Battle of the Barracks
Battle of the Barracks | |||||||
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Part of the T-55 tank | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Croatia | Yugoslavia | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Anton Tus | Veljko Kadijević | ||||||
Units involved | |||||||
Croatian National Guard (until November 1991) Croatian Army (from November 1991) Croatian Police |
Yugoslav Ground Forces Yugoslav Air Force Yugoslav Navy | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Unknown |
Unknown casualties Captured: 250 tanks 400–500 artillery pieces 36 naval vessels 180,000 small arms 3,000 JNA officers defected to Croatia |
The Battle of the Barracks (Croatian: Bitka za vojarne) was a series of engagements that occurred in mid-to-late 1991 between the Croatian National Guard (ZNG, later renamed the Croatian Army) and the Croatian police on one side and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) on the other. The battle took place around numerous JNA posts in Croatia, starting when Croatian forces blockaded the JNA barracks, weapons storage depots and other facilities. It formally began on 14 September; its objective was to neutralise the JNA positions in ZNG-held territory and to secure arms and ammunition supplies for the poorly equipped ZNG.
The Battle of the Barracks was an escalation of the conflict between Croatian authorities and the
The ZNG and the police captured small, isolated JNA posts, and a number of large weapons depots and barracks—including the entire 32nd (
In November, the JNA and Croatia reached several agreements to end the blockade and withdraw JNA from Croatia. The pullout was completed by 4 January 1992, except in areas around
Background
In 1990, ethnic tensions betweens
At the beginning of 1991, Croatia had no regular army. To bolster its defence, Croatia doubled police personnel to about 20,000. The most effective part of the force was
Prelude
Croatian views of the JNA's role in the Serb revolt gradually evolved in January–September 1991. Croatian President
Tuđman's stance was motivated by his belief that Croatia could not win a war against the JNA. The ZNG was limited to defence, even though the actions of the JNA appeared to be coordinated with the Croatian Serb military.[13] The impression was reinforced by buffer zones established by the JNA after armed conflicts between the Croatian Serb militia and the ZNG—the JNA intervened after the ZNG lost territory, leaving the Croatian Serbs in control of areas they captured before the JNA arrived. The JNA provided weapons to the Croatian Serbs, although most of the weaponry was provided from Serbia's TO and Ministry of Internal Affairs stocks.[14]
In July 1991, Špegelj and Đodan's demands were backed up by a number of Croatian Parliament members during a parliamentary debate. This led Tuđman to dismiss Đodan the same month he was appointed Defence Minister, and Špegelj resigned his post on 3 August. The deteriorating situation in eastern Croatia—[13] including JNA forces' removal of the ZNG from Baranja, intermittent fighting around Osijek, Vukovar and Vinkovci—[15] increasing losses and the growing conviction that the JNA actively supported the Croatian Serb revolt—forced Tuđman to act. On 22 August, he issued an ultimatum to the federal Yugoslav authorities demanding the withdrawal of the JNA to its barracks by the end of the month. The ultimatum stated if the JNA failed to comply, Croatia would consider it an army of occupation and take corresponding action.[13] On 1 September, the EC proposed a ceasefire and a peace conference was accepted by Tuđman—despite his ultimatum—and by the Yugoslav Presidency. The conference started on 7 September, but only four days later, the Croatian member and chair of the presidency Stjepan Mesić ordered the JNA to return to its barracks within 48 hours.[16] The move was motivated by Tuđman's impression that the conference would continue while the ZNG lost ground. Even though the order was disputed by other members of the body, it gave Croatia a justification to openly confront the JNA.[17]
Timeline
September
On 14 September—the day Croatian forces were ordered to blockade the JNA facilities—the ZNG and the police captured the JNA barracks in Ploče,[28] one of several barracks in Gospić, and one in nearby Perušić.[24] The JNA garrison in Otočac—north of Gospić—also came under attack as the ZNG started to assault the barracks in the town.[29] The "Sopnica" JNA depot near Zagreb and a JNA-manned post on the Hungarian border near Pitomača were captured that day.[30][31] In response to the blockade of their barracks in Vukovar, the JNA dispatched a force to relieve the siege.[32] The next day, the ZNG and the police captured a JNA depot near Popovec—west of Zagreb—and another depot near Slavonski Brod.[30][33] At the same time, fighting erupted around JNA facilities in Varaždin, and two JNA border posts were captured north of Virovitica.[34][35]
On 16 September, Croatian forces captured a JNA barracks and another storage depot in Slavonski Brod, and two barracks in Ogulin, while fighting erupted around a JNA post in
On 19 September, the ZNG clashed with the JNA garrison at the Logorište barracks in Karlovac,[45] captured a communications facility at Platak near Rijeka[46] an additional JNA barracks and a storage depot in Varaždin, restricting the JNA to the barracks housing headquarters of the JNA Varaždin Corps.[41] By 20 September, when the JNA launched a campaign against the ZNG throughout Croatia,[47] more than 60 JNA facilities in Croatia—including 15 barracks and 11 storage depots—had surrendered or were captured.[48] The JNA barracks in Našice surrendered on 21 September.[49] The JNA Varaždin Corps surrendered the next day,[41] providing the ZNG with a major cache of weapons.[50] In the first few days of the blockade, the Croatian forces also captured several small JNA posts in Split, but no large JNA facility in the city.[51]
In mid-September, seven JNA facilities in
On 29 September, Croatian forces captured two barracks and three storage depots in and around Bjelovar after a day-long battle, while the fourth storage facility was blown up by its commanding officer, JNA Major Milan Tepić. The explosion killed Tepić and eleven members of the besieging force. It was heard 20 kilometres (12 miles) away and caused damage in nearby villages.[44][57] The same day, a weapons storage facility in Koprivnica and a border post near Virovitica were captured by the ZNG and the Croatian police.[44] The JNA 73rd Motorized Brigade surrendered in Koprivnica the next day.[38]
On 14/15 September, Croatian forces seized a DJČ-612
October
On 3 October, Croatian forces captured the "Joža Vlahović" JNA barracks in Koprivnica, and a communications post and a border post near the city.[31] The next day, the JNA barracks in Sinj and its nearby land mine storage facility were abandoned after a negotiated agreement.[60] In early October, two JNA artillery regiments based in the "Šepurine" barracks near Zadar broke through a siege of their base and joined the JNA attack on the city. By 5 October, Zadar was completely surrounded by the JNA and the situation prompted Croatian authorities in the city to seek a ceasefire and negotiations.[61] The ceasefire was arranged the same day, while the negotiations, held on 7–9 October, brought about the lifting of the JNA siege of Zadar and the evacuation of the remaining JNA garrison and its equipment from the city.[62] The evacuation, involving seven JNA facilities, started on 11 October and took 15 days.[63] The agreement stipulated that the evacuated units would leave Croatian soil and the JNA generally respected the obligation,[64] even though twenty truckloads of weapons were left to the Serbian population in the hinterland around Zadar.[65]
In the wake of the
On 13 October, the JNA mostly destroyed and abandoned its barracks at Oštarije,[36] and a JNA weapons storage facility in Rijeka was damaged in a fire caused by a thunderstorm. The ZNG removed some weapons from the latter while the firefighters were called in to save individual storage structures. The next day, the JNA began moving the remaining weapons from the damaged storage to elsewhere in the city. While a convoy of 18 trucks was moving through Rijeka, 15 vehicles carrying weapons were diverted and captured by the ZNG.[46] At the same time, personnel at the JNA's Borongaj barracks in Zagreb were allowed to evacuate in return for free passage of a convoy carrying humanitarian aid to Vukovar, where the battle to control the city was in progress.[68]
November
After a period of siege with little or no activity, the JNA forces in the Logorište barracks in the Karlovac area broke through the blockade towards the JNA-held territory to the east of the city in the Battle of Logorište, which lasted from 4 to 6 November. The Croatian forces besieging the barracks were more numerous, but the JNA had superiority in armour and artillery.[69] After it was abandoned by the JNA, the barracks still contained weapons which were taken away by the Croatian troops by 13 November.[70] The ZNG was renamed the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska–HV) in early November. It captured the Jamadol barracks and storage facility in Karlovac on 4 November, while the fighting around the Logorište barracks was in progress.[71] The following day, the HV captured JNA barracks and several weapons storage facilities in Delnice.[72] The attacks were ordered to capture ammunition needed by the HV because its stockpile was running low.[73]
On 8 November,
Following negotiations, the JNA evacuated its
In Žitnić on 21 November, another agreement to evacuate the JNA and the Yugoslav Navy from the Šibenik–Split area and surrender of the confiscated TO weapons stored there was signed by Rudolf and the JNA Maritime-Military District commanding officer
Amid international pressure on Croatia to end the siege of the JNA garrison in Zagreb,[80] Croatian authorities and the JNA signed an agreement on 22 November to evacuate all remaining JNA forces from Croatia. The agreement was signed in Zagreb, by HV Colonel Imra Agotić and Lieutenant Colonel General Andrija Rašeta in presence of the ECMM monitors. The agreement was confirmed the next day in Geneva when the Geneva Accord was signed by Tuđman, Milošević and the Yugoslav defence minister, JNA General Veljko Kadijević.[81]
Aftermath
The ZNG quickly captured isolated JNA facilities, depots and several major posts, seizing a large quantity of weapons, including the entire stocks of the JNA 32nd (Varaždin) Corps and nearly all the weapons previously confiscated from the Croatia's TO.[19] The JNA lost control of eight brigades—including one armoured brigade, two mechanized brigades and three artillery regiments—and additional forces in the JNA Fifth Military District and the Military-Maritime District remained pinned down by the blockade.[21] The significance of the Battle of the Barracks was reinforced by introduction of a United Nations (UN) arms embargo on 25 September.[82] The Battle of the Barracks resulted in a large increase of ZNG/HV capabilities—allowing complete arming of its existing units, raising of additional 40–42 brigades and fielding 200,000 troops and 40,000 police by the end of the year.[21] In the battle, the ZNG/HV captured 250 tanks, 400–500 heavy artillery pieces, 180,000 small arms and 2 million tonnes of ammunition. In addition, 3,000 officers left the JNA and joined the HV.[83]
While there is no information on the number of troops involved or casualties sustained on either side, the JNA garrisons in Croatia were significantly undermanned at the time.[84] The JNA order of battle, developed in the 1980s, specified a handful of battalions at full combat readiness in Croatia. Those were elements of the 140th Mechanised Brigade in Zagreb, the 31st Armoured Brigade in Dugo Selo near Zagreb, the 12th Proletarian Mechanised Brigade in Osijek, the 11th Marine Infantry Brigade in Šibenik and the 139th Marine Infantry Brigade in Pula.[85] In 1990, the "A" classification—requiring 60–100% troop levels,—[86] was assigned to the 4th Armoured Brigade in Jastrebarsko, a battalion of the 622nd Motorised Brigade in Petrinja,[87] the 13th Proletarian Motorised Brigade in Rijeka, and the 265th Mechanised Brigade in Bjelovar and Koprivnica.[88] The 221st Motorised Brigade based in Knin was reinforced with "A" class armoured and mechanised battalions.[89] In addition, an armoured battalion was added to the 622nd Mechanised Brigade, and a mechanised battalion to JNA garrisons in Vinkovci and Vukovar each in May 1991.[90] Likewise, Croatian forces were strained between maintaining the blockade and manning the positions held against the JNA and Croatian Serb militias elsewhere.[53] Surrendered JNA troops were either transported to Serbia, exchanged for prisoners of war captured elsewhere, or were given civilian clothing and released.[91][92]
Both in 1991 and years later, Špegelj criticised Tuđman's decision to disregard his advice to attack the JNA barracks earlier than September—specifically during the Ten-Day War in Slovenia in June–July 1991. Špegelj said that an earlier move, preempting deterioration of the strategic situation in Croatia, would best serve Croatian defensive needs. Furthermore, he said that the JNA would be unable to respond in force because it would need two months to mobilise the required forces and that all prerequisites for a decisive victory against the JNA were met.[93] Tus thought that Tuđman kept postponing the blockade because of the pressure applied by the international community against confrontation with the JNA.[94] Zdravko Tomac, deputy prime minister of a national unity government in Croatia at the time, and later an opposition leader, stated that while Špegelj's view was militarily correct, Tuđman's position was politically better.[95] Kadijević conversely said that the JNA would have fared better if Croatian forces had confronted it earlier because the JNA's capabilities declined during the summer of 1991.[96]
Vance plan
The JNA campaign in Croatia ended in a stalemate, leading the belligerents to accept an internationally supervised ceasefire,
Evacuation of the JNA
The JNA continued to evacuate following the
The evacuation was halted again when it was determined that some of the TO weapons were missing from the JNA facilities in Split. The issue was resolved through an agreement of 18 December made between Rašeta and Agotić stipulating that the JNA would provide the HV with the missing weapons from its own stocks, and the evacuation resumed. Since the JNA did not have sufficient weapons to achieve that criterion in Split, a Yugoslav Navy ship delivered 250 tonnes (250 long tons; 280 short tons) of weapons and ammunition from Kumbor in Montenegro to Split on 1 January 1992.[104] The last JNA forces left the area of Split on 4 January.[105]
The JNA also evacuated its facilities elsewhere in Croatia. Pullout from the Maršal Tito and Kerestinec barracks in Zagreb started on 30 November,[106] and was completed by the end of 1991.[107] Istria was evacuated by the JNA and the Yugoslav Navy on 15 December, handing over the Croatian TO weapons to the HV. The quantity of the TO weapons handed over in Istria—where the JNA evacuated 78 facilities—was enough to arm two combat brigades.[108] In December 1991, only minor clashes occurred around the JNA facilities that were still under the HV blockade, including a minor, unsuccessful HV attack on Mekušje barracks in Karlovac.[109] Despite the Geneva Accord requiring an immediate withdrawal of JNA personnel and equipment,[100] the JNA remained for seven to eight months.[110] When its troops eventually withdrew from Croatia, the JNA left their equipment to the Republic of Serbian Krajina,[110] established in the JNA-held areas of Croatia on 19 December.[111] The JNA and the Yugoslav Navy kept their bases on Vis and Lastovo islands until early June 1992 before pulling out unilaterally.[112] The JNA maintained positions near Dubrovnik until July,[113] while the naval blockade of the city was lifted on 26 May 1992.[114]
War crimes charges
Croatian authorities charged the deputy head of the Bjelovar police operations department and three special police force members with the deaths of five JNA prisoners and the shooting of a civilian following the surrender of the Bjelovar barracks. They were acquitted after 12 years of legal proceedings, after the Supreme Court of Croatia twice ordered a re-trial.[115] The Head of Bjelovar crisis centre was also charged with war crimes in 2012, but as of 2013[update] his trial is still pending.[116] Croatia also charged numerous JNA officers who held posts in the blockaded garrisons. In Osijek, 13 JNA officers were charged with war crimes against the civilian population, including causing the deaths of 307 persons and severe injuries to 171 persons, but none were arrested as of 2013[update].[117]
War crime charges were brought against JNA commander of the 32nd (Varaždin) Corps, General Vladimir Trifunović. He was charged by Croatia with the deaths of six individuals and the wounding of a further 37. After a trial in absentia, he was found guilty and sentenced to 15 years in prison in 1991.[118] Three years later, in 1994, Trifunović was charged in Yugoslavia with treason because he surrendered the entire JNA corps to the ZNG. He was convicted and sentenced to 11 years in prison. In early 1996, he was pardoned and released,[119] and the Yugoslav authorities paid him €62,000 compensation for spending nearly two years in a prison.[120] In 2013, Trifunović formally requested re-trial in Croatia.[118] He died in Belgrade in January 2017.[121]
Footnotes
- ^ Hoare 2010, p. 117
- ^ Hoare 2010, p. 118
- ^ The New York Times & 19 August 1990
- ^ ICTY & 12 June 2007
- ^ Hoare 2010, pp. 118–119
- ^ Ramet 2006, pp. 384–385
- ^ Hoare 2010, p. 119
- ^ The New York Times & 3 March 1991
- ^ The New York Times & 2 April 1991
- ^ a b c CIA 2002, p. 86
- ^ EECIS 1999, pp. 272–278
- ^ a b c Ramet 2006, p. 400
- ^ a b c d CIA 2002, p. 91
- ^ CIA 2002, p. 92
- ^ CIA 2002, p. 93
- ^ CIA 2002, p. 94
- ^ CIA 2002, pp. 94–95
- ^ Jutarnji list & 28 May 2011
- ^ a b c CIA 2002, p. 95
- ^ Ramet 2006, p. 401
- ^ a b c CIA 2002, p. 96
- ^ Slobodna Dalmacija & 25 August 2010
- ^ Sisak & 3 September 2012
- ^ a b c Slobodna Dalmacija & 15 September 2000
- ^ Đuro Đaković, p. 13
- ^ Slobodna Dalmacija & 18 February 2007
- ^ Hrastović 2006, p. 125
- ^ Slobodna Dalmacija & 14 September 2010
- ^ a b Lika online & 17 September 2012
- ^ a b c Lisičak 2010, p. 83
- ^ a b c Škvorc 2010, p. 123
- ^ a b CIA 2002, p. 100
- ^ a b Posavska Hrvatska & 16 September 2011
- ^ Hrastović 2006, p. 128
- ^ Karaula 2007, p. 19
- ^ a b c Ogulin
- ^ a b c Brigović 2011, pp. 424–425
- ^ a b c Škvorc 2010, note 36
- ^ Daruvar
- ^ Škvorc 2010, p. 122
- ^ a b c Hrastović 2006, p. 124
- ^ Hrastović 2006, p. 129
- ^ Miškulin 2005, pp. 340–341
- ^ a b c Hrastović 2006, pp. 123–124
- ^ Marijan 2011, p. 456
- ^ a b c d e Novi list & 14 October 2006, p. 10
- ^ CIA 2002, pp. 98–99
- ^ Lisičak 2010, p. 87
- ^ Radio Našice & 22 September 2008
- ^ Hrastović 2006, p. 131
- ^ Brigović 2011, p. 424
- ^ Zadarski list & 23 September 2011
- ^ a b Brigović 2011, p. 425
- ^ Marijan 2006, pp. 229–230
- ^ Marijan 2002, note 51
- ^ Dubrovački list & 23 November 2011
- ^ Karaula 2007, p. 21
- ^ Hrvatski vojnik & October 2010
- ^ a b Hrvatski vojnik & November 2001
- ^ Slobodna Dalmacija & 16 January 2012
- ^ Brigović 2011, p. 429
- ^ Brigović 2011, pp. 429–430
- ^ Brigović 2011, p. 431
- ^ Brigović 2011, p. 433
- ^ Brigović 2011, pp. 431–432
- ^ a b Večernji list & 15 January 2012
- ^ Hrvatski vojnik & September 2011
- ^ Delo & 14 October 1991
- ^ Marijan 2011, p. 477
- ^ Marijan 2011, pp. 472–473
- ^ Marijan 2011, p. 476
- ^ Delnice & 6 November 2011
- ^ Marijan 2011, p. 461
- ^ Brigović 2011, note 85
- ^ Novosti & 14 May 2010
- ^ Radio Jaska & 13 November 2010
- ^ a b Brigović 2011, p. 436
- ^ Brigović 2011, p. 437
- ^ Brigović 2011, pp. 438–439
- ^ Hoare 2010, p. 123
- ^ Brigović 2011, p. 440
- ^ The Independent & 10 October 1992
- ^ Oberschall 2007, p. 107
- ^ Ramet 2002, p. 68
- ^ Marijan 2003, note 20
- ^ Marijan 2003, note 21
- ^ Marijan 2003, p. 44
- ^ Marijan 2003, pp. 41–42
- ^ Marijan 2003, pp. 42–43
- ^ Marijan 2005, p. 302
- ^ Hrastović 2006, p. 130
- ^ Karaula 2007, p. 22
- ^ Ramet 2005, pp. 124–125
- ^ Sadkovich 2008, p. 191
- ^ Sadkovich 2008, note 42
- ^ Kadijević 1993, p. 129
- ^ CIA 2002, p. 108
- ^ Armatta 2010, pp. 194–196
- ^ a b Trbovich 2008, p. 299
- ^ a b Armatta 2010, p. 196
- ^ Trbovich 2008, p. 300
- ^ Brigović 2011, pp. 440–441
- ^ Brigović 2011, pp. 444–445
- ^ Brigović 2011, pp. 448–449
- ^ Brigović 2011, p. 449
- ^ The New York Times & 30 November 1991
- ^ Thomas & Mikulan 2006, p. 51
- ^ Glas Istre & 15 December 2012
- ^ Marijan 2012, p. 109
- ^ a b Armatta 2010, p. 197
- ^ Ahrens 2007, p. 110
- ^ Bethlehem & Weller 1997, p. 542
- ^ CIA 2002, pp. 157–158
- ^ Jelavić 2010, p. 178
- ^ Novi list & 6 July 2012
- ^ Večernji list & 15 November 2010
- ^ Jutarnji list & 17 November 2008
- ^ a b Večernji list & 9 April 2013
- ^ Nacional & 21 October 2003
- ^ Večernji list & 10 May 2011
- ^ Milekic 17 January 2017
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