Bay of Kotor
Bay of Kotor
Boka kotorska Бока которска | |
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Geographic region of Montenegro | |
Country | Montenegro Croatia |
Historical region | Dalmatia |
Municipalities | Kotor, Herceg Novi, Tivat |
Area | |
• Total | 616 km2 (238 sq mi) |
Population | |
• Total | 67,496 |
Demonym(s) | Bokelj (masculine) Bokeljka (feminine) |
Official name | Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor |
Criteria | Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv |
Reference | 125 |
Inscription | 1979 (3rd Session) |
Area | 14,600 ha |
Buffer zone | 36,491 ha |
The Bay of Kotor (
Geography
The bay is about 28 kilometres (17 mi) long with a shoreline extending 107.3 kilometres (66.7 mi). It is surrounded by two
The bay is composed of several smaller broad bays, united by narrower channels. The bay inlet was formerly a river system. Tectonic and karstification processes led to the disintegration of this river. After heavy rains, the waterfall of Sopot spring at Risan appears, and Škurda, another well-known spring, runs through a canyon from Lovćen.
The outermost part of the bay is the Bay of Tivat. On the seaward side is the Bay of Herceg Novi, at the main entrance to the Bay of Kotor. The inner bays are the Bay of Risan to the northwest and the Bay of Kotor to the southeast.
The Verige Strait represents the bay's narrowest section and is located between Cape St. Nedjelja and Cape Opatovo; it separates the inner bay east of the strait from the Bay of Tivat.
Climate
The Bay lies within the
Station | Height [m] | Type | Character | Precipitation [mm] | Snow |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Veliki kabao
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1894 | D | perhumid Mediterranean snowclimate | c. 6250 | ap. 140 days |
Crkvice | 940 | Cfsb | (fs= without summerdryness), perhumid Mediterranean mountain climate | 4926 | 70 days |
Risan | 0 | Cs’’a | (s’’= double winter rain season), perhumid Mediterranean coast climate | 3500 | 0.4 days |
*classification scheme after Köppen
Two
Monthly and yearly
Station | Period | Height [m] | I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | VIII | IX | X | XI | XII | I-XII [mm/m²a] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Herceg Novi | 1961–1984 | 40 | 230 | 221 | 183 | 135 | 130 | 73 | 28 | 45 | 160 | 181 | 326 | 262 | 1974 |
Risan | 1961–1984 | 40 | 405 | 342 | 340 | 235 | 153 | 101 | 66 | 123 | 188 | 295 | 423 | 434 | 3105 |
Grahovo | 1961–1984 | 710 | 351 | 324 | 305 | 251 | 142 | 94 | 55 | 103 | 202 | 416 | 508 | 473 | 3224 |
Podvrsnik | 1961–1984 | 630 | 407 | 398 | 367 | 305 | 151 | 101 | 77 | 132 | 238 | 465 | 593 | 586 | 3820 |
Vrbanj | 1961–1984 | 1010 | 472 | 390 | 388 | 321 | 181 | 104 | 70 | 122 | 224 | 369 | 565 | 536 | 3742 |
Knežlaz | 1961–1984 | 620 | 547 | 472 | 473 | 373 | 207 | 120 | 72 | 136 | 268 | 400 | 629 | 661 | 4358 |
Crkvice | 1961–1984 | 940 | 610 | 499 | 503 | 398 | 198 | 135 | 82 | 155 | 295 | 502 | 714 | 683 | 4774 |
Ivanova Korita | 1960–1984 | 1350 | 434 | 460 | 742 | 472 | 128 | 198 | 74 | 46 | 94 | 300 | 694 | 972 | 4614 |
Goli vrh | 1893–1913 | 1311 | 271 | 286 | 307 | 226 | 188 | 148 | 75 | 70 | 215 | 473 | 415 | 327 | 3129 |
Jankov vrh | 1890–1909 | 1017 | 424 | 386 | 389 | 346 | 212 | 124 | 55 | 58 | 202 | 484 | 579 | 501 | 3750 |
Hydrology
- Hydrologic system: karst hydrology ca. 4000 km2, Sopot, Škurda, submerged sources[clarification needed]
- Water area: 87 km2
- Max depth: 60 m
- Average depth: 27.3 m
- Water content:24,12306 km3 (ca. 2.4 mrd m3)
- Highest point: Orjen (1894 m)
- Lowest point: sea surface (0 m)
- Length: 28,13 km
- Widest point: 7 km
- Narrowest point: || 0.3 km
History
Middle Ages
The
After the
The city of Kotor was under Nemanjić rule until 1371. It was followed by a period of frequent political changes in the region. Local lords from the
Venetian rule (1420–1797)
In 1420, the city of Kotor recognized the Venetian rule,[11] marking the beginning of an era that would last until 1797. Northern parts of the Bay region still remained under the Kingdom of Bosnia, while southern parts were controlled the Lordship of Zeta, followed by the Serbian Despotate. In the meanwhile, the Second Scutari War was fought in the region, resulting in the peace treaties of 1423 and 1426.[citation needed]
By the middle of the 15th century, northern parts of the Bay region became incorporated into the Duchy of Saint Sava. In 1482, Ottomans took the city of Novi, establishing their rule in the northern parts of the Bay area. Under Ottoman rule, those regions were attached to the Sanjak of Herzegovina. The Ottoman possessions in the Bay region were retaken at the end of the 17th century and the whole area became part of the Venetian Republic, within the province of Venetian Albania. Until the 20th century, the difference between the two parts was visible because the former Ottoman part had an Orthodox majority, while the part that was under Venetian rule had a Catholic majority.[12]
The town of Perast had difficult moments in 1654 when the Ottomans attacked, retaliating against Bokeljs who had sunk an Ottoman ship. The Bokeljs' successful defence of Perast and the Bay received attention all over Europe. It attracted Petar Zrinski, a statesman in Europe who had fought dramatic battles with the Turks. During his three-day sojourn in Perast he presented his legendary sword to the town in recognition for their efforts to defend their homeland, and to stop the Ottoman Empire.[citation needed]
In 1669, according to Andrija Zmajević, hajduks of the Bay[13] wished to build a church, but were denied due to Zmajević's intervention on the providur of Kotor and the captain of Perast.[14] Ottoman travel writer Evliya Çelebi visited the Bay of Kotor and mentioned Croats who lived in Herceg Novi.[15]
Modern history
By the
The
The Bay region was occupied by the Royal Italian Army in April 1941, and was included in the Governorate of Dalmatia until September 1943. Since 1945, it was part of the People's Republic of Montenegro.[citation needed]
Culture
Most of the region's inhabitants are Orthodox Christians, declaring themselves on census forms of either Montenegrins or Serbians, while a minority are Croatians. The Bay region is under the protection of UNESCO due to its rich cultural heritage.[citation needed]
The Boka region has a long maritime tradition and harbored a strong fleet since the Middle Ages, which historically formed the backbone of the Bay's economy. Kotor was home to a notable naval academy, the Scuola Nautica.[18] The fleet peaked at 300 ships in the 18th century, when Boka was a rival to Dubrovnik and Venice. During the Austro-Hungarian period, the Bay of Kotor produced the majority of sea captains of the Österreichischer Lloyd shipping company.[19]
Historically, inhabitants of both dominant faiths of the Boka region were referred to as Bocchesi (an Italian-language exonym). In 1806, about two-thirds of Bocchesi were adherents of Eastern Orthodoxy, the remaining third being Catholic. Catholicism was the dominant faith in Perast. During the 19th century, Orthodox Bocchesi were strongly in favor of a union with the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro, while many Catholic inhabitants favored continued Austro-Hungarian rule.[20]
On the landward side, long walls run from the fortified old town of Kotor to the castle of Saint John, far above; the heights of the Krivošije, a group of barren plateaus in Mount Orjen, were crowned by small forts.
The shores of the bay Herceg Novi house the Orthodox convent of St. Sava near (Savina monastery) standing amid surrounding gardens. It was founded in the 16th century and contains many specimens of 17th century silversmiths' work. 12.87 km east of Herceg Novi, there is a Benedictine monastery on a small island opposite Perast (Perasto). Perast itself was for a time an independent state in the 14th century.[citation needed]
Demographics
The Bokelj (Бокељ) people (pl. Бокељи, Bokelji) are the inhabitants of the Boka kotorska (hence the name) and adjacent regions (near the towns of Kotor, Tivat, Herceg Novi, Risan, Perast).[21] They are an ethnic South Slavic community, many of whom nationally identify as Montenegrin, Serb or Croat. Most are Eastern Orthodox, while some are Roman Catholics.
According to the 2011 Montenegro census, the total population of Boka was 67,456. When it comes to ethnic composition, in 2011 there were 26,435 (39.2%) Serbs, 26,108 (38.7%) Montenegrins, and 4,519 (6.7%) Croats. [22]
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Notable people
- Matija Zmajević – shipbuilder
- Andrija Paltašić – typographer
- Nikola Modruški– bishop
- Krsto Čorko[23] – naval captain
- Petar Želalić[24] – naval captain
- Ivan Visin – sailor
- Stjepan Mitrov Ljubiša – politician
- Rambo Amadeus – singer
- Leopold Mandić (1866–1942)
- Osanna of Cattaro (1493–1565)
- Giovanni Bona de Boliris
Gallery
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Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in Kotor.
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Saint-George and Our-Lady-of-the-Reef, two islands off Perast.
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Town of Perast, Kotor Municipality
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Bay of Kotor and Illyrian fortresses on the hills 1)Risan 2)Gosici 3)Kremalj (Mirac)
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Kotor bay from St John Castle.
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Stone lion and the Bay of Kotor. Perast, Montenegro.
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The ancient fortifications of Kotor
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Panorama of the Bay of Kotor
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Kotor Bay, as seen from the Lovćen mountain.
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Kotor around 1840
See also
- Albania Veneta
- Montenegrin Littoral
References
- ^ "Welcome to Bay of Kotor". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ D Magaš. "Natural-Geographic Characteristics of the Boka Kotosdka Area As the Basis of Development". Geoadria Vol. 7 No. 1, Croatian Geographical Society and University of Zadar Department of Geography, Zadar, 2002, pp. 53.
- ^ "Late Holocene Glacial History of Sólheimajökull, Southern Iceland" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-20.
- ISBN 1-4039-6417-3
- ^ Rastko.org, Arheologija 13047
- ^ Serbian studies, Volumes 2–3, p. 29
- ^ De originibus Slavicis, Volume 1 By Johann Christoph von Jordan, p. 155
- ^ Lujo Margetić, Konstantin Porfirogenet i vrijeme dolaska Hrvata, Vol. 8, 1977. https://hrcak.srce.hr/83642 #page=8
- ^ Popović 2002, p. 173.
- ^ Rick Steves Snapshot Dubrovnik by Rick Steves and Cameron Hewitt
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 92.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 185.
- ISBN 9788672150148.
- ISBN 978-88-210-0638-8.
- ^ "MONTENEGRINA - digitalna biblioteka crnogorske kulture i nasljedja".
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 187.
- ^ Territorial proposals for the settlement of war in Bosnia Hercegovina - boundary and territorial briefing volume 1 number 3 page 12 by Mladen Klemencic
- ^ Manuale del regno di Dalmazia [Handbook of the Kingdom of Dalmatia]. Battaro. 1872. p. 260.
- ^ Handbook to the Mediterranean, Part 1. London: John Murray. 1881. p. 303.
- ^ Bensman, Stephen (1962). The Russian Occupation of the Region of Kotor Bay, 1806-1807. University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 7.
- ^ "[Projekat Rastko – Boka] Simo Matavulj – Boka i Bokelji". rastko.org.rs. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ^ "Census 2011 data - Municipalities". monstat.org. Statistical Office of Montenegro.
- ^ "Slavni "Kapetani Boke kotorske"". Radio DUX. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ^ Petar Želalić famous naval captain, from Boka Kotorska Archived April 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
Literature
- ISBN 9781405142915.
- ISBN 0472081497.
- ISBN 0472082604.
- Popović, Svetlana (2002). "The Serbian Episcopal sees in the thirteenth century (Српска епископска седишта у XIII веку)". Старинар (51: 2001): 171–184.
- Boka kotorska: Etnički sastav u razdoblju austrijske uprave (1814.-1918. g.), Ivan Crkvenčić, Antun Schaller, Hrvatski geografski glasnik 68/1, 51–72 (2006)