Ararat rebellion

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Ararat rebellion
Part of
Kurdish rebellions in Turkey

From left to right: Halis Bey, Ihsan Nuri Pasha, Ferzende Bey[1]
DateOctober 1927 – September 17, 1930
Location
Karaköse Province (present-day Ağrı Province), Turkey
Result

Turkish victory

Belligerents
Turkey Republic of Ararat
Commanders and leaders
Gazi Mustafa Kemal
İsmet Bey
Fevzi Pasha
İbrahim Tali Öngören
İzzettin Pasha
Salih Pasha
Salih Hulusi Pasha		 Ihsan Nuri
Ibrahim Heski
Ferzende
Halis Öztürk
Units involved

Third Army

  • IX Corps
  • VII Corps
  • Xoybûn party
    • Strength
    10,000–15,000 troops[2][3][4] 5,000–8,000[3]
    Casualties and losses
    4,500–47,000[5][6][7][8][9]

    The Ararat rebellion, also known as the Ağrı rebellion (Turkish: Ağrı ayaklanmaları or Ağrı isyanı), was a 1930 uprising of the Kurds of Ağrı Province, in eastern Turkey, against the Turkish government. The leader of the guerrilla forces during the rebellion was Ihsan Nuri of the Jibran tribe.[12]

    Background

    In 1926, before the Ararat revolt,

    Doğubeyazıt.[14] On June 16/17, Heski and his forces were surrounded by the 28th and 34th regiments of the Turkish army and had to retreat over Yukarı Demirkapı to Iran.[15]

    Xoybûn

    On 11 June 1930, armed responses under the leadership of

    Dersim. That is why, much to the Turks' dismay, Xoybûn's appeal was answered on a wide front by a counteroffensive at Mount Tendürek, Iğdır, Erciş, Mount Süphan, Van and Bitlis, forcing the Turks to temporarily abandon their offensive against Ağrı.[17] In July, the Xoybun decided to send reinforcements from Syria to the revolt in the night from the 4–5 August. Five separate groups should have been led by Hadjo Agha, Kadri Cemilpasha, Khamil, the son of Ibrahim Pasha, Rassoul Agha Mohammed from the Bohtan area and Mustafa and Bozan Sahin. But the plan was not executed as planned, and three reinforcements returned after they noticed their men's exhaustion.[18]

    Last offensive against Mount Ararat

    By the end of summer 1930 the Turkish Air Force was bombing Kurdish positions around Mount Ararat from all directions. According to Gen. Ihsan Nuri, the military superiority of the Turkish Air Force demoralized Kurds and led to their capitulation.[19]

    During the insurrection, the Turkish Air Force also bombed several Kurdish tribes and villagers. For instance, Halikanli and Herki tribes were bombed on July 18 and August 2, respectively. Rebel villages were continually bombed from August 2–29.[20] From June 10–12 Kurdish positions were extensively bombed, and this forced the Kurds to retreat to higher positions around Mount Ararat. On July 9 the newspaper Cumhuriyet reported that the Turkish air force was "raining down" Mount Ararat with bombs.[21] Kurds, who escaped the bombings, were captured alive. On July 13, the rebellion in Zilan was suppressed.[22] Squadrons of 10–15 aircraft were used in crushing the revolt. On July 16, two Turkish planes were downed.[22] Aerial bombardment continued for several days and forced Kurds to withdraw to the height of 5,000 m (16,000 ft). By July 21, bombardment had destroyed many Kurdish forts. During these operations, Turkish military mobilized 66,000 soldiers (contrary to this Robert W. Olson gives the number of 10,000–15,000 troops in another work,[2] other works state these numbers as well[3][4]) and 100 aircraft.[23] The last reported major offensive by the Kurds was directed at Diyarbakır on the 2 September.[24] The rebels were gradually crushed by the superior numbers of the Turkish military.[25][26] The campaign against the Kurds was over by September 17, 1930.

    The insurrection was defeated in 1931, and Turkey resumed control over the territory.

    Aftermath

    Because the border between Turkey and Persia ran up the side of

    Qotur (قطور).[30]

    The commander of the rebellion documented the role of the Turkish air force in defeating the Ağrı revolt in his book entitled La Révolte de L'Agridagh (The Mount Ararat revolt).[31]

    Cultural influences

    See also

    References

    1. ISBN 975-7112-45-3
      , p. 180. (in Turkish)
    2. ^
      ISBN 9754280975, p. 142
      .
    3. ^ a b c Robin Leonard Bidwell, Kenneth Bourne, Donald Cameron Watt, Great Britain. Foreign Office: British documents on foreign affairs – reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print: From the First to the Second World War. Series B, Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East, 1918–1939, Vol. 32, University Publications of America, 1997, p. 82.
    4. ^
      ISBN 1134174489, p. 38
    5. ^ Yusuf Mazhar, Cumhuriyet, 16 Temmuz 1930, ... Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15,000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur...
    6. ^ Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, p. 211, Karaköse, 14 (Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor) ...
    7. ^ Ayşe Hür, "Osmanlı'dan bugüne Kürtler ve Devlet-4" Archived 2011-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, Taraf, October 23, 2008, Retrieved August 16, 2010.
    8. ISBN 975-8245-01-5
      , p. 105.
    9. ^ "Der Krieg am Ararat" (Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten) Berliner Tageblatt, October 3, 1930, "... die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert."
    10. ISBN 9789004108615, p. 13.
    11. ^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis', p. 14.
    12. ISBN 975-7112-45-3
      , p. 80. (in Turkish)
    13. ^ Faik Bulut, Devletin Gözüyle Türkiye'de Kürt İsyanları, Yön Yayıncılık, 1991, p. 79. (in Turkish)
    14. ^ Bulut, ibid, p. 80. (in Turkish)
    15. ^ Bulut, ibid, p. 83. (in Turkish)
    16. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5
      .
    17. ISBN 978-1-85649-822-7
      , p. 78. (in English)
    18. ISBN 978-3-03911-209-8
      .
    19. ^ (Olson 2000, p. 81)
    20. ^ (Olson 2000, p. 82)
    21. ^ (Olson 2000, p. 83)
    22. ^ a b (Olson 2000, p. 84)
    23. ^ (Olson 2000, p. 86)
    24. ISBN 081563093X
      .
    25. ^ White, Paul J. (1995). "Ethnic Differentiation among the Kurds: Kurmancî, Kizilbash and Zaza". Journal of Arabic, Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies. 2 (2): 67–90.
    26. ISBN 0-8156-3093-X
    27. ISBN 978-1909382244
      .
    28. ISBN 978-1852079550
      .
    29. ISBN 978-0300153088
      .
    30. ISBN 978-1-58112-933-5
      , p. 142.
    31. ^ Ihsan Nuri Pasha, La Révolte de L'Agridagh, with a preface by Ismet Cheriff Vanly, Éditions Kurdes, Geneva, 1985. (translated into Turkish: Ağrı Dağı İsyanı, Med Publications, Istanbul, 1992. (pp. 98, 105, 131, 141, 156 and 164) [ISBN missing]
    32. ^ www.imdb.com

    Bibliography

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