanam was considerable at that time.
After Bluter, Mr. Pierre Sonnerat became chief in 1790 in Yanam. He was a scholar and writer. He had a profound interest in natural sciences.[41] He wrote a book,Voyages aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine, in three volumes. He appreciated very much the sonority and the music of the Telugu language. He administered Yanam during the time of the French Revolution.
Sonnerat was involved in commercial businesses, along with other traders. His commercial involvement brought serious consequences to his administrative post. Petitions against him were presented to
The slave trade that was rampant in Yanaon started diminishing due to the newly formed Colonial assembly in Pondicherry on 16 October 1792. The first article of the assembly's resolution banned slavery.[42] M. de Bury was elected as Deputy to the Colonial assembly from Yanam in January 1793.[25]
Third British occupation
Once again French lost control over Yanam to the British in June 1793.
1839 Cyclone
On 25 November 1839 a severe
Anglo-French Negotiations Regarding the Status of French India
After the French possessions were returned back by the British to the French after the Napoleonic wars in the early nineteenth century, the matter of these establishments and other minor lodges came into the dialogue between these two Imperial powers thrice; 1857, 1883-5, and April 1914. During the first instance in 1857, the British government wanted to secure all of French India barring Pondicherry and Karikal. Had the first occasion of negotiations succeeded then Yanaon would have been ceded to British India long back and its importance would have been relegated to oblivion like some of its nearby ancient English settlements,
C.P. Brown connection with Yanaon
While the linguist
Local administration
1840 Decree
Local administration was started in Yanaon by a
A colonial government was formed in 1840. According to Annuaire statistique des établissements français dans l'Inde- 1843 by Pierre-Constant Sicé, the details of colonial government in 1843 were,
- Gouverneur Général de établissements français dans l'Inde– De Nourquer Du Camper (Paul)
- Gouvernement Colonial de Yanaon
- Chef de service – Jourdain (Jean-Philippe-Paul)
- Administration – Ribeiro (Dominique-Grégoire), écrivain.
- Service de Santé – Pithois (Pamphile), officer de santé.
- Administration financière – Ticanny Tiramalaram, percepteur des revenues à mazulipatam.
- Justice
- Tribunal de prèmiere instance
- Sicé (Eugène), procureur du Roi
- Calmels (Jean-René-Eucher), greffier-notaire
- Vingatramaya, interprête.
- Police
- P.Condaya, interprête.[52]
- Tribunal de prèmiere instance
- Chef de service – Jourdain (Jean-Philippe-Paul)
1871 Decree
According to a decree dated 1 February 1871, one person can be sent as a
1872 Decree
Another pivotal incident in local administration was a decree of 1872. It was dated 13 June 1872 and was issued during Third Republic. According to that decree, Conseil locaux (Local councils) were created at each colony. The elected member was called a Conseiller local (Local councilor). Conseil local de Yanaon had a strength of four local councilors. The term of office was 6 years with one-half of membership renewed every three years.[51]
1878 Decree
According to a decree dated 24 February 1878, one person can be sent as a sénateur to the Sénat (
1946 Decree
By the decree of 1946,
Members of Representative Assembly of French India (1946-1955)
- 1946: Madimchetty Satianarayanamourty; Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu,[53]
- 1951: Madimchetty Satianarayanamourty; Canacala Tataya.[54]
Members of Pondicherry Representative Assembly (1955-1963)
- 1955: Erra Jagannadha Rao (Congress); Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu(Congress).
- 1959: Kanakalapeta constituency: Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu(Ind.).
During the 1959 election from the Kanakalapeta constituency, two independents secured exactly 707 votes each and so to decide the winner, lots were cast. Finally,
Municipal administration
Though the French established colonies in India in the seventeenth century, it was not until the end of the 19th century they started civil administration in French India.
French Metropolitan Decree
A French Metropolitan Decree, dated 12 March 1880 adopted a six-year term of office for Mayors (Maire), municipal councilors (Conseil Municipaux), and commune panchayats (Communes). Thus French India has seen a French system of municipal administration. In the past, municipal administration was virtually the pivot of the whole administrative machinery in French India. It had several features that could serve as a role model for hassle-free administration.
Then a total of 10 communes were formed in which Yanaon became one commune with a strength of 12 Municipal Councillors (conseiller municipaux). The first municipal elections were held on 30 May 1880.
Structure of municipality
La Mairie (
Election results of 1948
Elections held on 24 October 1948 and 18 October 1954 were the most crucial in the history of French India. In June 1948 the French and Indian Governments came to an agreement as to how the future of the French Settlements should be determined.
Municipal elections were held in
- Yanam – 12
- Socialists – 3
- Independents – 9
Notable Municipal Councillors were,
Glimpse of Official Holidays
As per the decret dated 20 August 1947 the official holidays in French India (except Chandernagore) were given below:[57]
S. No. | Name | Number of Holidays | Establishment | |
---|---|---|---|---|
National festival | ||||
1 | Fête nationale(14 July) | 1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
Common religious festivals | ||||
2 | Christian )
|
2 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
3 | Christian )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
4 | Christian )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
5 | Christian )
|
2 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
6 | Christian )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
7 | Christian )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
8 | Muslim )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
9 | Muslim )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
10 | Muslim )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
11 | Muslim )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
11 | Hindu )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
12 | Hindu )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
13 | Hindu )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
14 | Hindu )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon | |
15 | Hindu )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon | |
16 | Kari naal ( Hindu )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon | |
17 | Masi Magham ( Hindu )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon | |
18 | Hindu )
|
1 | Pondichéry, Karikal | |
19 | Villianur festival ( Hindu )
|
1 | Pondichéry | |
20 | Virampattinam festival ( Hindu )
|
1 | Pondichéry | |
21 | Virampattinam festival ( Hindu )
|
1 | Pondichéry | |
22 | Kandurai festival ( Muslim )
|
1 | Karaikal | |
23 | Mango festival Hindu )
|
1 | Karaikal | |
24 | Sani Pethi festival ( Hindu )
|
1 | Karaikal | |
25 | Hindu )
|
1 | Yanaon | |
26 | Hindu )
|
1 | Yanaon |
Yanam-Neelapalli Bridge
The Yanam-Neelapalli bridge also called the François Yanaon Bridge) over the 'Ātreya branch' (Korangi) of
Liberation of Yanam
Yanam had a dominant
Firmly attached and sympathetic towards the Indian Union, our Motherland, we the elected representatives of this establishment, ardently and unanimously desire the immediate integration and without a referendum of the territory of our establishment with that of the Indian Union to which our territory is tied geographically, economically, ethnically and culturally.
Later, the mayor, deputy mayor, and over 200 people took refuge in the adjacent areas of India. Police and hired hoodlums from Yanam assaulted refugees on Indian soil. On 13 June 1954, these people under the guise of civilians marched into Yanam under the leadership of
Then prime minister of India,
Transition period (1954-1962)
The Yanam, coup d'état had enraged the French authorities of
De facto transfer
Yanam remained under French control until 13 June 1954, when it joined the Republic of India as a result of Indian military action. On 1 November 1954, after long years of the independence struggle, the four enclaves of
The Prime Minister,
1956 Treaty of Cession
A treaty of cession was signed by the two countries on 28 May 1956.[71] The de jure transfer was delayed until the end of the Algerian War. The treaty was ratified by the French parliament in May 1962. On 16 August 1962 (De Jure Day) India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held.[72] This treaty also confirmed that France was not responsible for any events after 13 June 1954 in Yanaon and thereby indirectly accepting the liberation of Yanaon.
De jure transfer
The treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956 and ratified by the
Merger in Puducherry U.T.
Dates of important events of the merger of French India
When
The cession of those loges was just a transfer of some land involving a mere 2000 people or so. However, the cession of the five French establishments did not happen overnight and it was a gradual process that got dragged on until 1962. The only exception was Chandernagore where a plebiscite was conducted in 1949 and got merged into Indian Union soon later.
Establishment | Liberation[61][77] | Referendum[78][79] | de facto transfer[78][80]: 180 | Treaty of Cession[72][80]: 211 | de jure transfer[72][77][80]: 280 | Merger[81][75] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pondichéry
|
Partial† | 18 October 1954§ | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1962 | 1 July 1963 into UT of Pondicherry
|
Chandernagore
|
N.A. | 19 June 1949 | 2 May 1950 | 2 February 1951 | 9 June 1952 | 2 October 1954 into State of West Bengal
|
Karikal
|
N.A. | 18 October 1954§ | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1962 | 1 July 1963 into UT of Pondicherry
|
Mahé | 16 June 1954 | N.A. | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1962 | 1 July 1963 into UT of Pondicherry
|
Yanaon | 13 June 1954[63] | N.A | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1962 | 1 July 1963 into UT of Pondicherry
|
† Some communes of Pondicherry were liberated. The communes of Nettapacom, Tiroubouvane were liberated on 31 March 1954 and 6 April 1954 respectively. Also, some villages of Bahour commune were liberated around the same time.[82][77] In the de facto cession treaty signed in October 1954, France has recognized that they lost sovereignty of the two communes (Nettapacom and Tiroubouvane) and two establishments (Mahe and Yanam) w.e.f. from their dates of liberation.
§ The elected members of the Representative Assembly and the municipal councilors of Pondicherry and Karaikal participated in the referendum at Kizhoor village. A total of 178 members were present and the result of the referendum was for the merger of French Indian territories by a vote of 170 against 8.[83] A memorial has been erected to commemorate this historic event of Kizhur referendum.
Notable people in colonial period
First Laurel Poet of Andhra, Chellapilla Venkata Kavi (1870–1950), One of the duo of the famous Tirupati Venkata Kavulu lived here. Many poets such as the late Villa Reddi Naidu, V. Venkataswami Naidu. Some important politicians include Kanakala Tatayya Naidou, MD Abdul Razzaq, Majety Subbarao, and Guiry Madhavarao.
- Bezawada Bapa Naidou
- Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou
- Kamichetty Venugopala Rao Naidou
- Dadala Rafael Ramanayya
- Samatam Krouschnaya
- Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu
- Kamichetty Savithri
- Manyam Zamindar
See also
- Salabat Jung
- Yanam Municipality
- Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau
- Pondicherry
- Puducherry
- French India
- Municipal Administration in French India
- Coup d'État de Yanaon
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Notes
- ^ There is a popular legend that this village was given as Inam by a local ruler to Sūrasāni, a dancing girl (courtesan) and it was known as Surasani Inam in the past which over the time got corrupted as Surasani Yanam. The word sāni in the Telugu language implies courtesan or a dancing girl.[16]
- ^ The word Inām is of Arabic origin and means a gift and in medieval Indian political sense 'a grant of land'. The Inām grants were originally rent-free and perpetual. They were given for services previously rendered. The holder of an Inām was referred to as Īnāmdār.[17]
- ^ A Faujdar is ranked next to Nizam (governor) and is the head of the Sarkar, which was an administrative and a revenue division of a 'Subah'.
- ^ Loge implies a trade zone where the French enjoyed legal and fiscal privileges.
- ^ It is an abbreviation of Sa Majesté (i.e. His Majesty)
- ^ It is an abbreviation of Sa Majesté Très Chrétienne (i.e. His Majesty Most Christian)
- ^ The original nine are located at Calicut, Surat, Masulipatam and Francepeth, Balasore, Patna, Jougdia (submerged later), Cassimbazar and Dacca. Later ones are at Chittagong, Sylhet, Serampur and Sala