Jagiellonian dynasty

Lithuanian dynasty that ruled Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia

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"Jagiellonian" redirects here. The term may also refer to the Jagiellonian University.

Jagiellons
Parent house	Gediminids
Country	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Bohemia
Founded	1386
Founder	Władysław II Jagiełło
Final ruler	Anna Jagiellon of Poland
Titles	King of Poland Grand Duke of Lithuania King of Hungary King of Bohemia (and prince-elector ) King of Dalmatia King of Rama King of Slavonia King of Croatia Duke of Silesia Duke of Ruthenia Duke of Luxembourg Queen consort of Sweden
Dissolution	1596

The Jagiellonian (

Kings of Bohemia and imperial electors (1471–1526).^[1]

The

Habsburg

.

The Polish "Golden Age", the period of the reigns of Sigismund I and Sigismund II, the last two Jagiellonian kings, or more generally the 16th century, is most often identified with the rise of the culture of Polish Renaissance. The cultural flowering had its material base in the prosperity of the elites, both the landed nobility and urban patriciate at such centers as Kraków and Gdańsk.

Principality of Moldavia (Polish fief)

  Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

  State of the Teutonic Order (Polish fief)

  Kingdom of Bohemia

  Kingdom of Hungary

In 1385 the

The intention of the Union was to create a common state under Władysław II Jagiełło, but the Polish ruling oligarchy's idea of incorporation of Lithuania into Poland turned out to be unrealistic. There would be territorial disputes and warfare between Poland and Lithuania or Lithuanian factions; the Lithuanians at times had even found it expedient to conspire with the Teutonic Knights against the Poles. Geographic consequences of the dynastic union and the preferences of the Jagiellonian kings accelerated the process of reorientation of Polish territorial priorities to the east.^[4] The political influence of the Jagiellonian kings was diminishing during this period, which was accompanied by the ever-increasing role in central government and national affairs of landed nobility.^[b] The royal dynasty, however, had a stabilizing effect on Poland's politics. The Jagiellonian Era is often regarded as a period of maximum political power, great prosperity, and in its later stage, the Golden Age of Polish culture.

Struggle with the Teutonic Knights

The Great War of 1409–1411, precipitated by the Lithuanian uprising in the Order controlled Samogitia, included the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), where the Polish and Lithuanian-Rus' armies completely defeated the Teutonic Knights. The offensive that followed lost its impact with the ineffective siege of Malbork (Marienburg). The failure to take the fortress and eliminate the Teutonic (later Prussian) state had for Poland dire historic consequences in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The Peace of Thorn (1411) had given Poland and Lithuania rather modest territorial adjustments, including Samogitia. Afterwards there were negotiations and peace deals that didn't hold, more military campaigns and arbitrations. One attempted, unresolved arbitration took place at the Council of Constance.

Polish–Hungarian union

During the Hussite Wars (1420–1434), Jagiełło, Vytautas and Sigismund Korybut were involved in political and military maneuvering concerning the Czech crown, offered by the Hussites first to Jagiełło in 1420. Zbigniew Oleśnicki became known as the leading opponent of a union with the Hussite Czech state.^[6]

The Jagiellonian dynasty was not entitled to automatic hereditary succession, as each new king had to be approved by nobility consensus. Władysław Jagiełło had two sons late in life from his last wife, Sophia of Halshany. In 1430 the nobility agreed to the succession of the future Władysław III, only after the King gave in and guaranteed the satisfaction of their new demands. In 1434 the old monarch died and his minor son Władysław was crowned; the Royal Council led by Bishop Oleśnicki undertook the regency duties. In 1438 the Czech anti-Habsburg opposition, mainly Hussite factions, offered the Czech crown to Jagiełło's younger son Casimir IV. The idea, accepted in Poland over Oleśnicki's objections, resulted in two unsuccessful Polish military expeditions to Bohemia.^[6]

After Vytautas' death in 1430 Lithuania became embroiled in internal wars and conflicts with Poland. Casimir IV, sent as a boy by Władysław III on a mission there in 1440, was surprisingly proclaimed by the Lithuanians as a Grand Duke of Lithuania, and he stayed in Lithuania.^[6]

Oleśnicki gained the upper hand again and pursued his long-term objective of Poland's union with

In 1445 Casimir, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, was asked to assume the Polish throne vacated by the death of his brother Władysław. Casimir was a tough negotiator and did not accept the Polish nobility's conditions for his election. Casimir Jagiellon was the third and youngest son of King Władysław II Jagiełło and his fourth wife, Sophia of Halshany. His father was already 65 at the time of Casimir's birth, and his brother Władysław III, three years his senior, was expected to become king before his majority. Strangely, little was done for his education; he was never taught Latin, nor was he trained for the responsibilities of office, despite the fact he was the only brother of the rightful sovereign.^[7] He often relied on his instinct and feelings and had little political knowledge, but shared a great interest in the diplomacy and economic affairs of the country. Throughout Casimir's youth, Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki was his mentor and tutor, however, the cleric felt a strong reluctance towards him, believing that he would be an unsuccessful monarch following Władysław's death.

The sudden death of Sigismund Kęstutaitis left the office of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania empty. The Voivode of Trakai, Jonas Goštautas, and other magnates of Lithuania, supported Casimir as a candidate to the throne. However many Polish noblemen hoped that the thirteen-year-old boy would become a Vice-regent for the Polish King in Lithuania. Casimir was invited by the Lithuanian magnates to Lithuania, and when he arrived in Vilnius in 1440, he was proclaimed as the Grand Duke of Lithuania on 29 June 1440 by the Council of Lords. Casimir succeeded his brother Władysław III (killed at the Battle of Varna in 1444) as King of Poland after a three-year interregnum on 25 June 1447. In 1454, he married Elisabeth of Austria, daughter of the late King of the Romans Albert II of Habsburg by his late wife Elisabeth of Bohemia. Her distant relative Frederick of Austria became Holy Roman Emperor and reigned as Frederick III until after Casimir's own death. The marriage strengthened the ties between the house of Jagiellon and the sovereigns of Hungary-Bohemia and put Casimir at odds with the Holy Roman Emperor through internal Habsburg rivalry. Becoming a King of Poland Casimir also freed himself from the control the Lithuanian oligarchy had imposed on him; in the Vilnius Privilege of 1447 he declared the Lithuanian nobility having equal rights with Polish szlachta. In time Kazimierz Jagiellończyk was able to remove from power Cardinal Oleśnicki and his group, basing his own power on the younger middle nobility camp instead. A conflict with the pope and the local Church hierarchy over the right to fill vacant bishop positions Casimir also resolved in his favor.

Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)

That same year, Casimir was approached by the

Other 15th-century Polish territorial gains, or rather revindications, included the Duchy of Oświęcim and Duchy of Zator on Silesia's border with Lesser Poland, and there was notable progress regarding the incorporation of the Piast Masovian duchies into the Crown.

Turkish and Tatar wars

The influence of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Central Europe had been on the rise. In 1471 Casimir's son

The Grand Duke Alexander was elected King of Poland in 1501, after the death of John Albert.^[9] In 1506 he was succeeded by Sigismund I the Old (Polish: Zygmunt I Stary, Lithuanian: Žygimantas Senasis) in both Poland and Lithuania, as the political realities were drawing the two states closer together.^[10] Prior to that Sigismund I had been a Duke of Silesia by the authority of his brother Ladislaus II of Bohemia, but like other Jagiellon rulers before him, he had not pursued the Polish Crown's claim to Silesia.

After the death of

The rebellion of Lwów (the so-called Chicken War) was an anti-royalist and anti-absolutist rokosz (rebellion) by the Polish nobility that occurred in 1537. The derisive name was coined by the magnates, who for the most part supported the King and claimed that the "war's" only effect was the near-extinction of the local chickens, eaten by the nobles gathered for the rebellion at Lwów, in Lesser Poland. The nobility, gathered near the city to meet with a levée en masse, called for a military campaign against Moldavia. However, the lesser and middle strata of the nobility called a rebellion, or semi-legal rebellion, to force the King to abandon his risky reforms. The nobles presented him with 36 demands, most notably: a cessation of further land acquisitions by Queen Bona, exemption of the nobility from the tithes, a clean-up of the Treasury rather than its expansion, confirmation and extension of the privileges of the nobility, lifting of the toll or exemption of the nobility from it, adoption of a law concerning incompatibilitas—the incompatibility of certain offices that were not to be joined in the same hand, the carrying out of a law requiring the appointment of only the local nobles to most important local offices and the creation of a body of permanent advisors to the king.^{[citation needed]} Finally, the protesters criticised the role of Queen Bona, whom they blamed for the "bad education" of young Prince Sigismund Augustus (the future King Sigismund II Augustus), as well as for seeking to increase her power and influence in the state.

Sigismund II Augustus

Following an agreement between Sigismund I,

From the outset of his reign, Sigismund II came into collision with the country's nobility, who had already begun curtailing the power of the great families. The ostensible cause of the nobility's animosity to the King was his second marriage, secretly contracted before his accession to the throne, with (said to be beautiful) Lithuanian Calvinist, Barbara Radziwiłł, daughter of Hetman Jerzy Radziwiłł.^[17] The secret marriage was strongly opposed by his mother Bona and by the magnates of the Crown.^[17] Sigismund II, who took over the reign of the Kingdom of Poland after his father's Sigismund I death in 1548, overcame the resistance and had Barbara crowned in 1550; a few months later the new queen died.^[17][12] Sigismund II accompanied the funeral procession of Barbara from Kraków to Vilnius by personally going on foot through cities.^[18] Bona, estranged from her son returned to Italy in 1556, where she died soon afterwards.^[11]

Sigismund II possessed to a high degree the tenacity and patience that seem to have characterized all the Jagiellons, and he added to these qualities a dexterity and diplomatic finesse. No other Polish king seems to have so thoroughly understood the nature of the Polish sejm. Both the Austrian ambassadors and the papal legates testify to the care with which he controlled his nation. Everything went as he wished, they said, because he seemed to know everything in advance. He managed to get more money out of the sejm than his father ever could, and at one of his sejms he won the hearts of the assembly by unexpectedly appearing before them in the simple grey coat of a Masovian lord. Like his father, a pro-Austrian by conviction, he contrived even in this respect to carry with him the nation, often distrustful of the Germans. He avoided serious complications with the powerful Turks.

Sigismund II mediated for twenty years between the

Bona Sforca was pregnant and expected to give birth to a legitimate brother of Sigismund II Augustus, however in 1527, being pregnant for five-months, she fall from a horse during hunting of a bear and gave a preterm birth to her second son who was born alive and baptized as Albert, but died a few hours after his birth and was buried in the Niepołomice Castle's chapel.^[21][22]

Golden Age of Polish culture

In 1515, during a congress in Vienna, a dynastic succession arrangement was agreed to between Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and the Jagiellon brothers, Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and Sigismund I of Poland and Lithuania. It was supposed to end the Emperor's support for Poland's enemies, the Teutonic and Russian states, but after the election of Charles V, Maximilian's successor in 1519, the relations with Sigismund had worsened.^[23]

The Jagiellon rivalry with the House of Habsburg in central Europe was ultimately resolved to the Habsburgs' advantage. The decisive factor that damaged or weakened the monarchies of the last Jagiellons was the Ottoman Empire's Turkish expansion. Hungary's vulnerability greatly increased after Suleiman the Magnificent took the Belgrade fortress in 1521. To prevent Poland from extending military aid to Hungary, Suleiman had a Tatar-Turkish force raid southeastern Poland–Lithuania in 1524. The Hungarian army was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács, where the young Louis II Jagiellon, son of Vladislas II, was killed. Subsequently, after a period of internal strife and external intervention, Hungary was partitioned between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.

Kingdom of Hungary and Bohemia

Vladislaus II of Hungary

King of Bohemia

Vladislaus was born on 1 March 1456, the oldest son of King Casimir IV of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, then the head of the ruling Jagiellon dynasty of Poland, and Elizabeth of Austria, daughter of Albert, King of Germany, Hungary and Bohemia. He was christened as the namesake of his grandfather, King Władysław Jagiełło of Poland and Lithuania, his maternal uncle King Ladislaus the Posthumous of Bohemia and his paternal uncle Władysław III of Poland, an earlier king of Hungary.

He was proposed for the Bohemian throne by the widow of the previous king,

Great chaos overcame Hungary when the King Matthias Corvinus died without heir in 1490. His illegitimate son John Corvinus was not recognized by the Hungarian nobility, and after being forced to retreat, they called Vladislaus to Hungary, as his mother was the sister of the long ago deceased King Ladislaus and granddaughter of King Sigismund. Vladislaus was then crowned King of Hungary on 18 September 1490.

Vladislaus immediately moved to Hungary, and there he lived the rest of his life, having his court and all his children born in the palace of Buda. The Hungarian nobility reigned and took many important decisions in his name, and his role as monarch soon passed to be in a second plan. Stephen Zápolya, the archbishop Tamás Bakócz and George Szatmári continued with the Turkish war plans and tried then to maintain the Kingdom that fell in a severe economical crisis after Matthias's death. Vladislaus was a cheerful man, but after the death of his third wife, he fell into a severe depression and almost retired from all official issues. Then he gained the nickname of "Vladislaus Bene" (Polish: Władysław Dobrze, Hungarian: Dobzse László, Czech: král Dobře) because to almost any request he answered, "Bene" (Latin for "(It is) well").

Louis II of Hungary

Louis II was the son of Ladislaus II Jagiellon and his third wife, Anne of Foix-Candale. In 1515 Louis II was married to Mary of Austria, granddaughter of Emperor Maximilian I, as stipulated by the First Congress of Vienna in 1515. His sister Anne was married to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, then a governor on behalf of his brother Charles V, and later Emperor Ferdinand I.

Following the accession to the throne of Suleiman I, the sultan sent an ambassador to Louis II to collect the annual tribute that Hungary had been subjected to. Louis refused to pay annual tribute and had the Ottoman ambassador executed and sent the head to the Sultan. Louis believed that the Papal States and other Christian States including Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor would help him. This event hastened the fall of Hungary. The Ottoman Empire declared war on the Kingdom of Hungary, Suleiman postponed his plan to besiege Rhodes and made an expedition to Belgrade. Louis failed to coordinate and gather his forces. At the same time, Hungary was unable to get assistance from other European states, which Louis had hoped for. Belgrade and many strategic castles in Serbia were captured by the Ottomans. This was disastrous for Louis' kingdom; without the strategically important cities of Belgrade and Šabac, Hungary, including Buda, was open to further Turkish conquests.

After the siege of Rhodes, in 1526 Suleiman made a second expedition to subdue all of Hungary. Louis made a tactical error when he tried to stop the Ottoman army in an open field battle with a medieval army, insufficient firearms, and obsolete tactics. On 29 August 1526, Louis led his forces against Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire in the disastrous Battle of Mohács. In a pincer movement, the Hungarian army was surrounded by Ottoman cavalry, and in the center, the Hungarian heavy knights and infantry were repulsed and suffered heavy casualties, especially from the well-positioned Ottoman cannons and well-armed and trained Janissary musketeers.

Nearly the entire Hungarian Royal army was destroyed on the battlefield. During the retreat, the twenty-year-old king died in a marsh. As Louis had no legitimate children, Ferdinand was elected as his successor in the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, but the Hungarian throne was contested by John Zápolya, who ruled the areas of the kingdom conquered by the Turks as an Ottoman client.

Jagiellons in natural line

Although Louis II's marriage remained childless, he probably had an illegitimate child with his mother's former lady-in-waiting, Angelitha Wass, before his marriage. This son was called John (János in Hungarian). This name appears in sources in Vienna as either János Wass or János Lanthos. The former surname is his mother's maiden name. The latter surname may refer to his occupation. "Lanthos" means "lutenist", or "bard". He received incomes from the Royal Treasury regularly. He had further offspring.

Jagiellonian Grand Dukes of Lithuania

Portrait	Name	Born	Died	Reign	Spouse	Note
	Władysław II Jagiełło	ca. 1362	1434	1377–1381, 1382–1434	Elisabeth of Pilica Sophia of Halshany	Founder of the Catholic baptism and marriage with the Polish Queen Jadwiga of Poland with whom he had no children.[24]
	Władysław III Jagiellon	1424	1444	1434–1444	none	Supreme Duke (Supremus Dux) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[25][26] He was the eldest son of Lithuanian Władysław II Jagiełło and his Lithuanian wife Sophia of Halshany.[27]
	Casimir IV Jagiellon	1427	1492	1440–1492	Elisabeth of Austria	His first title was the Grand Duke of Lithuania since 1440, he became King of Poland only in 1447.[28] He is the younger son of Władysław II Jagiełło and Sophia of Halshany.[27]
	Alexander I Jagiellon	1461	1506	1492–1506	Helena of Moscow	His first title was the Grand Duke of Lithuania since 1492, he became King of Poland only in 1501.[29]
	Sigismund I the Old[30]	1467	1548	1506–1548	Barbara Zápolya Bona Sforza	According to his 1506 privilege, which he granted during his coronation as the Grand Duke of Lithuania, he was elected not only as the grand duke, but also as the Supreme Duke (Supremus Dux) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[31]
	Sigismund II Augustus	1520	1572	1544–1572	Catherine of Austria	His first title was the Grand Duke of Lithuania since 1544, he became King of Poland only in 1548. His primary beloved wife was Lithuanian Barbara Radziwiłł whose death was devastating for him.[32][13]

The Jagiellonians were the primary inheritors of the title of the

Jagiellonian Kings of Poland

Portrait	Name	Born	Died	Reign	Spouse
	Władysław II Jagiełło	ca. 1362	1434	1386–1434	Elisabeth of Pilica Sophia of Halshany
	Władysław III of Poland	1424	1444	1434–1444 Poland 1440–1444 Hungary	none
	Casimir IV Jagiellon	1427	1492	1447–1492	Elisabeth of Austria
	John I Albert	1459	1501	1492–1501	none
	Alexander I Jagiellon	1461	1506	1501–1506	Helena of Moscow
	Sigismund I the Old	1467	1548	1507–1548	Barbara Zápolya Bona Sforza
	Sigismund II Augustus	1520	1572	1530/1548-1572	Catherine of Austria

After Sigismund II Augustus, the dynasty underwent further changes. Sigismund II's heirs were his sisters

in 1526, that royal line was extinguished in male line.

Portrait	Name	Born	Died	Reign	Spouse
	Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary	1456	1516	1471–1516 Bohemia 1490–1516 Hungary and Croatia	Barbara of Brandenburg Beatrice of Naples Anne of Foix-Candale
	Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia	1506	1526	1516–1526 Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia	Mary of Austria

Other members of the Jagiellonian dynasty

Portrait	Name	Born	Died	Spouse	Offices and Titles
	Hedwig Jagiellon of Poland	1457	1502	George, Duke of Bavaria	Duchess of Bavaria-Landshut
	Saint Casimir	1458	1484	none	Roman Catholic Church Patron saint of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
	Sophia Jagiellon of Poland	1464	1512	Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach	Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach Margravine of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
	Fryderyk Jagiellończyk	1468	1503	none	Primate of Poland
	Anna Jagiellon of Poland	1476	1503	Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania	Duchess consort of Pomerania
	Barbara Jagiellon of Poland	1478	1534	George, Duke of Saxony	Margravine consort of Meissen
	Anne of Bohemia and Hungary	1503	1547	Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor	Hungary
	Hedwig Jagiellon of Poland	1513	1573	Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg	Electress consort of Brandenburg
	Isabella Jagiellon of Poland	1519	1559	John Zápolya	Queen consort of Eastern Hungary
	Sophia Jagiellon of Poland	1522	1575	Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg	Duchess consort of Brunswick-Lüneburg Brienne claim
	Anna Jagiellon of Poland	1523	1596	Stephen Báthory	Queen consort of Poland Brienne claim
	Catherine Jagiellon of Poland	1526	1583	John III of Sweden	Queen consort of Sweden

Family tree of the House of Jagiellon

• v
• t
• e

Family tree of the Jagiellonian dynasty

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Vladislaus II (Jogaila)[i] c. 1351–1434 G. Duke of Lithuania, 1377–1401 King of Poland, 1386–1434

Elisabeth Bonifacia 1399

Hedwig 1408–1431

Vladislaus III 1424–1444 King of Poland, 1434–1444 King of Hungary, 1440–1444

Casimir 1426–1427

Casimir IV 1427–1492 G. Duke of Lithuania, 1440–1492 King of Poland, 1447–1492

Frederick 1468–1503 Bishop of Kraków, 1488–1503 Archbishop of Gniezno, 1493–1503

Elisabeth 1472–after 1480

Anna 1476–1503 Duchess of Pomerania, 1491–1503

Barbara 1478–1534 Margravine of Meissen, 1494–1534

Elisabeth c. 1483–1517 Duchess of Liegnitz, 1515–1517

Catherine 1526–1583 Duchess of Finland, 1562–1583 Queen of Sweden, 1569–1583

Notes:

1. ^ Kings are marked in gold, queens in pale gold.

Monarchs of Central Europe

Monarchs of Central Europe: the House of Jagiellon and their competitors, 1377–1572

This box: Mary, 1382–1387 Sigismund 1387–1437 Albert II, 1437–1439 Matthias Corvinus 1458–1490 Ladislaus V, 1445–1457 Vladislaus I, 1440–1444 Vladislaus II 1490–1516 Louis II, 1516–1526 Ferdinand I 1526–1564 Maximilian II, 1564–1576 Kingdom of Bohemia Wenceslaus IV 1378–1419 Sigismund 1419–1437 Albert II, 1437–1439 Ladislaus 1440–1457 George 1458–1471 Vladislaus II 1471–1516 Louis II, 1516–1526 Ferdinand I 1526–1564 Maximilian II, 1564–1576

House of Jagiellon   Other Gediminids   Capetian House of Anjou   House of Luxembourg   House of Habsburg   Other

Legacy

• The Jagiellonian University in Kraków
• Jagiellonian Library of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków
• Globus Jagellonicus, is by some considered to be the oldest existing globe to show the Americas
• Jagiellonian tapestries is a collection of tapestries
• Jagiellonia Białystok, a football club, based in Białystok
• Jagiellonia Tuszyn, a former football club based in Tuszyn
• Jagiełło Oak, most noted of the Białowieża Forest oaks
• Jagiellonia, a
  fraternal society
  founded in 1910 in Vienna

See also

• History of Poland during the Jagiellon dynasty
• List of Polish rulers
• List of Czech rulers
• List of Hungarian rulers
• List of Lithuanian rulers

Notes

References

Citations

Works cited

• ISBN 83-01-03732-6
  .
• Wyrozumski, Jerzy (1986). Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (
  ISBN 83-01-03732-6
  .

Bibliography

• Paul Srodecki, 'In Search of a Jagiellonian Europe. Internal and External Perceptions of the Dynasty and Its Legacy in East-Central and Eastern Europe'. In: Unions and Divisions. New Forms of Rule in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, ed. Paul Srodecki et al. (London und New York: Routledge, 2023), pp. 320–340. ISBN 978-1-032-05752-1
• Małgorzata Duczmal, Jagiellonowie: Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1996.
• Stanisław Grzybowski, Dzieje Polski i Litwy (1506–1648), Kraków 2000.
  ISBN 83-85719-48-2
• ISBN 978-83-7469-522-0
• Wojciech Dominiak, Bożena Czwojdrak, Beata Jankowiak-Konik, Jagiellonowie
• Marek Derwich, Monarchia Jagiellonów (1399–1586)
• Krzysztof Baczkowski, Polska i jej sąsiedzi za Jagiellonów
• Henryk Litwin, "Central European Superpower", BUM Magazine, October 2016.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jagiellonian dynasty.

• Rulers of Poland
• Jagiellonian Dynasty Archived 2018-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
• Pages and Forums on Lithuanian history
• Jagiellonian Observatory
• The Jagiellonians: Dynasty, Memory and Identity in Central Europe – a major five-year research project conducted by
  Oxford University