Zbigniew of Poland
Zbigniew | |
---|---|
Władysław Herman | |
Mother | Przecława |
Zbigniew (also known as Zbygniew;
Zbigniew was considered illegitimate, and after the birth of his half-brother
After the death of his father, Zbigniew obtained the northern part of the country as an equal ruler with Bolesław. However, conflicts between them arose, because Zbigniew, as the elder, considered himself the sole rightful heir of the kingdom. He began to search for allies against Bolesław. During 1102–1106 a fratricidal war for supremacy ensued, in which Zbigniew suffered complete defeat and was forced to go into exile in Germany. Under the pretext of restoring him, Emperor Henry V invaded Poland in 1109, but was defeated at Głogów.
In subsequent years, Boleslaw failed to defeat Bohemia, and in 1111 had to make peace with it and with his overlord, the Emperor. One of the conditions of Henry V was the return of Zbigniew to Poland, where he received a minor domain. For unknown reasons, shortly after his return Zbigniew was blinded, and then died.
Early years
Childhood
According to 15th-century reports,
The exact birth date of Władysław I Herman's first-born son is unknown. According to Oswald Balzer, Zbigniew was born in the first half of the 1070s, and Gerard Labuda agrees a birth date in the early 1070s, while Roman Grodecki argues for Zbigniew's birth taking place around 1073, and Kazimierz Jasiński for a birth date between 1070 and 1073.[9]
Zbigniew's legitimacy was questioned in the later years of his life, when it was bruited abroad that he was the son of Władysław I's concubine.[10] Despite this Zbigniew grew up in Władysław I's court and in the absence of others, was recognized as his father's heir.[11]
In 1079 after his older brother
Władysław I's legitimacy was questioned by the supporters of the exiled Bolesław II and his only son and rightful heir,
Loss of primogeniture
In 1086, Judith of Bohemia finally gave birth to a son, the future
A few months after the birth of her son, Judith of Bohemia died. In 1089 Władysław I married again. The chosen bride was
The position of Bolesław as legitimate heir was still threatened by Mieszko Bolesławowic, who was popular with the Polish aristocracy. This probably contributed to his death in 1089, allegedly poisoned by order of Sieciech and Judith Maria.
Rule of Sieciech
During the stay of Zbigniew in Quedlinburg, his father Władysław I became dependent on his supporter, Count Palatine Sieciech, to whom Władysław probably owed his throne.[35] Sieciech was also the first guardian of Bolesław, still a minor. In his intrigues to take over control of the country, the Palatine was supported by the Prince's wife Judith Maria.[36]
In 1090, Sieciech, with his militia, took control of Gdańsk Pomerania. Władysław I prevented further actions through fortification of major towns and burning of others. Several months later, a rebellion of the elite of Gdańsk restored their independence.[37] In the autumn of 1091, Polish and Bohemian militia made a further but unsuccessful invasion of Pomerania which culminated in a battle at the Wda river.[38]
During this time, Polish policy was focused on
Legitimization and division of the Polish state
Act of legitimization
The consequence of Sieciech's actions was a growing opposition against his rule. In 1093, a group of powerful Silesian lords kidnapped Zbigniew and returned him to Poland.[40][41] Initially, Zbigniew was protected by Magnus, the Castellan of Wrocław.[42] Władysław I took this as a clear revolt against him. The knighthood, who supported Zbigniew, broke off all negotiations with Sieciech and Władysław I when news reached them about the disloyal behaviour of some Hungarian knights, who abducted both Sieciech and Bolesław. This forced Władysław I to issue an act of legitimization which recognized Zbigniew as his son, member of the Piast dynasty and rightful successor.[40]
By 1096, Sieciech and Bolesław had escaped from Hungary and launched an expedition against Silesia and
After the intrigues of Sieciech and Judith Maria to take power had been discovered, Zbigniew and Bolesław became allies. In 1098, both princes forced Władysław I to give them separate provinces. Władysław I conceded and made a formal division of his lands.[47]
Zbigniew received
Exile of Sieciech
The division of Poland and the admission of Władysław I's sons as co-rulers worried Sieciech. He feared that this could weaken his position.
A few months later, Zbigniew and Bolesław attacked
Reign
Struggle for supremacy (1102–1106)
The division of the country between Zbigniew and Bolesław III gave both princes full control over their respective districts.
The provinces of Zbigniew and Bolesław III operated as separate states with their own internal and foreign policies, leading to discord between the two rulers. In their districts the brothers allied with the local nobility.[65] Each of them sought foreign allies. Pomerania became a contentious issue between them, because Bolesław III made military incursions in order to expand there. Zbigniew, on the other hand, wanted to maintain good economic and political relations with Pomerania. In one of Bolesław's first organized expeditions to Pomerania, Zbigniew managed to persuade the knighthood not to participate, which enraged the junior ruler.[64] However, this situation didn't last, because in the next few months the knights were again in favor of Bolesław's expeditions and accompanied him several times to the West (including Prussia).[58] In autumn of 1102 Wrymouth organized an expedition, during which his Drużyna (army) captured Białogard.[66]
The Pomeranians retaliated by attacking Zbigniew, who at that point allied with Bohemia in order to pressure Bolesław III to make piece. Instead, the junior prince made alliances with
In 1105, Zbigniew and Bolesław III agreed to compromise in matters of foreign policy.
End of reign
In 1107 Zbigniew organized a rebellion after refusing to burn the fortress of Kurów in Puławy.[77] Bolesław III used this rebellion and the prior failure to provide him with military support in his campaign against Pomerania as excuses to attack Zbigniew.[78]
In the winter of 1107–1108, Bolesław III and his Kievan-Hungarian allies attacked Masovia. Zbigniew was forced to surrender and was exiled from the country. Since then, Bolesław III became the sole ruler over all Poland.[73][79] The actual transfer of power took place the year before (1107) when Zbigniew was still in Masovia, when he paid complete homage to his brother for his land.[75] Initially, Zbigniew took refuge in Prague, where he gained the support of the local ruler, Svatopluk.[78]
Last years
Claims against Bolesław III
The immediate cause of the Polish-German War of 1109 was Bolesław's attack on Bohemia in 1108, which thwarted a planned German-Bohemian expedition against Hungary.[74] This resulted in a joint expedition against Bolesław by Emperor Henry V and his Bohemian allies. However, the Emperor used the claims of the exiled Zbigniew as a secondary pretext.[74] Henry made an ultimatum to Bolesław III: surrender half of Poland to Zbigniew, formally recognize the Holy Roman Empire as overlord, and pay a regular tribute of 300 pieces of fine silver or provide 300 knights on military expeditions.[74][80]
Hostilities began in Silesia. Bolesław III conducted a highly effective guerrilla war against the Holy Roman Emperor and his allies, and eventually he defeated them at the Battle of Hundsfeld on 24 August 1109, although the existence of this battle is doubted by historians because it was first recorded about a century later.[81][82] The sources don't reveal whether Zbigniew took direct part in the expedition.
Blinding and death
In 1110, Bolesław III campaigned unsuccessfully against Bohemia. His intention was to install yet another pretender on the Czech throne, Soběslav I,[83] who sought refuge in Poland. He won a decisive victory against the Czechs at the Battle of Trutina on 8 October 1110;[84] however, following the battle, he broke off the campaign. The reason for this is speculated to be the unpopularity of Soběslav I among Czechs as well as Bolesław III’s unwillingness to further damage his relations with the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1111 Duke Vladislav I of Bohemia and Bolesław III negotiated a truce, under which both Soběslav I and Zbigniew would be returned their homelands. Once in Poland, Zbigniew received a grant of land, probably Sieradz.[85]
Bolesław III probably agreed to the return of his half-brother as a result of pressure from the many supporters of the exiled prince in 1108, who, according to the reports of Gallus Anonymus, was surrounded by bad advisers (likely including
Bolesław III was
Bolesław III then probably decided to make a public penance as a result of the negative public response to Zbigniew's blinding. His aim was to rebuild his weakened authority and gain the favor of the supporters of his brother.[93] According to Gallus Anonymous, Bolesław III, after his repentance, asked and received Zbigniew's forgiveness.[94]
Little is known of the death of Zbigniew. K. Jasiński, in the pages of his publication Rodowód pierwszych Piastów, advocated an immediate death after the blinding, like S. Kętrzyński, but didn't exclude the opposite view.[9] J. Bieniak assumed, however, that Zbigniew's death came after 1114.[95] An interesting reference contained in an obituary from the Benedictine monastery in Lubin recorded the death on 8 July 1113 of a monk from Tyniec Abbey called "Brother Zbigniew". This obituary helped historians form a hypothesis that this was Bolesław III's brother. The place of burial is recorded as the Benedictine monastery of Tyniec.[3]
See also
- History of Poland (966–1385)
Bibliography
- ISBN 83-01-00392-8.
- "Zbigniew". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
- "Zbigniew". WIEM Encyklopedia (in Polish). Retrieved 2008-01-17.
References
- ^ According to A. Brücknera, filologist, slavist, historian of literature and art culture. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, p. 114.
- ^ Some sources gives date of birth after 1070 (WIEM Encyklopedia) and date of death 1112 (Gieysztor 1979, p. 138, 668).
- ^ ISBN 83-216-0644-X.
- ISBN 978-83-7327-782-3.
- ^ a b c M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 499.
- ISBN 83-7063-409-5.
- ^ J. Żylińska: Piastówny i żony Piastów, Warsaw 1975, p. 91.
- ^ Many historians regarded Zbigniew's mother as the first wife of Władysław I. K. Jasiński: Rodowód pierwszych Piastów, p. 164.
- ^ a b K. Jasiński: Rodowód pierwszych Piastów, p. 182.
- ^ R. Grodecki claimed that this claim had a political origin to eliminate his right to the throne, and was encouraged by the Palatine Sieciech and Judith Maria. R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 130.
- ^ a b c S. Trawkowski: Zbigniew [in]: Poczet królów i książąt polskich, Warsaw 1978, p. 72.
- ^ According to Wincenty Kadłubek on 11 April 1079 Bolesław II killed Bishop Stanislaus of Kraków. For several months the Prince struggled with the growing opposition. In the end he had to go into exile. A. Gieysztor: Bolesław II Szczodry [in:] A. Garlicki (ed.): Poczet królów i książąt polskich, pp. 59–61.
- ^ M.K. Barański pointed that Władysław I could be only governor of Masovia instead of an independent ruler. M.K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, pp. 173–174.
- ^ M.K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 172.
- ^ a b R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 130.
- ^ She probably took the veil later and died about 1092.Krystyna Przecława Prawdzic
- ^ O. Balzer concluded that Vratislaus II's coronation took place on 15 June 1086, following the reports of Cosmas of Prague. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, p. 108. W. Mischke, like many other medievalists, pointed that the coronation of Vratislaus II was on 15 June 1085. W. Mischke: Polska korona królów czeskich (in Polish) [retrieved 30 July 2014], p. 11–12, 27–29.
- ^ The reports of Cosmas of Prague about the coronation of Vratislaus II as King of Poland are disputed by many historians. Medievalists consider this a mistake of the chronicler. See G. Labuda: Korona i infuła. Od monarchii do poliarchii, p. 13. A detailed argument who favored Vratislaus II's coronation is presented by W. Mischke. See W. Mischke: Polska korona królów czeskich (in Polish) [retrieved 30 July 2014], pp. 11–29. M. Spórna and P. Wierzbicki believes that the reports of Cosmas are authentic. The title of King of Poland was probably received from the Emperor, who claimed feudal sovereignty over this country. M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 496.
- ^ R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol I. pp. 127–128.
- ^ This arrangement was designed to keep the status quo. M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 353.
- ^ M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 178.
- ^ M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 175.
- ^ O. Balzer and K. Jasiński advocated for 1086 as Bolesław's year of birth. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, p. 119; K. Jasiński: Rodowód pierwszych Piastów, pp. 185–187.
- ^ a b K. Maleczyński, Bolesław III Krzywousty pp 22–23.
- ^ S. Trawkowski: Władysław I Herman [in]: Poczet królów i książąt polskich, Warsaw 1978, p. 67.
- ^ M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 275.
- ^ S. Trawkowski: Władysław I Herman [in:] A. Garlicki (ed.): Poczet królów i książąt polskich, p. 67. The Encyklopedia Historia provides the information that Zbigniew was ordained only after ended his studies in Kraków. A. Nawrot (ed.): Encyklopedia Historia, p. 738.
- ^ a b M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 229.
- ^ O. Blazer placed the marriage in 1088. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, p. 115.
- ^ M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 353.
- ^ According to medievalists, Zbigniew was incarcerated in Quedlinburg and never accepted the ordination. M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 180.
- ISBN 83-08-02829-2.
- ^ R. Grodecki believes that the Count Palatine Sieciech, supporter of Władysław I, and Judith Maria were responsible for Zbigniew's placement at the Abbey. R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol I, p. 129.
- ^ The opposition, who supported the rights of Mieszko Bolesławowic and Zbigniew, demanded the legal recognition of the two princes as pretenders to the throne. S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, p. 117.
- ^ a b R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 128.
- ^ a b K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, p. 30.
- ^ Sieciech aimed to rapidly integrate Pomerania into Poland. S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, pp. 117–118.
- ^ a b c M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 445.
- ^ K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, p. 26.
- ^ a b c R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 129.
- Bretislaus II of Bohemia. M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, pp 182–183.
- ^ Zbigniew at first had no impact on the Silesian opposition politics. M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 182.
- ^ M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 183.
- ^ This date was placed by Jan Długosz in his Chronicles. However, Jan Powierski refuted this and placed the release and consecration of Gniezno Cathedral on 1 May 1099. J. Powierski: Data konsekracji katedry gnieźnieńskiej (1 maja 1099) na tle sytuacji politycznej Polski, Rusi i krajów sąsiednich, "Roczniki historyczne", p. 67 and seq., 1994.
- ISBN 83-08-02829-2.
- ^ a b R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 131.
- ^ The decision to give lands to Zbigniew and Bolesław was first mooted in 1093. K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, pp. 34–35.
- ISBN 83-01-03732-6.
- ^ For the inclusion of Sandomierz and Lublin as part of Bolesław's domains advocated K. Maleczyński. K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, p. 40.
- ^ K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, p. 41.
- ^ S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, p. 119.
- ^ Zbigniew would inherit the lands of Władysław I which were critical to the integrity of Poland as a sovereign state. R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, pp. 131–132.
- ^ a b c d e S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, p. 120.
- ^ Zdzisław S. Pietras, Bolesław Krzywousty, Cieszyn 1978, pp. 45–60.
- ISBN 978-83-7469-479-7.
- ^ M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 185.
- ^ Z. S. Pietras: Bolesław Krzywousty Cieszyn 1978, p. 58.
- ^ ISBN 978-83-7469-479-7.
- ^ Zbigniew counted on the support of the high Church hierarchy and noble families Prawdzic and Turzym, while on Bolesław's side are the families Awdawiec, Jastrzębiec, Strzemieńczyk and Łabędź. K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, pp. 53–56.
- ^ K. Maleczyński pointed that Bolesław also received Sieradz and Łęczyca. K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, pp 50–51.
- ^ a b S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, p. 121.
- ^ T. Manteuffel believed that Zbigniew tried to play the role of tutor of his younger half-brother. See T. Manteuffel: Polska wśród nowych państw Europy [in:] T. Manteuffel (ed.), Polska pierwszych Piastów. Państwo, społeczeństwo, kultura., p. 34.
- ISBN 83-03-03659-9.
- ^ a b R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 135.
- ^ M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 189.
- ^ M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 194.
- ^ a b M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 195.
- ^ R. Drogi, Państwo Czeskie Przemyślidów (historia Czech, vol. III, cap. 1) [Access 10 November 2005].
- ^ a b M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 62.
- ^ K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, pp. 59–60.
- ^ M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, pp. 198–199.
- ^ M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 199.
- ^ a b R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 137.
- ^ a b c d e M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 500.
- ^ a b S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, p. 122.
- ^ K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, p. 65.
- ^ K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, p. 68.
- ^ a b M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 201.
- ^ M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 63.
- ISBN 83-03-02038-2.
- ^ "S. Orgelbranda Encyklopedia Powszechna", Warsaw 1902, vol. XII, page 406
- ^ M. Kaczmarek, "Bitwa na Psim Polu", in: Encyklopedia Wrocławia, Wrocław 2000
- ^ M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piastów w Polsce, p. 207.
- ^ Tomasz Ga̜sowski, Jerzy Ronikier, Zdzisław Zblewski: Bitwy polskie. Leksykon, Editorial Znak, 1999.
- ISBN 83-08-02829-2.
- ^ Z. Dalewski: Rytuał i polityka. Opowieść Galla Anonima o konflikcie Bolesława Krzywoustego ze Zbigniewem, p. 25.
- ^ Z. Dalewski: Rytuał i polityka. Opowieść Galla Anonima o konflikcie Bolesława Krzywoustego ze Zbigniewem, pp. 39–40.
- ^ Z. Dalewski: Rytuał i polityka. Opowieść Galla Anonima o konflikcie Bolesława Krzywoustego ze Zbigniewem, p. 13, 46.
- ^ Z. Dalewski: Rytuał i polityka. Opowieść Galla Anonima o konflikcie Bolesława Krzywoustego ze Zbigniewem, p. 38.
- ^ The date of Zbigniew's blinding is disputed. Cosmas of Prague favored the year 1110 (Kosmasa Kronika Czechów, vol. III, cap. XXXIV. p. 115); for the year 1111 are in favor L. Giesebrecht: Wendische Geschichte aus den Jahren 780–1182, p. 176 and M. Gumblowicz: Zur Geschichte Polens im Mittelalter. Zwei kritische Untersuchunden über die Chronik Baldwin Gallus. Aus dem Nachlass des Verfassers herausgegeben, p. 94; for the year 1112 are in favor O. Balzer: , p. 117, S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, p. 124 and T. Tyc: Zbigniew i Bolesław [in:] Arcybiskup Marcin i Gniezno, p. 23; for a time between 1112–1113 are in favor R. Grodecki, [in:] Gallus Anonymous: Kronika polska, pp. 28–29, M. Plezia, [in:] Gallus Anonymous: Kronika polska, p. 38; and for the year 1113 is in favor K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, pp. 70–75.
- ^ T. Tyc: Zbigniew i Bolesław [in]: Arcybiskup Marcin i Gniezno, Poznań 1927, pp. 30–40.
- ^ Z. Dalewski: Rytuał i polityka. Opowieść Galla Anonima o konflikcie Bolesława Krzywoustego ze Zbigniewem, p. 144.
- ^ Z. Dalewski: Rytuał i polityka. Opowieść Galla Anonima o konflikcie Bolesława Krzywoustego ze Zbigniewem, p. 145; K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, pp. 76–77.
- ISBN 83-04-04610-5.
- ^ K. Jasiński: Rodowód pierwszych Piastów, p. 183.