Ayoreo language
Ayoreo | |
---|---|
Native to | Paraguay, Bolivia |
Region | Chaco, Alto Paraguay departments (Paraguay); Ayoreo people |
Native speakers | 4,700 (2012)[1] |
| |
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Bolivia |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | ayo |
qro Guarañoca | |
Glottolog | ayor1240 Ayoreozamu1245 Zamuco |
ELP | Ayoreo |
Ayoreo is a
Classification
Ayoreo is classified as a
Geographic distribution
Ayoreo is spoken in both
Phonology
Bertinetto (2009) reports that Ayoreo has the 5 vowels /a, e, i, o, u/, which appear both as oral and nasal.[2]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p | t
|
k | ʔ | |
prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |||
Affricate | t͡ʃ | |||||
Fricative | s | h | ||||
Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ɲ̥ | ||
voiced | m | n
|
ɲ | ŋ | ||
Approximant | ɹ
|
j | w |
/j/ can also be heard as [dʒ].
Grammar
The prototypical constituent order is
Sérgio
Sérgio
ch-ingo
3-show
caratai
jaguar
aroi
skin
tome
to
Ramon.
Ramon
‘Sérgio showed the jaguar’s skin to Ramon’.
Enga
COORD
ore
3P
ch-ijnoque
3-carry
Víctor
Víctor
aja
towards
señóra
señora
Emília
Emília
i-guijnai.
house
‘And they carried Víctor to Señora Emília’s house’. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Ayoreo is a fusional language.[2]
Verbs agree with their subjects, but there is no tense-inflection.[3] Consider the following paradigm, which has prefixes marking person and suffixes marking number (Bertinetto 2009:29):
y-aca | I plant |
b-aca | you plant |
ch-aca | he, she, they plant |
y-aca-go | we plant |
uac-aca-y | you (pl) plant |
When the verb root contains a nasal, there are nasalized variants of the agreement affixes:
ñ-ojne | I spread |
m-ojne | you spread |
ch-ojne | he, she, they spread |
ñ-ojne-ngo | we spread |
uac-ojne-ño | you (pl) spread |
Ayoreo is a mood-prominent language.[2] Nouns can be divided into possessable and non-possessable; possessor agreement is expressed through a prefixation.[4] The syntax of Ayoreo is characterized by the presence of para-hypotactical structures.[5]
Notes
- ^ Ayoreo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b c Bertinetto, Pier Marco 2009. Ayoreo (Zamuco). A grammatical sketch. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. 8 n.s. [1]
- ^ Ciucci, Luca 2007/08. Indagini sulla morfologia verbale nella lingua ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, n.s. 7. [2]
- ^ Ciucci, Luca 2010. La flessione possessiva dell'ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, n.s. 9,2. [3]
- ^ Bertinetto, Pier Marco & Luca Ciucci 2012. Parataxis, Hypotaxis and Para-Hypotaxis in the Zamucoan Languages. In: Linguistic Discovery 10.1: 89-111. [4]
References
- Bertinetto, Pier Marco 2009. Ayoreo (Zamuco). A grammatical sketch. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. 8 n.s.
- Bertinetto, Pier Marco & Luca Ciucci 2012. Parataxis, Hypotaxis and Para-Hypotaxis in the Zamucoan Languages. In: Linguistic Discovery 10.1: 89-111.
- Briggs, Janet R. 1972. Quiero contarles unos casos del Beni. Summer Institute of Linguistics in collaboration with the Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Dirección Nacional de Antropología. Cochabamba
- Briggs, Janet R. 1973. Ayoré narrative analysis. International Journal of American Linguistics 39. 155-63.
- Ciucci, Luca. 2007/8a. Indagini sulla morfologia verbale dell'ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale 7.
- Ciucci, Luca 2010. La flessione possessiva dell'ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, n.s. 9,2
- Higham, Alice; Morarie, Maxine; and Greta Paul. 2000. Ayoré-English dictionary, 3 volumes. Sanford, FL: New Tribes Mission.
- Sušnik, Branislava J. 1963. La lengua de los Ayoweos - Moros. Etnolingüística 8 (Boletín de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay y del Museo Etnográfico). Asunción 8: 1- 148.
- Sušnik, Branislava J. 1973. La lengua de los Ayoweo-Moros. Estructura gramatical y fraseario etnográfico. Asunción: Museo Etnográfico “Andrés Barbero”.
External links
- Ayoreo man recounts first encounter with bulldozer (streamed video). Survival International. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
- "Lengua ayoéro" (in Spanish). Promotora Española de Linguistica (PROEL). The page provides colored linguistic maps (habitat, other language families).
- Sorosoro Project
- Lenguas de Bolivia Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine (online edition)
- ELAR archive of Documentation and Description of Paraguayan Ayoreo, a Language of the Chaco
- Ayoreo (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)