Yine language
| Piro | |
|---|---|
| Piro | |
| Pronunciation | Arawakan
|
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Bolivia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:pib – Yinempd – Machinere (Manitenére) |
| Glottolog | yine1238 Yinemach1268 Machinere |
| ELP | |
Piro is a
Manchineri who live in Brazil (Acre) and reportedly also in Bolivia speak what may be a dialect of Yine (Aikhenvald, Kaufman). A vocabulary labeled Canamaré is "so close to Piro [Yine] as to count as Piro", but has been a cause of confusion with the unrelated Kanamarí language.[2]
Names
This language is also called Contaquiro, Pira, Piro, Pirro, Simiranch, or Simirinche. Cushichineri has been reported as a language, but is actually a family name used with Whites (Matteson 1965). The name Mashco has sometimes been incorrectly applied to the Yine. (See Mashco Piro.)
Varieties
Extinct varieties of Piro (Yine):[3]: 244
- Chontaquiro (Simirinche, Upatarinavo): Ucayali River
- Manchineri (Manatinavo): Purus River
- Kushichineri (Kuxiti-neri, Kujigeneri, Cusitinavo): upper Purus River in Peru (in 1886, spoken on the Curumahá River or Curanja River, and probably also on the Cujar River)
- Kuniba (Kunibo): Juruá River
- Katukina language.
- Canamare (Canamirim, Canamary): Iaco River, a tributary of the Purus River. Documented by Spix (1819). Not to be confused with the unrelated Kanamarí language.
- Mashco-Piro: Madre de Dios River
Demographics
As of 2000, essentially all of the 4,000 ethnic
Madre de Dios Region in Peru. Literacy is comparatively high. A dictionary has been published in the language and the language is taught alongside Spanish in some Yine schools. There are also a thousand speakers of Machinere.[1]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | ɯ ɯː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open | a aː |
- Vowels are nasalized after /h̃/.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n
|
||||
| Plosive | p | t
|
k | |||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | c͡ç | |||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | ç | h̃ | ||
Flap
|
ɾ | |||||
| Approximant | w | l
|
j |
- /w/ is heard as a bilabial approximant [β̞] when before a close vowel.
- /n/ is heard as [ŋ] before /k/.
- /ɾ/ can be trilled [r] when in word-initial position.[4]
Syntax
Piro has an
active–stative syntax.[5]
Notes
- ^ a b Yine at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Machinere (Manitenére) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Harald Hammarström (2013) Review of the Ethnologue, 16th Ed.
- S2CID 243563290.
- ^ Urquía Sebastián & Marlett, (2008)
- ^ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
Further reading
- Sebastián, Rittma Urquía and Marlett, Stephen A. (2008). "Yine". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (3): 365–369. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003356), with supplementary sound recordings.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
References
- Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Matteson, Esther. (1965). The Piro (Arawakan) language. University of California Publications in Linguistics, 42. Berkeley y Los Angeles: University of California Press. (Es la tesis para doctorado presentada en 1963 a la University of California, Los Angeles.)
- Nies, Joyce, compilador. (1986). Diccionario piro (Tokanchi gikshijikowaka-steno). Serie Lingüística Peruana, 22. Yarinacocha: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
- Parker, Stephen. (1989). "Un análisis métrico del acento en el piro". Estudios etno-lingüísticos, Stephen Parker (ed.), pp. 114–125. Documento de trabajo 21. Yarinacocha, Pucallpa: Ministerio de Educación e Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
- Solís Fonseca, Gustavo. (2003). Lenguas en la amazonía peruana. Lima: edición por demanda.
- Urquía Sebastián, Rittma (2006). "La situación sociolingüística de la lengua yine en 2006". Situaciones sociolingüísticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International and Universidad Ricardo Palma. [1].
{{cite book}}: External link in|publisher= - Urquía Sebastián, Rittma. (2006). Yine. Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International and Universidad Ricardo Palma.
- Urquía Sebastián, Rittma; Marlett, Stephen A. (2008). "Yine". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (3): 365–369. .
- Urquía Sebastián, Rittma and Wagner Urquía Sebastián. (2009). Diccionario yine–castellano
- Hanson, Rebecca (2010). A Grammar of Yine (Piro) (Ph.D. thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/536008.